2023年考研外語強(qiáng)化練習(xí)5

考研外語強(qiáng)化練習(xí)5

一、UseofEnglish

1、Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe(1)_____ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices(2)_____uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit(3)_____whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay(4)_____ourhealth.Ifwe(5)_____desire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessively,refusetowearseatbelts,eat(6)_____foodswewant,andlives(7)_____sedentarylife-style.withoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental(8)_____ofoursociety,(9)_____thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto(10)_____oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexample,ateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe(11)_____byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially(12)_____thingtodo.A(13)_____ofactors,bothinheritedandenvironmental,influencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviors,anditis(14)_____thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany(15)_____individual.However,thedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavior.is(16)_____oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive(17)_____overtoabehavior.thathasastatisticalprobabilityof(18)_____lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.(19)_____,personalhealthchoicesshould(20)_____thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.

A.stopped

B.preventable

C.immunized

D.cured

2、(2)

A.constructed

B.based

C.found

D.depending

3、(3)

A.disappear

B.vanish

C.restricted

D.flourish

4、(4)

A.relates

B.connects

C.damage

D.concern

5、(5)

A.thus

B.therefore

C.otherwise

D.so

6、(6)

A.whatever

B.go

C.healthy

D.nutritious

7、(7)

A.completely

B.partially

C.continuously

D.comfortable

8、(8)

A.fact

B.aspect

C.viewpoint

D.fashion

9、(9)

A.where

B.although

C.when

D.somehow

10、(10)

A.food

B.medicine

C.health

D.people

11、(11)

A.enforced

B.requested

C.pressured

D.rushed

12、(12)

A.disgusting

B.accepted

C.organized

D.moved

13、(13)

A.dozens

B.deal

C.quantity

D.multitude

14、(14)

A.beyond

B.for

C.within

D.by

15、(15)

A.provided

B.given

C.single

D.possible

16、(16)

A.seldom

B.rarely

C.usually

D.suspiciously

17、(17)

A.themselves

B.himself

C.someone

D.oneself

18、(18)

A.shortening

B.lengthening

C.leasing

D.living

19、(19)

A.Thus

B.However

C.Unless

D.Though

20、(20)

A.reward

B.rum

C.reflect

D.revenge

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefacts,unalloyed,unslanted(不歪曲的),objectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretation,themeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentconfrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsoftheday,tomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynews,torecognizethatthethereisnolongeranysuchthingas"local"news,bemuseanyeventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraft,ineconomicstrain,interms,indeed,ofourveryWayoflife.

Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretation,youareenteringdangerouswaters,theswirlingtidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense.

Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe"facts".Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:Whatarethefacts?And:Arethebarefactsenough?

Astothefirstquery,considerhowaso-called"factual"storycomesabout.Thereportercollects,say,fiftyfacts;outofthesefifty,hisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepiece.(Thisisanimportantdecisionbemusemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph.)ThisisJudgmentsNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageone,whereithaslargerimpact,oronpagetwenty-four,whereithaslittle,JudgmentNumberThree.

Thus,inthepresentationofaso-called"factual"or"objective"story,atleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretation,inwhichreporterandeditor,callingupontheirresearchresources,theirgeneralbackground,andtheir"newsneutralism"arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.

Thetwoareasofjudgment,presentationofthenewsanditsinterpretation,arebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—asobjective,thatis,asanyhumanbeingcanbe.(Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachieved,neverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels).Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenews,hecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretation.Hecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropup(支持)hisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbytheplaywhenhegivesastorypromotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty.

Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis______.

A.InterpretingtheNews

B.EverythingCounts

C.SubjectiveVersusObjectiveProcesses

D.ChoosingFacts

2、

Whydoesthewriterofanarticleselecttenoutof50availablefacts?

A.Hiseditorisprejudiced.

B.Thesubjectisnotimportant.

C.Spaceislimited.

D.Readerswouldprefershortstones.

3、

Whyshouldtheleadsentencepresentthemostimportantfact?

A.Itwillinfluencethereadertocontinue.

B.Itwillbethebestwaytowrite.

C.Somereadersdonotreadbeyondthefirstparagraph.

D.Itwillgratifytheeditor.

4、

WhatistheLEASTeffectivewayof"slanting"news?

A.Interpretation.

B.Selection.

C.Placement.

D.Concentration.

5、

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtheinterpretationofnews?

A.Approving.

B.Concerned.

C.Critical,

D.Indifferent.

6、MuchoftheAmericananxietyaboutoldageisaflightfromtherealityofdeath.OneofthestrikingqualitiesoftheAmericancharacteristheunwillingnesstofaceeitherthefactormeaningofdeath.InthemoresombertraditionofAmericanliterature-fromHawthorneandMelvilleandPoetoFaulknerandHemingway—onefindsatragicdepththatbeliesthesurfacethinnessoftheordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.Byaneffortoftheimagination,thegreatwritersfacedproblemsthatthecultureinactionisreluctanttoface—thefactofdeath,itsmystery,anditsplacein.theback-and-forthshuttlingoftheeternalrecurrence.TheunblinkingconfrontationofdeathinGreektime,theelaboratetheologicalpatternswovenarounditintheMiddleAges,theritualcelebrationofitintherich,peasantculturesofLatinandSlavicEuropeandinprimitivecultures;thesearedifficulttofindinAmericanlife.

Whetherthroughfearoftheemotionaldepths,orbecauseofadryingupofthesluicesofreligiousintensity,theAmericanavoidsdwellingondeathorevencorningtotermswithit;hefindsitmorbidandrecoilsfromit,surroundingitwithwordavoidance(Americansneverdie;they"passaway"),andvarioustaboosofspeechandpractice.A"funeralparlor"isdecoratedtolooklikeabank;everythinginafuneralceremonyisdoneinhushedtones,asifitweresomethingfurtive,tobeconcealedfromtheworld;thereissomuchemphasisonbeingdignifiedthattheceremonyoftenlosesitsqualityofdignity.Insomeoftheprimitivecultures,thereisdifficultyinunderstandingthemusesofdeath;itseemspuzzlingandevenunintelligible.Livinginascientificculture,Americanshaveareadyenoughexplanationofhowitcomes,yettheyshowlittlecapacitytocometotermswiththefactofdeathitselfandwiththegriefthataccompaniesit."Wejubilateoverbirthanddanceatweddings",writesMargaretMead,"butmoreandmorehustlethedeathoffthescenewithoutceremony,withoutanopportunityforyoungandoldtorealizethatdeathisasmuchafactoflifeasisbirth".Andonemayadd,eveninitshurryandbrevity,thelaststageofanAmerican'slife—thelastoccasionofthisrelationtohissociety—isasstandardizedastherest.

Unwillingnesstofacedeathis______.

A.acharacteristicofAmericansociety

B.aqualityfoundinallcivilizations

C.aqualityinheritedfromourLatinancestors

D.astrikingqualityoftheAmericancharacter

7、

InthenovelsofHawthorneandMelville,onewillfind

A.ordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.

B.awillingnesstoacceptdeathasafactoflife.

C.asuperficialattitudetowarddeath.

D.thefoundationofmodernAmericanbeliefsaboutdeath.

8、

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.InGreektimes,peoplewereafraidoffacingdeath.

B.IntheMiddleAges,deathwassurroundedbytheelaboratetheologicalpatterns.

C.Inprimitivecultures,deathwascelebratedritually.

D.InAmericanlife,peoplehardlymentiondeath.

9、

Intheauthor'sopinion,Americanrefusetodwellontheideaofdeath______

A.outoffearoftheemotionaldepths

B.becausetheynolongerareintenselyreligions

C.becausetheyarematerialists

D.eitherAorB

10、

MargaretMeadsuggeststhat

A.weshouldnotrejoiceatabirth.

B.weshouldcryatabirthandrejoiceatafuneral.

C.aweddingshouldbesolemnaffair.

D.deathshouldbeacceptedinthesamespiritasmarriageandbirth.

11、InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld'srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inaddition,thisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities'effortstoperform.theirotherprincipalfunctions,thetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledgetheimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward.

Withregardtothis,perhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtask,collegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaserioushindgenerally.Ontheonehand,thereistheAmericancommitment,enteredintoespeciallysinceWWII,toprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversities,coupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhand,thereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation.

Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry",itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofnation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgets,thereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents,onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfaculty,whichhasled,inrum,toadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction.

Intensifyingthesedifficultiesis,asindicatedabove,theconcernwithresearch,withitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inaddition,thereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions;organizationandfunctioningtoconform.tothedemandsofresearchratherthanthoseofteaching.

Accordingtothepassage,—isthemostimportantfunctionofinstitutionsofhighereducation.

A.creatingnewknowledge

B.providingsolutionstosocialproblems

C.makingexpertsonsophisticatedindustriesoutoftheirstudents

D.preparingtheirstudentstotransmitinheritedknowledge

12、

Accordingtothepassage,oneofthecausesforthedifficultiesofAmericanhighereducationisthat______.

A.thegovernmenthasstoppedgivingpublicinstitutionsasmuchfinancialsupportasitusedto

B.Americanhadalwaysbeenencouragingyoungpeopletogotocollege

C.manypublicinstitutionshavereplacedprivateones

D.thegovernmentonlyfinancessuchresearchesasthatorplacingmanonthemoon

13、

Thephrase"impingeon"inParagraph1mostprobablymeans______.

A.promote

B.relyon

C.haveanimpacton

D.block

14、

Aseriousoutcomebroughtoutbytheshortageofresourcesisthat______.

A.manypublicinstitutionshavetocutdownenrollmentofstudents

B.teachersarenotqualifiedenoughforsatisfactoryperformanceinclasses

C.someinstitutionshavetoreducetheexpensesonresearch

D.thereiscompetitionforresourcesandattentionoffacultybetweenpublicandprivateinstitution

15、

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A．Americansocietyhasfailedtoprovidetheseinstitutionswithadequateresourcestomeettheirneeds.

B．Thoughindifficulty,theseinstitutionsaredeterminedtofulfillbothresearchandteachingfunctions.

C．Americansocietyhasreliedtoomuchontheirinstitutionsofhighereducationtoallowthemforeasyadjustmenttoalltheirfunctions.

D．Moreresourcesandeffortsoffacultyareneededforresearchworkthanteachingwork.

16、Theenergycrisis,whichisbeingfeltaroundtheworld,hasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth'sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransport,withitsincreaseofmorecars,morehighways,morepollution,moresuburbs,morecommuting,hascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcities,thebrokeupofthefamily,andthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth'satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheform.oftheenergycrisis.

Ourpresentsituationisunlikewar,revolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstate,whichendangersthefutureofourcountry,ourchildren,andourearth,butamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.

Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatandpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly.

Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanet,whosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcourse,tochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity.

Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureinthecrisisconfrontingus—andtheworld—acrisisthatisnopassinginconvenience,nobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountries,noenvironmentalists'merefears,noby-productofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestyle.canflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnology,butitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld'schildrenandfuturegeneration.

Whichconditiondoestheauthorfeelhasnearlydestroyedourcities?

A.Lackoffinancialplanning.

B.Thebreakupofthefamily.

C.Naturaldisastersinmanyregions.

D.Theexcessivegrowthofmotors.

17、

Accordingtotheauthor,whatisoneexampleofourlossofmorality?

A．Disregardforlaw.

B．Lackofdevotion.

C．Lackofcooperation.

D．Exploitationofresources.

18、

Bycomparingpestproblemswithpresentones,theauthordrawsattentiontothe______.

A.significanceofthiscrisis

B.inadequacyofgovernments

C.similarityofthepesttothepresent

D.hopelessnessofthesituation

19、

Whatcontributiondoestheauthorfeelpeoplemustnowmake?

A．Searchfornewenergysources.

B．Outlawmotortransportation.

C．Acceptanewlifestyle.

D．Adoptanewform.ofgovernment.

20、

Theauthor'spurposetowritethispassageisto______.

A.callforcooperationofthewholeworld

B.inform.thereadersofthefactthatwearefacingenergycrisis

C.recommendanewlifestyle

D.callfordevotiontothenatureandourfuturegeneration

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)

Universitiestheworldoverlovesymbolsfrommedievalscholasticgarbatdegreeceremoniestotheowlsandscrollsofscholasticbadge.Butformanyuniversities,especiallyinBritainandelsewhereinEurope,amoreaccurateemblemwouldincludeslummybuildings,dogearedbooksanddemoralizeddons.That'swhyBritain'sgovernmentisnextweekriskingdefeatintheHouseofCommonstobringmoreprivatemoneyintothecountry'suniversities—andwhyEuropeananddevelopingcountriesnowbusyexpandinghighereducationneedtothinkhardabouthowmuchgovernmentinvolvementisgoodforuniversities.

(41)______.America'sflourishinguniversitiesexemplifytheformerEurope'sthelatter.Britain'sgovernmentwantstomovetowardstheAmericanmodal.Thesubjectofnextweek'srebellionisabillthatwouldallowEnglishuniversitiesScotlandandWalesaredifferenttochargeupto3000pounds(5460dollars)intuitionfeesinsteadofthecurrentflatrate1125.Studentswillborrowthemoneythroughastaterunloanschemeandpayitbackoncetheyareearningenough.

(42)______.Butitreflectsanimportantshiftinthinking.

Firstthatthenewmoneyuniversitiesneedshouldcomefromgraduatesratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Secondandmostcruciallyitabandonstheegalitarianassumptionthatalluniversitiesareequallydeserving.

Thatiscommendablejustbecauseacourseischeapdoesnotmeanitisworthlessandtheexistenceofcostlyonesisnotinitselfasignofiniquitoussocialdivision.Yetoldthinkinghasdeeproots.Bandyingphrasessuchas"excellenceforall"and"educationforthemanynotthefew",politicians,especiallyleftwingones,wanttodaptheuniversityeducatedlabelonevermorepeopleregardlessofmeritcostorpracticality.

(43)______.Ithumiliatesthetalentedbutdisadvantagedwhosesuccessisthendevaluedanditinfuriatesthetalentedwhoarenotdeemedunderprivilegedenoughandwhofeeltheirmeritsignoredanditmakesuniversitiesdoajobtheyareboundtobebadat.

Publicfundingisaddictiveandthewithdrawalsymptomsarepainful.(44)______.Inflatedtuitionfeesareabigworryandalumnipreferencelooksunfair.ButoverallAmerica'ssystemlookssustainableinawaythattheOldWorld'sdoesnot.

Inshortthemodeltostriveforisvariedinstitutionschargingvariedfees.Notallcoursesneedlastthreeyearsorbringafullhonorsdegree.(45)______.

Itisbettertodosomethingswellratherthaneverythingindifferently.Itisbecausepoliticianshaveforgottenthatsomeoftheworld'soldestuniversitiesriskafuturethatisalotlessgloriousthantheirpast.

A.Somewillbelongeranddeeper;othersshorterandshallower.SomeuniversitiesmayspecializeasteachingonlyinstitutionslikeAmerica'sliberalartscolleges.Othersmaywanttoconcentratemainlyonresearch.Allmusthavetherighttoselecttheirintake.

B.Universitiescanindeedgivethedisadvantagedalegup—buttheywilldoitmuchbetterifthestatestandshack.MicromanaginguniversityadmissionsastheBritishgovernmenthasbeentryingtodoongroundsofclasswithtargetsquotasfinesandstricturesrisksthesameconsequencesassimilarAmericanexperimentsbasedonracialpreference.

C.AlisonWolfaBritisheconomisttermsthisthe"twoaspiringoodfiveaspirinbetter"approachtouniversityfinance.Itisdeeplyflawed.Inreality,thereisnoprovenconnectionbetweenspendingonuniversitiesandprosperity,norcantherebe.

D.Butas

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Thefirstdayofclassisaveryimportanttimeforfacultytoestablishatoneforwhatwillhappentherestoftheterm.Itisappropriatethatateacherreflectonjustwhatclimateandfirstimpressionshe/hewouldliketoestablish.Thisarticleofferssomeideasaboutthatimportantday.

Reflectingonthefirstdayofclass,McKeachiesuggeststhat"meetingagroupofstrangerswhowillaffectyourwellbeing,isatthesametimeexcitingandanxiety-producingforbothstudentsandteacher".(46)ResearchonthefirstdayofclassbyDr.Bushshowedtherewasarealdesireonthepartofbothstudentsandteachersforconnectedness,butneithergrouprealizedtheothersharedthatdesire.Iftheparticipantsonbothsidesdon'tund