建筑節(jié)能技術(shù)

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建筑節(jié)能技術(shù)2

建筑能耗包括建材生產(chǎn)能耗、建筑施工能耗和建筑運用能耗，其中建筑運用能耗占80-90%。建筑運用能耗主要包括采暖、通風(fēng)、空調(diào)、照明、炊事燃料、家用電氣、熱水供應(yīng)等。建筑節(jié)能就是節(jié)約建筑物的能源消耗，削減能源損失，提高能源利用率。

第一節(jié)建筑節(jié)能的緊迫性BuiltEnvironmentHealthSafetyComfortEnvironmentSustainability建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程改善人類工作、生活與居住條件，供應(yīng)一個健康舒適、和平安的生活、工作環(huán)境。它包括供熱、供燃氣、通風(fēng)空調(diào)和制冷、消防、照明、電氣電梯安裝、弱電通信、保安、室內(nèi)給排水、建筑周邊環(huán)境、室內(nèi)空氣品質(zhì)等。對現(xiàn)代建筑而言，一般標(biāo)準的辦公樓，建筑設(shè)備可占總造價的三分之一，運行、維護費用的四分之三以上。必需考慮能源效益、環(huán)境影響及環(huán)境問題能源在建筑中的應(yīng)用能源在建筑中的應(yīng)用SustainableDevelopment‘Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopment,whichmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.’

WorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment,1983

中國建筑能效的背景預(yù)料到2015年民用建筑保有量的一半是2000年以后新建的，并認為中國沒有留意建筑節(jié)能，從而每年新增7～8億平方米的不節(jié)能的建筑在將來幾十年里將無節(jié)制地消耗大量能源。到2000年末，我國建筑年消耗商品能源共計3.76億噸標(biāo)準煤，占全社會終端能耗總量的27.6%。其中采暖空調(diào)能耗約占建筑能耗65%左右建筑用能正在持續(xù)快速上升，其所占全社會能耗的比重不斷增大。將從目前的27%左右上升到2020年的35%左右。建筑能耗的構(gòu)成采暖空調(diào)熱水供應(yīng)電氣照明炊事各部分所占的比例65%15%14%6%ClimatechangeBuildingsintheUK.accountforover40%ofthenation’senergyconsumptionandresultantcarbondioxideemissions,whichisrecognizedcauseofglobalwarmingandclimatechange.英國溫室氣體排放WorldCarbonDioxideEmissionsfromCoalUse(2001)WorldCarbonDioxideEmissions

(2001)ClimateChange全球氣候變更及其影響CO2emissionsIncreaseintheatmosphericconcentrationofcarbondioxide科學(xué)家近日預(yù)言，由于全球溫室效應(yīng)使得南北極冰山融解、海平面上升，進而造成很多海島地區(qū)沉入海底。臺灣島內(nèi)的環(huán)境專家也大膽預(yù)言：“臺灣陸沉的速度必定加速！”其次節(jié)建筑節(jié)能綜合性措施建筑節(jié)能是一個系統(tǒng)工程，必需在能源利用的各個環(huán)節(jié)和系統(tǒng)從規(guī)劃設(shè)計到運行的全過程中貫徹節(jié)能的觀點，才能取得較好的效果。建筑節(jié)能的途徑建筑設(shè)計建筑設(shè)備建筑運用者新能源利用BuildingDesign一、建筑設(shè)計Integratedapproachtosustainability3.Siteanalysis5.Buildingmaterialselectionstrategies6.Buildingservicesstrategies4.BuildinganalysisEcological

SocialEconomic

integratedapproachtosustainablearchitecture1.ClimateAnalysis2.MicroclimateAnalysisSocial

IssuesSecurity

Poorinternalenvironment

惡劣的iaqCommunityinvolvementHealth&ComfortAccess存取Recreation消遣

PublictransportAmenity舒適Economic

IssuesEmployment

Bestvalue&Wholelifecosting

Rentalincome

ProductivityGlobal

Environmental

IssuesOzonedepletionAcidrainBiodiversitylossClimatechangeWaterdepletionLanddepletionFueldepletionResource

WastegenerationLocalEnvironmental

IssuesTrafficcongestion堵塞EcologicalfootprintPoorinternalenvironmentIAQ&ComfortAcoustics聲學(xué)ControlsImpactonmicroclimatePoorwindenvironmentSolar&lightaccessIncreasedToxicityIncreasedEutrophication富養(yǎng)分Photochemical光化學(xué)oxidation

IntegratedapproachtosustainabilityBuilding

Design&Services

StrategyReducedairleakage滲漏Super-InsulationAdvancedDHWsystemsEnergyefficientlightingHeatrecovery&NaturalventilationPassive/low-energycoolingsystemsEfficientheatingsystemsHarvestingrenewablesLessonsfromvernacular本土的traditions……archetypes原型forthefuture?ProjectExamplesLACourthouse,USASystemselectionDisplacement置換ventilationFanPoweredBoxesPassivecoolingNighttimecoolingDoubleSkinsExternalShadingNaturalventilationThermalMass&PassiveCooling?Theearthisataconstant12–14oCthroughouttheyear.Thisisanidealcoolingsource?Termitesusethesameprincipleofthermalmasstokeeptheirhomescoolbutinaverticalform?Bycombiningthesetwoprinciples(horizontallabyrinths&verticalearth–tubes)freecoolingcanbeprovidedforasubstantialperiodProjectExamplesWindRosesWindtunnelanalysisCFDanalysisWindPowerANALYTICALDESIGNMETHODSDoubleskin

雙面層SunpathdiagramSolaraccessanalysisANALYTICALDESIGNMETHODSStudyofSolarHeatGainANALYTICALDESIGNMETHODSStudyofWell-BeingandProductivityTheoryPhysicscaptured:AirtemperatureRelativehumidityAirmovementWorkingspaceNoiseDayLightingvisualperformanceTheimprovementofanoverallworkspacewillinfluencethewellbeingandtheproductivityofthestaff.ANALYTICALDESIGNMETHODSTherelaxingpropertyofComfortwillencouragethecostumertosta