課件海洋生物學(xué)

MarineAnnelids:theAlmostallmarineannelidsarepolychaetes(classPolychaetawhicharealsoknownas“bristleworms鬃毛蟲(chóng)fortheirstiffandoftensharpbristlesstemmingfromeachofrepeatedBristles cedbygillsinmanynktoniclarvaeholopelagicRelativelyfewknownholo nktonicannelids,allinclassnktonicpolychaetespresentthroughoutoceanPreymostfrequentlyonsmallzoo Typicallysmall(upto20cm);somemaybebiggerTomopteris浮蠶isthe nktonicpolychaetehasyellow 分FamilyAlciopidaeAlciopareynaudiiFamilyTomopteridaeOrderSpionida(Aholopelagic尾區(qū)（pygidialregion），包括口后纖毛環(huán)及區(qū)；生長(zhǎng)帶區(qū)（growthzoneregion），它包括口前纖毛環(huán)PolychaetePredatory/Carnivorousfeeding-specieslikethoseintheNereidgroupactivelypursueprey;oftentheyuseanevertableprobosciswithjawsDepositFeeding-specieslikethoseintheterebellidgroupusetentaclestopickupsedimentwithorganicmatterattachedandbringittotheirmouthSuspensionFeeding-specieslikethoseinthesabellidgroupusefeatherytentaclesinthewatercolumntocapturenktonandoranicmatterflowinginthewaterMolluscaSmallgroupcloselyrelatedtoSwimbyundulatingfin(modifiedgastropodSomespecieshaveasmallcalciumcarbonates whichaportionofbodycanwithdrawdefensively;lostinmanyspeciesVisualpredatorson nktonicmolluscs,copepods,chaetognaths,salpsandsiphonophoresMostcommonintropicalheteropodiscarnivorousandhooksontheradulacanseizesuchasctenophores.Thisgroupisdistinctfromthepteropodsanditisprobablyderivedfromaprosobranchiateancestor.Thefoothasbeenmodifiedintoafin-likestructurethatflapstomovethesnail.前腮亞Heteropod(Predateson

OxygirisAtlantacommonlyactivelypredatesmedusae,smallfish,pteropodsandotherheteropods.Theanimalswimsupsidedownwiththefin-likefootheldabovethebodyandtheblade-likekeelaroundtheperipheryofthecompressedsaidsinkee theorganisminaverticalorientationinthewaterAtlantaTheThecosomatahavea whiletheGymnosomataarewithouta 從殼內(nèi)壁可見(jiàn)到龍骨殼頂稍卷殼口橢圓龍骨龍骨龍骨Andthere‘realsoHeteropods,ananimalsimilartoPteropodabuthavingradula齒舌andprobicis.Heliconoidesinflatusa)aperturalviewMON2,70cm);b)apical(CAR-MON2,70c)apicalview(716B,15Limacinasp.Ca)apicalview(CAR-MON2,MON2,80cm);b)apicalview(CAR-MON2,70larvals (B5-1,20cm);d)larvals (B5-1,20cm).Limacinatrochiformisa)aperturalview(CARMON2,70cm);b)apicalview(CAR-MON2,70cm);c)larvals (B5-1,0cm);d)larvals (B5-1,0cm).Limacinalesueuriia)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,30cm);b)apicalview(CAR-MON2,30cm).troversaa)aperturalview(B5-1,210cm);b)apicalview(B5-1,210cm). 365cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,360Peraclediversaa)apicalview(CAR-MON2,350cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,70cm);c)sideview(CAR-MON2,75Creseischierchiaea)adult (716B,15Creseisvirgulaa)adult Creseisvirgulaadult Creseisclavaadult Cliopyramidataa)adult(CAR-MON2,80cm);b)protoconch(B5-1,90Styliolasubulaa)adult cm);protoconch(CAR-MON2,80cm).10.Cavoliniainflexaa)protoconch(B5-1,20cm);b)(CAR-MON2,80cm);c)adult ,side(CAR-MON2,70cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MONDiacriatrispinosaprotoconch(CAR-MON2,0Limacinasp.C(CAR-2,50cm):a)apicalview;umbilicalview;c)(CAR-MON2,5cm):a)ventralandaperturalview;b)dorsalMON2,310cm)sideview.Atlantahelicinoideaa)aperturalview(CAR-2,520cm);b)apicalview(716B,855 Atlantaselvagensisa)aperturalview(716B,75cm);b)apicalview(B5-1,290cm). naaperturalview(716B,855Atlantafrontieria)apicalview(716B,775cm);b)apicalview(716B,475cm).Atlantaturriculataa)aperturalview(716B,75cm);b)aperturalview(716B,75cm).6.Oxygyrusinflatusa)aperturalview(716B,75cm);b)apicalview(716B,75cm);c)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,90Protatlantasouleyetia)apicalview(716B,75cm);b)aperturalview(716B,75cm).Atlantarosea?apicalview(B5-1,150Atlantabrunneaaperturalview(CAR-MON2,350Atlantaperonii?A)apicalview(CAR-MON2,90cm);aperturalview(B5-1,20Atlantatokioka?a)apicalview(716B,855cm);b)aperturalview(716B,855cm).Atlantasp.Da)apicalview(CAR-MON,280cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,40cm).13.Atlantatokiokaa)apicalview(CAR-MON2,520cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,5202,75cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,75Atlantaselvagensisa)apicalview(CAR-MON2,75cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,75cm).Protatlantasouleyetia)apicalview(CAR-2,cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,Protatlantasouleyetia)apicalview(CAR-2,75cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,75Atlantarosea?a)apicalview(CAR-MON2,70cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,75cm);c)juvenile(B5-1,150cm);d)juvenile(B5-1,150cm).Atlantaturriculataa)apicalview(CAR-MON80cm);b)aperturalview(CAR-MON2,80Atlantatokioka?a)largespecimenapicalview(CAR-MON2,80cm);b)apicalview(CAR-MON2,80cm);c)juvenileapicalview(CAR-MON2,520cm);PteropodaTwoforms:thecate有殼翼足目(thecosome–s andathecate (gymnosome-nos Pteropoda翼足Thecateformshavecalcareouss sthatmaybecoiledorcup-shaped.Thecosomesswimusingpaired“wings”(modifiedgastropodfoot)Thecosomessuspensionfeeders,trap particlesusinglargemucuswebsTypicaldietincludesphyto nkton,smallzoo anddetritalmaterialPteropoda翼足Somethecosomesmaybeimportantfooditemsforpelagicfishes,Includingsomecommerciallyimportantspecies(e.g.herring,etc.). softhecatepteropodsmayaccumulateinsediments(pteropodoozes)Gymnosomestypicallypredatory,oftenfeedingonotherpteropodsMaygetquitelarge(to8.5cm)andarecommonthroughouttheoceanspteropods,fromtheGreekmeaning"wing-foot")are -swimmingpelagicseasnailsandseaslugs,marineopisthobranchgastropodsCreiseisLimacinaGlebaDiacriaN.Bednar?eketal.Proc.R.Soc.BSEMimagesofs softhepteropodLimacinahelicinahelicinaf.pacificasampledduringthe2011cruiseshowingsignsofinsitudissolutionfrom(a)anonshorestation,withthe?2014byThe affectedbydissolution,and(b)fromtheoffshoreregion, nktonspendportionoflifein nkton;adultstagetypically About70%ofbenthicmarinespecieshavea nktonicstageintheirlifecyclenktonicstageofabenthicorganism’slifemaylastminutestoPresenceofparticularspeciesin nktontypicallyrelatedspawningevents,ofteninresponsetoenvironmentalcues(e.g.warmertemperaturesintemperatelatitudes,rainfallorlunarcyclesintropicalwaters) Importantcomponentofmero nktonisichthyo fisheggsandlarvaeSomefisheggsmaybeextremelyabundant(e.g.4x1014pilchardeggsinEnglishChannel)andenergeticallyimportantasfoodsourcesforotherpelagicorganismsMarineorganismswithpelagiclarvaeexhibittwobasicstrategiesfornourishinglarvalstagesEggsrelativelysmallandcontainlittlestoredSpecieswith nktotrophicdevelopmenthavehigherfecunditiesthanspecieswithlecithotrophic卵黃development(e.g. ice-250,000eggs,haddock-500,000eggs,cod->1,000,000eggs)vastlygreaternumbersofpropagulesforagivenreproductiveenergyinvestmentSurvivorshiptypicallyverylow(e.g.earlylifemortalityinestimatedataround nktotrophiclarvaefeedin nkton,typicallyhavelonglarvallifespans,andmaytravelverylongdistances( niclarvae-e.g. nulalarvae)EggsrelativelylargeandcontainsubstantialstoredSpecieswithlecithotrophicdevelopmenthavelowerthanspecies nktotrophicdevelopment(typicallyHighper-eggenergyinvestment→higherper-eggbutfewerpropagulesforagivenreproductiveenergyYolksactypicallyusedtosustainlarvawhilemouthandgutfinishLecithotrophiclarvaetypicallydonotfeedin nkton(thoughmanydo),haveshortlarvallifespans(generallylessthanaweekandsometimesafewhours),andgenerallydon’tdisperseverylongdistancesOftenlecithotrophiceggsarebuoyantandspeciesexhibitontogeneticverticalmigrationwithinwatercolumn(e.g.Sebastolobusaltivelis)暫時(shí)性浮游的生態(tài)意Inthisway,areasinwhichspeciesmayhavediedoutarerepopulatedandovercrowdinginthehomeareaisSeaanimalsproducelarvaeinenormousnumbersandsothesemero nktonareanimportantfoodsourceforothermembersofthezoo nktonandotheranimals.LarvaeoftenlookveryunliketheadultformsintoLarvaeoftenlookveryunliketheadultformsintowhichtheydevelop Crustacea（甲殼動(dòng)物Branchiopoda（鰓足類(lèi)Cirripedia（蔓足類(lèi)）Nauplius（無(wú)節(jié)幼蟲(chóng)）CyprisLarva（腺介幼蟲(chóng)）ZoalarvaeofaBlueKingEarlyscientistswhofoundanddescribedtheselarvaegaveeachaname,thinkingtheyhaddiscoveredanewtypeof Wekeepsomeofthesenamestoday,referring,forexampletothetrochophorelarvaeofwormsandthezoalarvaeofExamplesof Larvaeofoysters,clams,barnacles,crabs,worms,snails,starfish,andmanyThecurrentscarrytheselarvaetonewlocationswheretheyfindfoodandareastosettlenktonicLarvaeofPorifera（海綿動(dòng)物（兩囊幼蟲(chóng) ta（腔腸動(dòng)物）nularLarva（浮浪幼蟲(chóng)）Ephyra（蝶狀幼體）Actinula（輻射幼蟲(chóng)Nemertini（紐蟲(chóng)類(lèi)Pilidium（帽狀幼蟲(chóng)Mollusca（軟體動(dòng)物）Veliger（面盤(pán)幼蟲(chóng)）TrochophorelarvaeofBarnacles:benthicsessilePolychaeta（多毛類(lèi)）Netochaete（疣足幼蟲(chóng)）Copepoda（橈足類(lèi)）Nauplius（無(wú)節(jié)幼體）MacruranLarvae（長(zhǎng)尾類(lèi)幼蟲(chóng)）AnomuraLarvae（歪尾類(lèi)幼蟲(chóng)）BrachyuraLarvae（短尾類(lèi)幼蟲(chóng)）bipinnariabipinnaria羽腕ophiopluteusChordata（脊索動(dòng)物Hemicorda半索類(lèi)tornaria柱頭幼

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GadusGadus Nutritionalmodesin Herbivores:feedprimarilyon Carnivores:feedprimarilyonotherzoo Detrivores:feedprimarilyondeadorganicmatterOmnivores:feedonmixeddietof animalsanddetritusAnimal nktonthatvaryinsize---jellyfishbeingthelargestbutmost nktoncanGrazers(feedon

Carnivores(feedonotherzoo Omnivores(feedon ntsandanimals)Feedingmodesin FilterPredators–catchindividualHerbivorous Thisjournalis?2012TheRoyalThisjournalis?2012TheRoyal

?2014byNationalAcademyofFlowdisturbancesgeneratedbyfeedingandswimming Filterstrategiesfor nktonmanystrategiesforsurvivalinaworldwherereproductionratesareandhighandlifespansareTheseanimalsmayproduce3to5generationsayearinwarmwaterswherefood sareabundantandthetemperaturesacceleratelifeprocesses.nktos:“drifts”inTheirdistributiondependsoncurrentsandCertainzoo nktoncanswimwell,butdistributioncontrolledbycurrentpatternsInstablewatercolumnswithveryshallowmixedlayers,e.g.atlowlatitudesineasternpartsofoceansormid-latitudestowardendofsummer,zoo nktonabundancemaybemuchhigherinmixedlayerthanbelowit,withhighestabundancesjustabovethermoclineAbundancetypicallydeclinessharplynearbottomofthermocline=Somecontroversy:Doeszoneof umzoo nktonbiomasscoincideswithregionof umphyto nktonbiomassorRecentevidence: nktonfeedatornearum;microzoo nktonfeedatornearphyto nktonbiomassAbundanceandPhenologyinGulfofEmergenceinlatewinter,CV’sdevelopintoAnearlyspringbloomwithrelativelyfewfemalesproducingahugenumberofeggs(moreoneggproductioncomingsoon)Acohort fromnauplitoCV’sthroughthespringandintotheBuildupoflipidrichCV’sinthesummer(likelyenteringgradualdeclinethroughthefall,withanoccasional e,whichleadstothequestionofwhetherthereisafallbloomoradvectionofC.finsintothepopulation(moreonthiscomingsoon)copepodmustpassthroughnaupliarstages(NI-NVI),thefirsttwoofwhicharenon-feeding.Itthenundergoesametamorphosistoitscopepoditebodyform,develothrough5morejuvenilestages(CI-CV),finallyreachingtheadulthood(CVI)asamaleorfemale(Melle2012)Thegenerallifecycleofglacialisinrelationthe餌料？低氧或大量繁殖的原囊是為了垂直移動(dòng)才Thelargeamountofthezoo nkton-mediatedCfluxintotheOMZ,estimatedasnearly7.2gC／d1m2,shouldbesustainedbydailyprimaryproductionintheupwellingregion.Somezoo nktonmigratetowardtheseasurfaceeachnightandreturntodeptheachday,eitherinanattempttomaintaintheirlightlevelorisresponsetothemovementoftheirfoodsourceDielDielVerticalMigrationNocturnal–Surfaceatnight,depthduringdayTwilight–Sunsetascent,midnightsink,dawndescentReverse–Surfaceduringday,depthatnightDifferentspeciesandlifestagesexhibitdifferentverticalmigrationpatternsanddepthrangesMajortrigger:Solar PrematureDielVerticalMigrationAccesstofoodinsurfacewatersatnightwithreducedvulnerabilitytovisualDaytimedepthsofpredatorsnotdarkenoughtopreventSome migratedeeperthannecessarytoavoidhighManypredatorsalsoTestedexperimentallyinalimitedwaybystudyingDVMinresponsedifferentpredationOhman(1990): iundergoesmigration,migrationornomigrationwhenmajorpredatorsarevisuallynktivorousfishes,nocturnallyfeedingnonvisual nkton,orEnergeticDescendingintocoolerwatersduringday makesmoreefficientuseofSupport:DVMlesscommoninpolar

Question:Doenergeticbenefitsexceedcostsofmigration?ReplenishmentoffoodsupplyNoconclusiveLowfoodmayenhanceorsuppressDVMMixingofpopulationsenhancesgeneActivetransportoforganicmaterialtoseafloorthroughtrophicSeasonalSeasonalVerticalSeasonalpatternsinverticaldistributioncommonamongspeciesintemperateandpolarregionsaswellasupwellingzones,butgenerallynotintropicalspeciesFig.Epipelagic:upper200-300mwatercolumn;highdiversity,mostlysmallandtransparentorganisms;manyherbivoresMesopelagic=300–1000m;largerthanepipelagicrelatives;largeformsofgelatinouszoo (jellyfish,appendicularians)duetolackofwaveaction;somelargerspecies(krill)partlyherbivorouswithnightlymigrationintoepipelagicregimesOxygenMinimumZone:400–800mdepth,accumulationoffecalmaterialduetodensitygradient,attracthighbacterialgrowth,whichinturnattractsmanybacterialandlargergrazers;strongrespirationreducesO2contentfrom4-6mgl-1to<2mgl-1Bathypelagic:1000–3000mdepth,manydarkredcolored,smallereyesAbyssopelagic:>3000mdepth,lowdiversityandlowDemersalorepibenthic:livenearortemporarilyontheseafloor;mostlycrustaceans(shrimpandmysids)and<100to>800Nocturnal:singledailyascentbeginningatsunset,andsingledailydescentbeginningatTwilight:twoascentsanddescentsperday(oneeachassoc.witheachtwilightperiod)Reversed:singleascenttosurfaceduringday,anddescenttomax.depthduringnight onScatteringAmajorcomponentofsnowisfecal

BaseofFloridaEscarpmentcoveredwithmarinesnow.Octocoralsattachtosteepsidesandunderledgestoavoidburial.Changesinzoo nktonfecalpelletswithdepthindicatingrepackaginginthemesopelagiczone.MajortypesofpelletsidentifiedfromsedimenttrapsamplesattheHawaiiOce -series(HOT)stationALOHAinthesubtropicalPacific,andJapanesetime-seriesstationK2inthesubarcticPacific.Scalebaris500mm.(A)heteropodCarinariaspp.(B)largecopepodoreuphausiid,(C)smallcopepod,(D)larvacean,(E)Neocalanusspp.,(F)Euphausiid,(G)unknowncarnivorouszoo (H)fecal’fluff,’(I)brokenpellet.FromWilsonetal.?Oligotrophy?

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Gerhardetal,NatureGeoscience6,718–724HorizontalWiderangeofspatialWaterMassCosmopolitanspecieshavewideorevenglobaldistributionsOtherspeciesarelocalorcloselyassociatedwithaparticularsetofhydrographicconditionsSomehighlyspecificspeciescanbeindicatorsforaparticularwatermassConceptofindicatorspeciesmostcommonlyappliedtoforaminifera,copepodsandchaetognaths(sufficientlyabundant)Ex:Omori(1965)useddistributionsofcopepodspeciesassemblagestothreemajoroceanicregionsinNorthColdoffshoreregioncharacterizedbyNeocalanusplumchrusandWarmoffshoreregioncharacterizedbyCalanusNeriticregioncharacterizedbyPseudocalanusminutusandAcartiaLatitudinalStrongN-StemperaturegradientdistributionalaffinitiestowaterAbout50%ofallepipelagiczoonktonspp.havedistributionalcentersintropicalandsubtropicalwaterswithsomepresenceintemperatewatersAboutone-thirdofepipelagicholonktonarerestrictedtotropicalandsubtropicalwatersOtherspeciesrestrictedtocoldwatersathighSomespeciesendemictoeitherArcticorLatitudinalLatitudinalSomespecieshavebipolarEx:Pteropods-LimacinahelicinaandL.retroversa,Amphipod-Parathemistogaudichaudii,Siphonophore-DimophyesarcticaArctic-AntarcticspeciespairshavebipolardistributionsandoccupysimilarnicheswithincommunitiesatbothpolesEx:Gymnosomepteropods,Clionelimacina(NorthernHemisphere)andC.antarctica(SouthernHemisphere),aremorphologicallysimilarandbothfeedontwoLimacinaspeciesLatitudinalBipolaritymayhavearisenthroughPolaremergenceRelictGeneraltrendtowarddecreasingspeciesdiversitywithlatitudeGroupsthatoccuratlowandhighlatitudestypicallyhavefewerhigh-latitudespecies,whilesomegroups(e.g.heteropodmollusks)havenohigh-latituderepresentativesMany“circumglobaltropical-subtropical”speciesoccurinwarmwatersofAtlantic,Pacificand noceans(e.g.Janthina,Glaucus,someeuphausiids,chaetognathsandamphipods) nktonicNewEnglandCtenophore→Black BlackSeaBallastBlackSeaBallastBeroe nktons nktoncanexistinpatchesofhighpopulationdensitybetweenareasthataremuchlesheavilypopulated.Thehighpopulationpatchesattractpredatorsandthemoresparsepopulationsbetweenthedenserpatchespreservethestock,assfewerpredatorsfeed nktonaccumulateatthedensityboundariescausedbythelayeringofthesurfacewatersandthevariationoflightwithdepthandtheday-night yadditionalrolesCausesof -Ifphyto nktonoccursinpatches,grazerswillbedrawntofood-Similarprocessthatledtophyto patcheswillformzoo nktonpatchesGrazingPhysicalLangmuirInternalAccumulationof inLangmuirCellsBuoyantparticlesandupward-swimmingzoo nktonwillaccumulateoverdownwellingLangmuirLangmuirInternalUnderwaterwavespropagatedalongtheGeneratedbyoverflowoverroughMuchgreateramplitudethansurface liteimageofinternalDeepseascatteringCompositeechogramofhydroacousticdatashowingdistinctkrillscatteringBlacklinerepresentssurfacetrackingofabluewhaleMajorResearhareasinMarineZo nktonEcology:Distributionandabundancemeasu「BasinandglobalBiological/PhysicalprocessescontrollingobservedPureiFoodwebin Fisheriesecologyi --EmP..Inta'窯 固

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Western BarcodingforCoML:AssessingZoo RobJennings–UniversityofConnecticut,PhotosbyR.R.Hopcroft–UniversityofAlaska,L.P.Madin–WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,N.Copley–WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,CMarZSteeringGroup6November–OceanResearchInstitute,UniversityofCoMLOceanRealmFieldNaturalGeographyinShoreAreas–GulfofMaineAreaProgram–PacificOceanShelfTracking–CensusofDiversityofAbyssalMarineLife–TaggingofPacificPelagics–PatternsandProcessesofEcosystemsintheMid-Atlantic–MAR-BiogeographyofChemosyntheticEcosystems–ArcticOceanDiversity–InternationalCensusofMarineMicrobes–CensusofMarine nkton-GlobalCensusofMarineLifeonSeamounts–GlobalCensusofCoralReefEcosystems–ContinentalMarginEcosystemsonaWorldwide–CensusofAntarcticMarineLife–WhatisDNADefinition:DerivationofshortDNAsequence(s)thatenablesspeciesidentificationorrecognitioninaparticular oflife(e.g.,Focustodate:Foranimals,a658base-pairfragmentofmitochondrialgene,cytochromeoxidasesubunitIBarcodeofLifeInitiative(BOLI)willresolvebarcodesfornamedspeciesanduseabarcodingapproachtoassessundescribedbiologicalWhatisn’tDNAItisnotintendedto,inanyway, ntorinvalidatetaxonomicItisnotDNAtaxonomy;itdoesnotequatespeciesidentity,formallyorinformally,withaparticularDNAsequence.Itisnotintendedtoduplicateorcompetewitheffortstoresolvephylogeny(e.g.,AssemblingtheTreeofLife,WhyBarcode DNAisparticularlyusefultostudynkton,becausetheorganismsarerare,fragile,and/orEvolutionarily-conservedbodynsforsomegroups(e.g.,copepods)makesmorphologicalidentificationdifficultandmistakeslikely.Manyspeciesarewidespreadorcircumglobal;DNAcanbeusedtoevaluatetaxonomicsignificanceofgeographicvariation.DNA-basedspeciesidentificationwillysisofsamplesforknown nktonwilltestbarcodeprotocols,since15animalgroups(phyla)arerepresented.BarcodingGoalsforLinkmorphological/molecular forglobal nktonDNAbarcode~7,000describedspeciesin15SubmitDNA,specimen&collectionBarcodesectionofCMarZdatabasewithenvironmentalSearchablefromOBISRevealcrypticspecieswithincircumglobalbypopulation Discovernewspeciesbysamplingbiodiversityhotspots,unexploredoceanregions,deepseaAssesszoo nktondiversityby‘environmentalsequencing’ofunsortedsamplesDevelopautomatableDNAchip-basedandprotocolstoidentify fyLatestLatesthypothesisofArthropod(Regieretal2010,BarcodingOstracodsOstracodspeciesdifferedinmtCOIsequenceby15%tofor19species(15BarcodingforGoodCrypticwithinFourteenof86euphausiidspecieswereidentifiedbyPeterWiebe.50euphausiidsincluding19speciesofEuphausiahavebeenbarcodedtodate.BarcodingforGoodatspeciesCanrevealcryptic nktonicMtCOIbarcodesfor17speciesofgastropods(pteropodsandheteropods)differedby1.4%to44%.BarcodingGoodatLessconsistentspeciesphylogenyBarcodingisdonebyBrianOrtman(UConn/USA).13speciesofgreatlyexpanded,muchofsiphonophorediversity(160CMarZBarcodingStructureandOperations“DNAsensitive”collectionanyonecanStandardizedandweb-availableandprocessingTaxonomictrainingMolecularIncreasedabilitytousep formalin)samplesDistributednetworkofbarcodingLocaltaxonomicCareofResultsand ysisofzoo nktonspeciesdiversity;integratedmorphologicaland DNAbarcodesforall~6,800knownspeciesofphylainthe SpeciesdiscoverybyCMarZwilldoubleof nktonsamplingnewoceanregions(deepGotspecimens?CMarZencouragesandchallengestheCoMLcommunitytoprovideidentifiedspecimensofholozoo nktongroupsforbarcoding.ADNAbarcode(700base-pairregionofmtCOIwithreplicates/metadata)willbedeterminedforappropria yp (i.e.,frozenorinalcohol)andidentified Gotdata?DNAbarcodesfor nktonshouldbesubmittedBARCODEsectionofGenBank BarcodeofLifeDatabase(BOLD; AnnDepartmentofMarineUniversityofConnecticut-Avery1080ShennecossettRoad,Groton,CT06340: MethodsofCollecting nkton nktonNets(HorizontalvsVertical/ObliqueBongoNets(HorizontalvsVertical/Oblique

MethodsofandCounting Formalin(10%70%Ethanol nktonDensitiesinFlowRecordflowmetercountsatthebeginning&endofthetow,andfindthedifferenceTowforabout3Estimatedistance(m)coveredduringtheDistance(m)=Diff.incountsXRotorRotorConstantforflowmeter(2030R)=Vol.(m3)=Distance(m)XareaofthemouthopeningofthePalaemonPalaemonSinelobusSinelobusSinocalanusEochelidium

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