真題里面上半部分是下答案解析1999考研路上的幸福哥

年攻讀入學(xué)考試英語試PartⅠClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked［A］,［B］,［C］［D］.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies1lowaccidentratesntheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem2andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a3of operationsisestablished4timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay5greatlyintheemphasiscedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Somecegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby6rulesorregulations.7othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifumresultsaretobeTherecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety8.Thefewertheinjury9,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat10orataesturnspaysholds［A］anadvantage［B］a ［C］an ［D］aPartⅡReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)PassageIt’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingeverlongerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stedderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprise!—falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertoWhilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdrugin ctions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.As alinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,ofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballyerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehas eparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhose mendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidents［A］Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthrough［B］Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegal［C］Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnew［D］JuriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniesManufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetend［A］satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningson ehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheir［C］makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegal［D］feelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirstThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstrated［A］someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedby［B］helmetswerenotdesignedtoprevent［C］productlabelswouldeventuallybe［D］somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithTheauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemsto［A］ ［B］ ［C］ ［D］PassageInthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusinesstobusinesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandther,”saysseniorystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothe ’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoa’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinctivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWeb［A］hasbeenstrivingtoexpandits［B］intendedtofollowafanciful［C］triedbutinvaintocontrolthe［D］hasbeenboomingforoneyearorSpeakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimplies［A］thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWeb［B］businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonline［C］thereisaradicalchangein［D］itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedIntheviewofNetpurists,［A］thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonline［B］moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoonthe［C］theWebshouldbeabletofunctionastheevision［D］thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutWelearnfromthelastparagraph［A］pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternet［B］ ctivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonline［C］leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecades［D］settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingPassageAninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththentoputcomputersintheAneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois pleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computereducationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedto eacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake—attheverylongest—acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessaryto inganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroom［A］far ［B］dubiously［C］self ［D］radicallyThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoall［A］isindicativeofapessimismin［B］cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalof［C］isdeeplyrootedinthemindsof ed［D］originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis.［A］dependentuponthestartingageof［B］worthtryinginvarioussocial［C］oflittlepractical［D］attractivetoeverykindofAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshould［A］includedasanauxiliarycoursein［B］highlightedinacquisitionofprofessional［C］masteredthrougha long［D］equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorPassageWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment—althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso—andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrinceton HaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswith BioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)—hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanearfinaldraftoftheir NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefiniy,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersarenningtowordthe mendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells—routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whetherto mendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexinedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACnstocallfora banonfederalernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywouldappealtoprivayfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair”.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraph［A］federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclone［B］theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsof［C］NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloning［D］theWhiteHousehasgotthe mendationsonThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexcept［A］thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadea［B］thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermore［C］itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhuman［D］itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanNBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussed［A］embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentof［B］thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryo［C］anembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryo［D］theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledintheItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph［A］someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloning ［B］alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinno［C］ yfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’s［D］theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbePassageScience,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanycesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandnets.Whatkeptthemince?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandthenets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid,“thedataarestillinconclusive.”“Weknowthat,”themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthas ethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsarennedandcarriedoutaccordingtonasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam”.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewton［A］inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientific［B］scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesare［C］scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureof［D］unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificTheauthorassertsthat［A］shouldn’trece“scientificmethod”withimaginative［B］shouldn’tneglecttospeculateonunpredictable［C］shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnical［D］shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchItseemsthatsomeyoung［A］haveakeeninterestin［B］oftenspeculateonthe［C］thinkhighlyofcreative［D］stickto“scientificTheauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientific［A］maynotbeasprofitableastheyare［B］canbemeasuredindollarsand［C］relyonconformitytoastandard［D］aremostlyunderestimatedbyPart Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto .YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandce,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalways pleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingInterestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytolitureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplineernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.33）Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.34）Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicalAlsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.35）Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.SectionⅣWriting(1536.Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatlessthan150YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEETYouressayshouldcoverthreeeffectofthecountry’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitspossiblereasonsfortheyoursuggestionforwildlife1999年答案及PartⅠCloze1.D2.A3.B4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.A10.PartⅡReadingPartPassage11.B12.C13.A14.Passage15.APassagePassagePassagePartⅢ Translation幾乎每個歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但是現(xiàn)學(xué)家的實踐最趨于認為歷史學(xué)試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重實并對其做出解釋。人們之所以關(guān)注的方法論，主要是因為史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學(xué)問。在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的方法所謂方法論是指一般的中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究，人們對此意見不一。這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部對各種史料來源的評論，后者則認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。SectionⅣWriting(15試題精PartⅠCloze一、文章總體分析本文是圍繞安全生產(chǎn)這個話題的一篇論證性文章。第一段是安全生產(chǎn)的基本介紹：它不是新事物，而是企業(yè)制定并不斷實施自己的安全計劃以建立無事故工作氛圍的做法。第二段，成功有效的安全計劃的側(cè)重點各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。第三段強調(diào)安全生產(chǎn)對企業(yè)的意義：其價值是不可低估的，它決定了工廠的運營是還是虧損。二、試題具體解析［精解 本題考核的知識點是：介詞的用法。難度本題空格處的介詞和lowaccidentrates搭配成介詞短語，做后置定語修飾companies。選項中只有at（她一分鐘能讀100個單詞，但我們不能說“低速度事故的（atlowaccidentrates）公司”，因此排除at。with［精解 本題考核的知識點是：形容詞詞義辨析。難度空格處的結(jié)構(gòu)為kee（動詞the（賓語（賓補andactive賓補em指代前面的eygs，該空的形容詞應(yīng)與acive在語義上一致，并且可以修飾afetyprogram（安全計劃。選項中alive的常用義為與keepTheagumentwaskeptalivebythepolitcan（們還在繼續(xù)爭論那件事keepafetyprogramsalve從語法和意思上均符合文意。整個句子的大意為：事故發(fā)生率低的公司制定自己的安全計劃，努力實施它們，并且不斷使之發(fā)揮作用并保持。+解此題首先要理解空格后的短語accidentoperaions意“無事故操作此處意“無…的，免…的如anucear weapon zon（無核區(qū)其次要理解條件從句Whentheworkiselldone的含義，根據(jù)上文，可知它指的是：當(dāng)公司能夠很好地制定安全計劃并實施時?？忌€需注意這里條件從句實際上也反應(yīng)出它和主句之間是因果關(guān)系，即：由于公司能夠很好地…，無事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起來了根據(jù)邏輯判斷建立規(guī)（reguation和要（requreent都不是可能的結(jié)果其它兩個選項中，climate可以表示“氣氛，氛圍，如：aclimaeofunrest（不安的氣氛，它在文中意為“建立一個無事故操作的工作氛圍。干擾項是circumstance，它也可以表示“環(huán)境，但一般用復(fù)數(shù)，如：Thecrcumsancesdeoaccept（環(huán)境迫使我不得不同意；當(dāng)它做單數(shù)時，含義是“一個情況，一個特定事件，如：ourarrivalwasafortunaecrcumstance.（你的到來是的一件幸事。［精解 本題考核的知識點是：定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。難度空格前后部分是兩個結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子：acimaeofaccidentoperationsisesablished（一個無事故操作的工作氛圍被建立起來）和timelostiskeptataminimum（工傷損失的時間保持在最低的限度，這時空格處填入的詞只有兩種可能：一是連詞，來表明兩者之間的邏輯關(guān)系；一是關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，把后面句子變成前面句子的從句。選項中惟一的連詞是uness，但它表達的含義“除非…否則…”放入文中顯然不符合邏輯。那么接下來可以肯定空格連接的是一個從句。所在句子可簡化為aclimaeisesablshed4timeiskeptataminimum，顯然后面的從句只可能修飾先行詞climate，從結(jié)構(gòu)上看這是個定語從句，空格處需要timeiskeptataminimumintheclimate（工傷損失的時間在這種氛圍里會被保持在最低的知識點補充：關(guān)系副詞when，where和why可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中分別表示時間、地點或原因。它們的意思相當(dāng)于“介詞+whichwhen=at/in/on/duringwhich，where=in/atwhich，why=forwhich。howThisisthewayhowhebehaves這樣的句子是錯誤的。如果要用how，句子中就不能有先行詞，如：Thisishowhebehaves.［精解 本題考核的知識點是：動詞詞義和用法辨析。難度in的搭配。四個選項中，alterdistinguishin搭配，首先應(yīng)該排除；，ways.（我和我兄弟在許多方面都不同。它放入句中符合語法，而且從下文Somecegreatemphasison...Othersstresssafework也可以看出，空格所在句子的含義應(yīng)是“成功的安全計劃在所強調(diào)的重點方面有很大+Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby6rulesorregulationsothers指代的是othersafetyprograms，by表示方式、。本題空格處雖然填入的是動名詞，但實際考查的是哪個中心動詞可以與賓rulesandregulations（規(guī)章制度）搭配。句子的大意是：其它（成功的安全計劃）強調(diào)通過…規(guī)章制度來實施安全作業(yè)。A、BDrulesorregulations搭配在意義上都不符合句詞義“遵守（法律、規(guī)章、制度等［精解］本題考核的知識點是：固定用法。難度由上文可知，成功的安全計劃的側(cè)重點有很大的不同。文章對此舉出了三個方面的例子：Someceemphasisonmechanicalguarding....Othersstresssafeworkpractices...othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker。顯然，這三個結(jié)構(gòu)是平行的?？崭裉幮枰~或副詞來連接。some和many是不定代詞，不some...others...stillothers...的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“一些…，一些…，［精解 本題考核的知識點是：短語語義辨析。難度段落首句提到，安全計劃的價值毋庸置疑。接著文章從財政的角度來說明這個問題，由于這句話前后沒有出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，因此，推知其含義應(yīng)該是：單從財政的角度來說，安全計劃的價值毋庸置疑。此外前文的value和financal都暗示了填入的短語和經(jīng)濟有關(guān)。四個短語符合句意的只有paysoff（…是值得的，…沒有白費，如：Johntudedhardbeforeheexamination,anditpadoff.eadeanA（約翰學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦，但這一切沒有白費。他考試得了個優(yōu)例句補充：Thetabletennisfinalscomeofftomorrow.（乒乓球決賽明日舉行；Somethingunexpectedhasturnedup.（發(fā)生了意料之外的事情）；Theyheldupunderfierceenemyattack（他們頂住了敵人猛烈的進攻。+這里涉及固定表達形式：thefewerthebetter...（…越少，…越好?？忌P(guān)鍵要判斷什么能和“工人injuryclaims為固定說法，指“工傷索賠”。［精解 本題考核的知識點是：邏輯語義搭配+名詞詞義辨析。難度組成的短語和ataloss（虧本）是選擇關(guān)系，在意義上相反。四個選項中，benefit和advantage都不和at搭配；interestat搭配，指“利息”，如：Theloanwasmadeat6percentinterest（以三、全文翻譯安全生產(chǎn)并不是偶然：事故發(fā)生率低的公司制定自己的安全計劃，努力付諸實施，并且不斷使之發(fā)揮持久效力。如果這項工作做得好，就會建立一個無事故的工作氛圍。在這種環(huán)境里，因工傷損失的時間會被保持在最低限度。成功的安全計劃強調(diào)的重點可能大不相同。有些計劃強調(diào)機械防護。另一些強調(diào)通過遵守規(guī)章制度來實施安全作業(yè)。還有一些靠的是對工人的感情投入。但是，要獲得最好的效果，每一個計劃當(dāng)中都會遵循某些基本的思想。安全計劃的價值不容置疑。單從財政的角度來說，安全計劃花錢值得。工傷索賠越少，工人的率也就越高。這可能就決定著工廠的運營是還是虧損。PartⅡReadingComprehensionPassage1一、詞匯注①anticipatevt.*1.預(yù)期，預(yù)料例：anticipatedthehardwinterahead預(yù)見料到前面的嚴冬2.期盼，期待（尤指好事）Ianticipatedtheinterviewwithpleasure.3.早于（別人）采取行動，搶先一步,先于……之前（做）WhenIarrived,Ifoundthathehadanticipatedme.當(dāng)我到達時我②capen.［C］*1.2.（常用于地理名稱）海角;theCapeofGoodHope角 lllethimhisway.④liablea.*1.（法律上）有賠償責(zé)任的（for）例：Manufacturersareliableforanydefectsintheequipment.制造商對設(shè)備的任何缺陷都負有賠償責(zé)任。2.易于（可能，傾向于）做某事（尤指不幸的事情）例：Inadepressionbanksareliabletofail.時期銀行往往。3.易出問題的，易得病的；可能受（尤指結(jié)果不好的事情）影響（后跟介詞to）例：liabletodiabetes易患的；liabilityn.(法律上對某事物的賠償?shù)?責(zé)任,義務(wù)；負債，；受某物影響的傾向（尤指不好的事物） a1.amoderatesizedgarden2.（尤指政治觀點、信仰等）不的，溫和的，不偏激的*3.有節(jié)制的，不過分的，合理的例：moderatewagedemands合理的工資vi.&vt.（使）緩和，（使）Thestudentsmoderatedtheirdemands.學(xué)生們降低了sidedwiththeirmotheragainstme.孩子們總是和站在一邊，跟我唱對臺戲。 vi*1.2.tomovequickly,smoothly,orsecretly迅速移動；悄悄溜走（vt.把……悄悄放在或遞給……例：Islippedanoteintohishandunderthetable.我偷偷從桌子塞給n.［C］1.2.3.asmallmistakeaslipofthetongue/pen口誤/⑧weightn.1.［UC］2.agreatresponsibilityorworryThenewswascertainlyaweightoffmymind.這個消息真是去掉了我心里的重擔(dān)。*.U］importanceinfluenceorstrength重要性，，實力例：Themanyletterofsupportaddedweighttothen.許多聲援信增加了這場超綱詞匯：tort［ｔｔ］n.民事行為；tortlaw法bombard［′ｂｍｂａｄ］v.轟炸，轟擊；大量提問，大肆，提供過多信二、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析這是一篇法律題材的文章。它客觀敘述了人身索賠的來由、發(fā)展和變化，以及索賠案所涉及的消費者()、公司()和面的反應(yīng)，著重態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。第一段至第三段：介紹過去人身索賠案的特點。由于總是傾向于讓公司負責(zé)，公司開始寫出冗長的警示語來避免承擔(dān)。但即使這樣也不能保護它們免受。該部分使用了例證法。第四段：現(xiàn)在情況發(fā)生了變化，一些開始站到公司（）一邊，同時警示語開始真正起到保護消費者利益的作用。該部分使用了例證和引證說明。三、試題具體分析11.Whatwerethingslikein1980s11.在20世紀80年代當(dāng)發(fā)生事故時，情況[A]Customersmightberelievedofdisastersthrough[A]顧客可以通過而免受[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectfromthelegal][C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedprovidingnew[C]公司將通過提供新的警示語避免被起訴[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwith[D][分析]本題考核的知識點是：具體細節(jié)題1980sthethinking指代事故受傷后希望通過獲取補償?shù)南敕ù蠹s自20世紀80年代初得以。關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，whenin1980s，意為“當(dāng)時（2080年代）陪審團開始認為的公司應(yīng)對其客［A］選項與原文不符，顧客是之后希望通過得到金錢上的補償（compensate，而不是“免于”，relievesbofsth意為sbfromsthunpleasant,arduousormonotonous使（人）從不愉快的重的包袱/免受的騷擾［C選項出現(xiàn)了原文中沒的內(nèi)容newwarnings，而且第三段第一句，雖然警示語常常是合理而必要的，但是當(dāng)消費者受傷時，這些警示語能否真正保護制造商和銷售商使之免于承［D］選項文中未提及，文章只提到陪審團認為公應(yīng)對其客戶所的不幸負責(zé)（第一段末12.Manufacturersasmentionedinthetend12.文中提及生產(chǎn)廠商往往[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongon[A]意 inadequaciesoftheir[B][C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoid[C]充分利用避免[D]feelobligedtoview safetytheirfirst][分析]本題考核的知識點是：具體細節(jié)題。難度文章第二段提到（由于陪審團認為公司應(yīng)對客戶的不幸負責(zé)）公司方面做出的反應(yīng)是：撰寫冗長的警告，以預(yù)先標明種種可能發(fā)生的事故。第三段接著提到，警示語能否真正保護制造商和銷售商使之免于承。［C］選項是正確答案。其他選項都不符合文意13.ThecaseofSchutthelmet13.Schutt[A]someinjuryclaimswerenosupportedby[A]某些因為索賠不再受法律保[B]helmetswerenotdesignedto[B]頭盔不是被設(shè)計用來防止 [C]產(chǎn)品最終將被淘[D]somesportsgamesmightlosewith[D]目[分析]本題考核的知識點是：寫作目的題根據(jù)Schutt定位到第四段，在舉該例之前作者“現(xiàn)在情況似乎正在發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。雖然個人受傷索賠的案子像以往一樣不斷出現(xiàn)，但是一些開始站到一邊，特別是在有警告也可能無法避免事故［A］項該概［B］選項是Schutt公司辯護時的［C］選項和［D］選項文中未提。技巧：考生應(yīng)該注意舉例前后的總結(jié)往往是其目的所在。因此見到例子時考生應(yīng)迅速查找其上下文14.The sattitudetowardstheseemstobe14.作者對所討論的問題的態(tài)度似乎是[A][A][B][C][D][D][分析 本題考核的知識點是：作者態(tài)度題。難度回答作者態(tài)度題時，考生需在通讀全篇的基礎(chǔ)上，找出作者在陳述事實 觀點時的口氣和態(tài)度綜觀全文，作者只是站在第三者的角度論述問題，沒有攙雜個人的臆斷和看法，而是客觀地敘述索賠案的來由、發(fā)展和變化，以客觀事實和例子說明問題，無任何偏袒。因此［D］選項為正確答案。技巧：對于態(tài)度題，考生要聯(lián)系全文，把握整篇文章。同時考生自己的態(tài)度糅進其中，還要注意區(qū)分作者本人的態(tài)度和被作者的他人的觀點的態(tài)度。一般情況下，作者的態(tài)度和觀點都應(yīng)具有客觀性，不帶有感情，所以考