十、主旨題及表格題 托福閱讀強化

托福強化閱讀教程ProseSummary&FillinaTableSection10主旨題一、提問方式1、總是文章最后一題2、題目要求下方都是一句話和一個無字表格3、Directions:

Section10主旨題一、提問方式3、Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Section10主旨題二、得分原則

1、找對找全最重要，順序顛倒無所謂2、三個對倆得一分，只對一個不給分

Section10主旨題三、答題步驟

Step1、看題干——兩種情況

1）題干就是文章首段主題句同義改寫——抓住句中信息詞篩選選項

2）題干不是文章首段主題句同義改寫——抓住文章各段主題句篩選選項

Section10主旨題Step2、向下看選項

正確選項特征：

情況一對應(yīng)：

選項含有題干信息詞或其同義替換

情況二對應(yīng)：

選項是段落主題句的改寫且直接印證題干

Section10主旨題錯誤選項特征：1）定位在某段主題句中，但功能是補充說明信息的選項為錯（非限定從）2）定位在某段支持句中，但只服務(wù)于前一句話的選項為錯3）文中有定位，但與原文信息矛盾或不一致的選項為錯

Section10主旨題Step3、向上看文章

如果超過或不足三個選項能印證題干，需要重新回文找選項在文中的定位，根據(jù)其在文中的功能決定去留。

Section10主旨題四、名詞解釋

段落主題句

a.段落首句最常作為每段主題句

——英語直線型思維方式+教科書文體決定

b.但段首句有時作為過渡句出現(xiàn)

——承上啟下，引出段落主題c.段中如果出現(xiàn)語義轉(zhuǎn)折時

——段落中心移至轉(zhuǎn)折之后

Section9.1主旨題五、例題OGP65-13Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Section9.1主旨題OGP65-13Step1:看題干Thispassagediscussesfossilsthathelptoexplainthelikelyoriginsofcetaceans—whales,porpoises,anddolphins.

1）抓信息詞2）其他標(biāo)志

Section9.1主旨題OGP65-13Step1:看題干1）抓信息詞fossilsthathelptoexplainthelikelyoriginsofcetaceans2）其他標(biāo)志

特殊標(biāo)點——解釋說明

Section9.1主旨題OGP65-13文章首段首句：Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans—whales,porpoises,anddolphins—aremammals.結(jié)論1：題干與首段首句相關(guān)段中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞，后跟問題及答案

Section10主旨題OGP65-13結(jié)論2：首段主題句在轉(zhuǎn)折詞后：Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Section10主旨題OGP65-13與題干信息詞的同意轉(zhuǎn)換：thelikelyoriginsofcetaceans——landmammals/walkingmammals題干變形：Thispassagediscussesfossilsthathelptoexplainlandmammalsarethelikelyoriginsofcetaceans——whales,porpoises,anddolphins.Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況一：正確選項含有題干信息詞或其同義替換1.Recentdiscoveriesoffossilshavehelpedtoshowthelinkbetweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況一：正確選項含有題干信息詞或其同義替換2.ThediscoveryofAmbulocetusnatansprovidedevidenceforawhalethatlivedbothonlandandatsea.

Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況一：正確選項含有題干信息詞或其同義替換3.TheskeletonofBasilosauruswasfoundinwhathadbeentheTethysSea,anarearichinfossilevidence.

Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況一：正確選項含有題干信息詞或其同義替換4.Pakecetusistheoldestfossilwhaleyettobefound.

Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況一：正確選項含有題干信息詞或其同義替換5.Fossilsthoughttobetransitionalformsbetweenwalkingmammalsandswimmingwhaleswerefound.

Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況一：正確選項含有題干信息詞或其同義替換6.Ambulocetushindlegswereusedforpropulsioninthewater.

Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step3:向上看文章3.TheskeletonofBasilosauruswasfoundinwhathadbeentheTethysSea,anarearichinfossilevidence.

雖然定位Paragraph4,但是導(dǎo)致結(jié)果是

wasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhale

Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step3:向上看文章4.Pakecetusistheoldestfossilwhaleyettobefound.

雖然定位Paragraph2,但是導(dǎo)致結(jié)果是第三段中

，however,showexpertsthatPakicetusistransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammalsandcetaceans.Section10主旨題OGP65-13Step3:向上看文章6.Ambulocetushindlegswereusedforpropulsioninthewater.

雖然定位文章尾段,但是只涉及到文章主旨信息的一半

inthewater

Section10主旨題五、例題OGP74-13

Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step1:看題干

Manyfactorshavecontributedtothegreatincreaseindesertificationinrecentdecades.

1）抓信息詞2）其他標(biāo)志

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step1:看題干1）抓信息詞manyfactors

thegreatincreaseindesertification2）其他標(biāo)志

首段文章話題詞匯desertification

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況二：正確選項是各段主題句的改寫且直接印證題干1.Growinghumanpopulationsandtheagriculturaldemandsthatcomewithsuchgrowthhaveupsettheecologicalbalanceinsomeareasandledtothespreadofdeserts.

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況二：正確選項是各段主題句的改寫且直接印證題干2.Asperiodsofseveredrynesshavebecomemorecommon,failuresofanumberofdifferentcropshaveincreased.

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況二：正確選項是各段主題句的改寫且直接印證題干3.Excessivenumbersofcattleandtheneedforfirewoodforfuelhavededucedgrassesandtreesleavingthelandunprotectedandvulnerable.

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況二：正確選項是各段主題句的改寫且直接印證題干4.Extensiveirrigationwithpoordrainagebringssalttothesurfaceofthesoil,aprocessthatreduceswaterandairabsorption.

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況二：正確選項是各段主題句的改寫且直接印證題干5.Animaldungenrichesthesoilbyprovidingnutrientsforplantgrowth.

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step2:向下看選項

屬于情況二：正確選項是各段主題句的改寫且直接印證題干6.Grassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetationinsemiaridland.

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step3:向上看文章2.Asperiodsofseveredrynesshavebecomemorecommon,failuresofanumberofdifferentcropshaveincreased.

雖然定位Paragraph6,但是其功能是連接上下兩句話

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step3:向上看文章5.Animaldungenrichesthesoilbyprovidingnutrientsforplantgrowth.

雖然定位Paragraph8,

Theincreasinguseofdriedanimalwasteasasubstitutefuelhasalsohurtthesoil…，但是與原文定位矛盾

Section10主旨題OGP74-13Step3:向上看文章6.Grassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetationinsemiaridland.

雖然定位Paragraph7首句,但是在句中的功能是補充說