熱點05人的身心健康及智力發(fā)展原卷版-備戰(zhàn)2021年高考英語考前時事熱點話題閱讀+題型專練

備戰(zhàn)2021年高考英語考前時事熱點話題閱讀熱點05人的身心健康及智力發(fā)展一、閱讀理解1Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically（自相矛盾的）,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledalawsuit（訴訟）inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate,sbanonIQtestingdiscriminates（歧視）againsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest.（Theybelieve,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluating（評估）childrenforspecialeducationclasses.）Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartiallyhisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenpromotingsuchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild,sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuation（起伏）backandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearsorsoago,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatarethebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusisneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild,sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.Itrobbedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting.mayeaseracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatescanencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenmayseriouslyworsenracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatescanhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren,seducationTheauthor,sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat.nodefiniterulescanbeprescribedwhitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenadoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultscross-racialadoptionistobeadvocatedChildadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat.goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemssocialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildrenintelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasAmericanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissues2Doesyourolderbrotherthinkhe,sclevererthanyou?Well,he,sprobablyright.AccordingtoanewresearchpublishedinthejournalIntelligence,theoldestchildreninfamiliesarelikelytohavethehighestIQsandtheyoungestthelowest.AnumberofstudieshavesuggestedthatIQscoresdeclinewithbirthorder.Inthemostrecentstudy,atVrijeUniversity,Amsterdam,researcherslookedatmenandwomenwhoseIQhadbeentestedattheagesof512,and18.Theresults,whichshowatrendfortheoldesttoscorebetterthantheyoungestineachtest,involvedabout200,000people.Thatshowedthatfirst-bornshadathree-pointIQadvantageoverthesecond-born,whowasapointaheadofthenextinline.Theorderofbirthcanalsoaffectpersonality,achievement,andcareer,withfirst-bornsbeingmoreacademicallysuccessfulandmorelikelytowinNobelprizes.However,eldestchildrenarelesslikelytoberadical（不同凡響的）andpioneering.CharlesDarwin,forexample,wasthefifthchildofsix.Exactlywhythereshouldbesuchdifferencesisnotclear,andthereareanumberoftheoriesonenvironmentalinfluencesonthechild.Theso-calleddilution（稀釋法）theorysuggeststhatasfamilyresources,bothemotionalandphysical,aswellaseconomic,arelimited,itfollowsthat,asaresult,asmorechildrencomealong,thelevelsofparentalattentionandencouragementwilldrop.Anothertheoryisthattheintellectualenvironmentinthefamilyfavorsthefirst-bornwhohas,atleastforsometime,thebenefitofindividualcareandhelp.Thetheorywhichenjoysthemostsupportisthattheextratimeandpatiencethattheearlier-bornedgetfromtheirparents,comparedwiththosearrivinglater,givesthemanadvantage.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?IQscoreshavelittletodowiththeorderofbirth.Intellectualfamiliesfavorthefirst-born.TheorderofbirthcanhaveaneffectonIQ.Theorderofbirthcanaffectpersonality,achievement,andcareer.ByusingCharlesDarwinasanexample,theauthorwantstoprovethat.eldestchildrenarethesmartestinafamilyyoungestchildrenwillusuallybecomeexpertsfirst-bornsaremorelikelytowinNobelprizeseldestchildrenarelesslikelytotrysomethingnewWhatdoweknowaboutthedilutiontheory?Intellectualparentslovethefirst-bornbetterParents,attentionwilldropwithmorechildrencomingFamilyresources,bothemotionalandphysicalareendless.First-borngetlesscareandhelpfromtheirparents.Thepassageisdevelopedmainlyby .offeringopinionwithfurtherexplanationpointingoutsimilaritiesanddifferencecomparingopinionsfromdifferentfieldsprovidingtypicalexamplesThepassagecanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypeofwriting.A.argumentation B.descriptionC.narration（記敘文） D.exposition（說明）3Whenitcomestoacademicachievement,intelligenceisanimportantfactor butitiscertainlynottheonly,oreventhemostimportantfactor.AccordingtoanewAustralianstudy,personalityisabetterpredictorofsuccessinschoolthanintelligenceasmeasuredbytraditionalstandardizedtests.Specifically,studentswhoweremorehard-workingandopenerperformbetteracademicallythanthosewhoweremerelyintelligent.AustralianresearcherscomparedmeasurementsoftheBigFivepersonalitytraits（特性） extraversion,neuroticism,agreeableness,conscientiousnessandopennesstoexperience tocollegestudents,gradesandtestscores.Theyaskedstudentstocompletepersonalityself-assessment,andalsoaskedotherswhoknewthestudentswelltocompleteassessmentsofthem.Theyfoundthatthestudents,self-assessmentswereaseffectiveasintelligenceinpredictingacademicperformance,andthatthereportsfromthosewhoknewthemwellwerenearlyfourtimesmoreaccurateinpredictingacademicperformancethanintelligence.Theresearchersfoundthatthefactorsofopennessandconscientiousnesshadthelargestinfluenceonacademicsuccess,inagreementwithpreviousresearchwhichhaslinkedthesetwotraitswithvarioustypesofachievementStudieshaveshownopennesstoexperiencewhichhastodowithintellectualcuriosity,andhowexcitedwegettoacquirenewinformation tobethenumber-onepredictorofcreativeachievement.Conscientiousness,ontheotherhand,isonlyoneoftheBigFivetraitsthatisconsistentlypredictingsuccess.“Inpracticalterms,theamountofeffortstudentsarepreparedtoputin,andwherethateffortisfocused,areatleastasimportantaswhetherthestudentsaresmart,”thestudy,sleadauthor,Dr.ArthurPoropatofGriffithUniversity,sSchoolofAppliedPsychology,saidinastatement.“Andastudentwiththemosthelpfulpersonalitywillscoreafullgradehigherthananaveragestudentinthisregard.”Thefindingscomeasanimportantreminderthatchildrenwhomaynotbeconsidered“smart”bytraditionalmeasuresmaystillbecomehighlysuccessfulthroughtheirownefforts.Andsincepersonalitymaybemoremalleable（可塑的）thanintellectualcapability,helpingstrugglingstudentsdevelopbeneficialpersonalitytraits particularlyintellectualcuriosityandastrongsenseofworkresponsibility maybeapowerfulmeansofimprovingacademicperformance.Fortunately,high-IQstudentswhostrugglemorewithattitudeandsocialskillscanalsolearntodevelopthesequalities.“Personalitydoeschangeandsomeeducatorsindeedhavetrainedaspectsofstudents,conscientiousnessandopenness,leadingthemtogreaterlearningcapacity,”Poropatsaidinthestatement.“Bycontrast,thereislittleevidencethatintelligencecanbe‘taught,,despitethepopularityofbrain-trainingapps.”Accordingtothepassage,intelligence.isoneoftheBigFivepersonalitytraitshasagreatinfluenceonsuccessinschoolplaysadecisiveroleinacademicperformanceismoreaccuratethanpersonalityinpredictingsuccessWhatcanweinferfromthethirdparagraph?Studentsdidn,tmakeself-assessmentsseriously.Intelligenceaccuratelypredictedacademicperformance.Students,self-assessmentsarenotrelatedtotheirintelligence.Assessmentsdonebyothersaremorereliablethanself-assessments.Foracreativejob,whichofthefollowingcountsmost?A.Intelligence. B.Responsibility.C.Openness. D.Conscientiousness.Theauthortriestoimplythat.high-IQstudentshavegoodpersonalitytraitsintelligencecanbedevelopedwithbrain-trainingappspersonality-trainingmayhelpunintelligentstudentsachievesuccessopennessandconscientiousnessaren,tveryimportanttosmartchildren4Lunchhoursaregettingshorterandshorter,andevendisappearinginsomepartsoftoday'sworkingworld.Withfeweremployeesbutmoretaskstobeaccomplishedinaday,manyAmericanstreatlunchnotasabreakbutasjustanothertasktosqueezeintoanalreadyover-bookedday.Butdoquickmealsatthedeskactuallyimproveproductivityovermoreleisurelymeals?AccordingtothelateststudypublishedinthejournalPLOSONE,theycouldhelpyougetmoredone.Theresearchersonlystudied32employees,sothefindingsarearguable.Butwhentheyassignedonegrouptoeatattheirdesksandtheothertodinewithacolleagueatarestaurant,theyfoundthatthosewhoatelunchtogethershowedadeclineintheirperformanceonteststhatmeasuredconcentration,memoryandtheabilitytocatcherrorsandreademotionsinfacialexpressionfollowinglunchthanbeforelunch.Bothgroupsatethesamemeals,butthosewhoatealonewereonlygiven20minutestoconsumetheirfood,whilethepairedparticipantswereallowedonehourintherestaurant.Thosewhoatealonedidnothaveaslargeadropintheircognitive（認知）processingasthosewhoateintherestaurant.Thereweretoomanyfactorsatplaytodeterminewhichhadthestrongestinfluenceoncognitivecontrol.Whateverfactorwasresponsible,however,thegroupthattookarestaurantlunchbreakcamebackmorerelaxed,saytheauthor,andthatlikelyaffectedtheircognitivesharpnessSharingamealoutsidetheofficewithafriendappearstohaveacalmingeffect,andwhileitreducesintellectualskills,itcouldfostersocialharmonyandteamwork,whichmaybeanimportantfeatureofsomeworktasks.Butdon'tfeelsorryforthelonelunchers.Itturnsoutthatsincetheywereabletomaintaintlskillsfollowingthemeal,theymightbeinabetterpositiontothinkcreativelyforprojectsthatrequiremoresolutionsorapproaches.Whatcanwelearnabouttheresearch?Itsfindingsareunlikelytoraiseargument.Bothgroupsweregivenonehourforlunch.Theemployeeshavinglunchtogetherperformedworseinallaspects.Thecognitiveskillsofthegroupeatingalonedeclinedlessthantheother.Sharingamealwithafriendcanhelp.A.enhancethecognitivesharpness B.improveharmoniousteamworkC.finishalltheworkafterwards D.maintaintheintellectualskillsWhattaskdoestheauthorthinkismoresuitableforthosediningalone?A.Thetaskrequiringcooperation. B.Thetaskrequiringcalmingeffect.C.Thetaskrequiringcreativity. D.Thetaskrequiringharmony.Haveyouevercomplained,“Irememberreadingit,butIcan,trememberwhatitsaid?”thenyoushouldtrytheSQ4Rreadingmethod.S=Survey.Thefirststepistotakeafewminutesskimmingthechapter.Don,treadityet,justlookattopicheadings,keywords,andreadthesummary.Q=Question.Asyoupreparetoreadthechapter,turnthefirsttopicintoaquestionortwo.Asyouread,seachfortheanswer.Thiswillhelpyouorganizeyourreading-findthepartsthatansweryourquestion,giveanexample,consistofrelatedinformationorthatmayansweralaterquestion.Mostimportantly,thisgivesyouareasontoreadthenextparagraph.R=Read.Readinshort“bites”（部分）,thendeterminehowthatanswersquestion（s）youoriginallyposed（提出）.Oftenasyoureadotherquestionswillarise.R=Recite.Nowcanyouansweryourquestion（s）inyourownwords?Ifyoucan,t,rereadthematerialtofindtheanswersordetermineifyouneedtochangethequestion.Youarerehearsin（重復，默誦）forthetimewhenyouwillneedoknowtheanswer.Agoodtechniqueforrehearsinganswersistobrieflyjotdown（草草記下）thekeywordsthatremindyouoftheessenceoftheanswerwithoutwritingdowneverydetail.R=Relate.Mostofustrytorelatewhatwearereadingtowhatwealreadyknow.Itisalwayseasierandmoresatisfyingtorememberinformationthatispersonallymeaningful.Everythinghasacontext.Someinformationmaytakemorereflectionbeforeyouareabletograspitsrelationshipwithwhatyoualreadyknowwhileotherinformationmaysimplyrequiremoreresearch,tounderstandhowitfitswithotherdata.R=Review.Onewaytominimizememorydecay（衰退）andtostorethematerialyouhavestudiedfirmlyinyourmindisbyreviewingit.Afteryoufinishreadingtheentirechapter,skimbackoveritandanynoteyoumade.Effectivestudyingrequireseffectivereading.Ratherthangetting“intellectualindigestion”whilereadingstraightthroughachapter,insteadyoushouldstoptosurvey,question,read,recite,relate,andreviewsoastoimproveyourreadingcomprehension.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?Sixstepstoskimthroughachapter.ThepurposeofusingtheSQ4Rreadingmethod.Aneffectivewayofgetting“intellectualindigestion”.Amethodtohelpyoulearnwhatyoureadeffectively.Inauthor,sview,thestepof“reading”isaprocessthat.youdeterminewhatquestionsshouldbeposedanansweredyoufindkeywordstoremindyouoftheessenceofachapteryousearchforanswerstothequestionsyoucreatedbeforereadingyoumakepreparationforthenextsteps-reciteandrelateWhydoestheauthoradvisereaderstorelatewhattheylearnwhilereadingachapter?Becauseitcanmakeusrecognizethemeaningfulinformation.Becausethepurposeofreadingistoknowrelationshipsbetweendata.Becauseit,llbemoreenjoyableaswe,llberemindedofwhatwe,veknown.Becauseit,llbeeasiertograspandremembertheinformationfromthechapter.Howcanwerememberwhatwehavelearnedfirmlyaccordingtothepassage?A.Byreadingit. B.Byreviewingit.C.Byquestioningit. D.Byrelatingit.UnliketheSQ4Rreadingmethod,“intellectualindigestion“mayresultfromthewayof.rehearsingforthetimewhenyouwillneedtoknowtheanswernotfindingapurposeforreadingthenextparagraphreadingstraightthroughachapterineffectivelyreviewingmanytimestostorematerialsinyourmind6Overamillionchildrenhavedevelopedsomeformofintellectual（智力）disabilityoverthepasttwodecadesafterbeingexposedtochemicalsincludingflameretardants,pesticides,lead,andmercury,astudyhasrevealed.Thestudyfocusedonthefourchemicals,whichcanbecrossedfromamothertoherunbornbabythroughtheplacenta（胎盤）andcauseneurodevelopmentaldamage.Theresearcherslookedatdatafrompaststudies,includingbloodsamplestakenfromwomenofchildbearingageand5-year-olds.Overtheperiod,flameretardants,resultedin738,860casesofintellectualdisabilityandanestimated162millionlostIQ（智商）points,followedbyleadat330,684cases,pesticidesat111,830,andmercuryat8,860.Inrecentyears,pesticidesandflameretardantshaveovertakenleadandmercuryasthechemicalsresponsibleforthebiggestlossofIQamongchildren.Theresearchersbelievethisisduetoregulationscuttingdowntheuseofthesechemicals.Forinstance,leadhasbeenbannedfromgasoline,paintanddrinkingwatersystemsintheU.S.andplantsarenotallowedtopumpoutmercury.Theresearchersacknowledgedlimitationstotheirstudy,includingthattheexposure-responserelationshipsmightnotrelatetoallpopulations.Positively,theyfoundahugedropintheestimatedlossofIQpointsamongchildren.LeadresearcherAbigailGaylord,commented:"Ourfindingssuggestthatoureffortstoreduceexposuretoheavymetalsarepayingoff,butthatharmfulexposuresingeneralcontinuetorepresentaterriblerisktopeople'sphysical,mental,andeconomichealth."Unfortunately,theminimalpoliciesinplacetoremovepesticidesandflameretardantsareclearlynotenough,"shesaid.Shealsoadded.Frequentlyopeningwindowstoletpersistentchemicalsfoundinfurnitureelectronics,andcarpetingescape,andeatingcertifiedorganicproducecaneduceexposuretotheseharmfulthings"Whichcontributesmosttothelossofchildren'sIQ?A.Flameretardants. B.Pesticide.C.Lead. D.Mercury.Wheredoesthepassageprobablycomefrom?A.Aschoolreport. B.Asciencefiction.C.Ascientificresearch. D.Achemistrybook.Whatisthedrawbackoftheresearchmentioned?Ithasreceivedbadresponsefromallpopulations.Ithasnopreviousinformationtoreferto.Itcoversonlypartofthepopulation.Itisnotsupportedbygovernmentpolicies.What'sthebesttitleforthispassage?Fourchemicalsharmingchildren.Regulationscuttingdowntheuseofheavymetals.Environmentriskingpeople'sphysicalandmentalhealth.ChildrenIQloweredbyexposuretoharmfulchemicals.7We'veallbeenthere:You'reatadullworkmeetingon,raip±youiitnitidkeepswanderingtowhattoeatforlunch,yourweekendplans,orwhat,sgoingonwiththenewseasonofStrangerThings.Don,tfeelsobadaboutallyourdaydreaming.Mind-wanderingmaybeasignofintelligenceandcreativity,accordingtoanewstudyinthejournalNeuropsychologiiAndaslongasyourperformanceatworkdoesn,tsufferwhenyourminddrifts,daydreamingmaynotbesuchabadthingafterall,thestudyauthorssay.ResearchersatGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologywantedtostudywhathappenstopeople,sbrainpatternswhenthey,retoldtoliestillanddonothing—aprimeopportunityformind-wandering.Sotheyasked112studyparticipantstodojustthat:lieinanMRImachinewhilestaringatafixedpointforfiveminutes.Theresearchteamusedthosereadingstoidentifywhichpartsofthebrainworkedtogetherduringthistypeofawakebutrestingstate,andtheyalsocomparedthereadingstoteststheparticipantstooktomeasuretheircreativeandintellectualabilities.Inaddition,theparticipantsfilledoutaquestionnaireabouthowmuchtheirmindwanderedindailylife.Theresearchersmadeseveralinterestingconnections.Peoplewhoreportedmorefrequentdaydreamingduringthedayscoredhigheroncreativeandintellectualtests.TheirMRIsalsoshowedtheyhadmoreefficientbrainsystems-meaningdifferentregionsofthebrainweremoreinpacewitheachother—comparedtopeoplewhoreportedlessfrequentmind-wandering.Thefindingthatmind-wanderingisassociatedwithintelligencewassomewhatsurprising,saysleadauthorChristineGodwin,apsychologyPhDcandidate.Thafsbecausepreviousresearchhaslinkedmind-wanderingtopoorerperformanceonmemoryandreading-comprehensiontests,lowerSATscores,negativemood,andmentalhealthdisorders.Whafstheauthor'sattitudetowardsdaydreaming?Unconcerned.Approving.Cautious.Doubtful.Whatcantheparticipantsdoduringtheexperiment?Telllies.Dosomereading.Lieandstare.D.Answersomequestions.What,sthefindingoftheexperiment?A.Daydreamingmayresultingoodmemory.Thefindingiscontradictorytothepreviousresearch.Daydreamingissomewhatassociatedwithmentalhealth.Themoreyouaremind-wandering,thelessintelligentyouare.What,sthebesttitleforthepassage?DaydreamingisNotSoBadWhyPeopleareAlwaysDaydreaming?DaydreamingisHarmfultoTheBrainAnExperimentReportonDaydreaming8Manypeoplebelievethatteachingchildrenmusicmakesthemsmarter,betterabletolearnnewthings.Buttheorganizersofanewstudysaythere,snoscientificevidencethatearlymusicaltrainingaffectstheintelligenceofyoungpeople.Anestimated80percentofAmericanadultsthinkmusiclessonsimprovechildren,sabilitytolearnortheirperformanceinschool.Theysaythatthesatisfactionforlearningtoplayanewsonghelpsachildexpresscreativity.ResearchersatHarvardUniversity,however,havefoundthatthere,sonethingmusicaltrainingdoesnotdo.Theysayitdoesnotmakechildrenmoreintelligent.SamuelMehrisagraduatestudentattheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.Hesaysitiswrongtothinkthatlearningtoplayamusicalinstrumentimprovesachild'sintellectualdevelopment.Hesaystheevidencecomesfromstudiesthatmeasurethementalabilityoftwogroupsof4-year-oldsandtheirparents.Onegroupattendedmusicclass,andtheotherwenttoaclassthatplacesimportanceonthevisualarts-artsthatcanbeseen.“Theevidencethereis'no'.Wefoundnoevidenceforanyadvantageonanyofthesetestsforthekidsparticipatinginthesemusicclasses,”saidMehr.SamuelMehrsaysresearchershavecarriedoutmanystudiesinanefforttolearnwhethermusicaltrainingcanmakechildrensmarter.Hesaystheresultshavebeenmixed.HesaysonlyonestudyseemstoshowasmallpercentageincreaseinIQ,intellectualscoresamongstudentsafteroneyearofmusiclessons.HedoesnotbelievethatIQisagoodmeasureofchild,sintelligence.Hesaysresearchersinhisstudycomparedhowwellchildreninthemusicaltraininggroupdidonmentalprocessingtasksorprojects,andthentheresultswerecomparedtothoseofchildrenwhodidnottakelessons.Therewasnoevidencethatthemusicaltraininggroupdidmuchbetteronthementaltasksthantheothergroup.Theresearchersconfirmedtheresultswithalargergroupofchildrenandtheirparents.MrMehrsaysmusiclessonsmaynotofferchildrenafasteasywaytogainentrytothebestschoolslateroftheirlife.Buthesaysthetrainingisstillimportantforculturalreasons.Inhiswords,“Weteachmusicbecausemusicisimportantforus.”Accordingtothenewstudy,musicaltraining.makeschildrensmarterhelpsachildexpresscreativitydoesnotmakechildrenmoreintelligentimproveschildren,sabilitytolearninschoolSamuelMehrmayagreethat.thechildrenwhoattendedmusicclassaresmarterthanthosewhoattendedartsclassIQisagoodmeasureofachild,sintelligenceweneedn,ttoteachchildrenmusicmusictrainingisstillimportantforculturalreasonsThearticlemaybetakenfromareportabout.A.health B.educationC.culture D.economy9Nexttimeyouraiseaneyebrowattheviewsofyourpartner,friend,sibling（兄弟姐妹）orcolleague,remembertheycouldbehelpingtomakeyousmarter.Newresearchshowsthatintelligenceisnotfixedbutcanbeboostedthroughoutadulthoodbyfamilymembers,brightmatesandintellectuallystretching（拉伸）careers.Thestudychallengesthecommonlyheldbeliefthatintelligenceisstaticbytheageofabout18.Currentscientificconsensussuggeststhatintelligenceiscontrolledbygenes,withenvironmentalfactorssuchasschoolingandnutritionplayingapartialroleuptothisage.Afterthispoint,IQscoresstabilize穩(wěn)定）.ButJamesFlynn,professorofpoliticalstudiesandpsychologyattheUniversityofOtagoinNewZealand,arguesthatpeoplecan“upgrade”theirownintelligencethroughouttheirlives.Hebelievesintellectualstimulation（刺激）fromothersiscrucialasthe“brainseemstoberatherlikeamuscle-themoreyouuseit,thestrongeritgets”.However,theoppositeisalsotrue-sopeoplesharingahomeorworkplacewiththosewhoareintellectuallychallengedriskseeingtheirIQlevelsfallasaresult.Hefoundthe“understandingquality”ofafamilychangestheIQsofallmembers,especiallychildren.Itcan“l(fā)ift”orholdback,dependingonthe“gapbetweentheirbrightnessandthatoftheirsiblingsandparents”.Abrightten-year-oldwithbrothersandsistersofaverageintelligencewillsufferafivetotenpointIQdisadvantage,comparedtoasimilarchildwithequallybrightsiblings.However,childrenwithalowIQcouldgainsixtoeightpointsbyhavingbrightersiblingsandspecialeducationaltreatmenttohelppullthemup.ProfessorFlynnalsoconcludedthatalthoughgeneticsandearlylifeexperiencesdetermineabout80percentofintelligence,theremaining20percentislinkedtolifestyle.ThismeansthatpeoplecanraisetheirIQ,orallowittofall,bytenpointsormore.Therefore,thebestwaytoboostIQlevelistomixwithbrightfriends,findanintellectuallychallengingjobandmarrysomeonecleverer.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.astheagegrows,youwillbecomesmartera35-year-oldmanissurelysmarterthanhimselfattheageof18youwillbesmarterifyouhaveapartner,afriendorasiblingafter18,youstillhavethepossibilitytobecomesmarterTheunderlinedword“static”inthe3rdparagraphprobablymeans.A.unstable B.fixedC.varied D.repeatedJamesFellectualstimulationfromothersmakesthebrainworkbetterpeopleshouldavoidworkingwiththoseintellectuallychallengedone,sIQcouldbeheldbackifhehasbrightbrothersorsisterstheIQofchildrenisleastinfluencedbytheunderstandinglevelofafamilyWhat,sthebesttitleforthepassage?GeneticsDeterminesIntelligence.WatchOutforIntelligenceFalling.BrightSiblingsMakeYouSmarter.BrainIsLikeMuscle.10Takingchargeofyourselfinvolvesputtingtorestsomecommonbeliefs.Atthetopofthelististhenotionthatintelligenceismeasuredbyyourabilitytosolvecomplexproblems;toread,writeandcomputeatcertainlevels;andtoresolveabstractequations（方程式）quickly.Thisvisionofintelligenceasserts