2023年翻譯研究入門(mén)理論與應(yīng)用總結(jié)筆記

?Chapter1Tranｓｌaｔｉonｃanreferｔoｔhegeneralｓubjectfielｄ,thepｒodｕcｔoｒｔheprｏceｓs.Tｈepｒoceｓsofｔranslaｔｉonbetｗeｅntｗｏdiffeｒｅntｗrｉtteｎｌanｇuagesinｖolvｅsthetrａnslａt(yī)orcｈaｎginｇａｎorigｉｎalwrittenｔextintheoｒiginalｖｅrｂalｌanguaｇｅｉnｔoａwriｔｔentexｔinadiffｅrentveｒbalｌａnguage.TｈreecａｔegoriesｏftraｎsｌaｔionｂytheRussian-ＡmericanstｒucｔurａlistRｏmaｎJakobsｏｎ1intralingualｔｒanslaｔion語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯:Rewordinｇ,aninterpretationofｖeｒbａlsignｓbｙmｅaｎsofotherｓignｓoｆtheｓaｍelａnｇｕage；2interlinｇualtransｌatｉoｎ語(yǔ)際翻譯:Translationpｒoper＊，aniｎteｒpretａｔｉｏnｏfveｒbaｌｓignsbyｍeanｓoｆsomeoｔｈerlanｇuａge;3interｓeｍｉotｉｃtranslaｔion語(yǔ)符翻譯trａｎsmuｔａt(yī)ion,aninｔｅrｐｒetatiｏnｏｆvｅｒbaｌｓｉgｎsbymeanｓofsignsofnon-verｂalsignｓｙsteｍs.Hiｓtoryoftheｄiｓciｐlｉne1,Fromlateｅighteeｎtｈｃenｔurytｏthe１96０s:partofｌａnguａgｅlｅarninｇmｅthodolｏgyTｒanｓlationｗorkshop,cｏmparatｉveliteｒａt(yī)ure,ｃoｎtraｓtｉｖeａnaｌysis２,JaｍｅsSHｏlｍeｓ“ｔｈeｎａmeaｎｄnaｔurｅoftranslatioｎstｕdies”(foundｉngstatｅmentｆoｒtheｆield)３,1９70:Ｒeisｓ:teｘttypeReｉssaｎｄVermeer:textpuｒpose（ｔheskoｐosｔhｅory)Hａｌｌiｄay:discourｓeanalysiｓａndsｙｓｔeｍicfunｃtioｎalgrammaｒ4,19８0Themanipulationschool：descrｉｐtiveapproacｈ,pｏlｙsｙsｔem5,1990SherryＳimon:GenｄerｒｅsｅａrchＥlseViｅirａ:BraｚiｌiａncａnｎibalistschｏolＴejａswiｎiＮiｒanjana:PoｓｔcolｏｎialtranｓlatioｎｔheoryLａwreｎceVenuｔi:cｕlｔuｒal-ｓtudiｅs-orienｔedanaｌyｓisHoｌmes’smaｐｏfｔｒanslatiｏnstudiesTｈeｏｂｊecｔivesｏftｈepureaｒｅasofresｅarch:1，dｅｓcripｔｉvｅｔransｌationtｈeory:tｈedescｒiptｉonｏｆtｈｅphenｏmenaoｆtｒanslation２,traｎｓlatｉontｈeoｒy:theesｔａblishｍentｏｆgeneraｌｐrｉｎｃｉpleｓｔoeｘpｌaiｎａndpredictsuｃhphenomenａPure:theorｅｔicａｌａndｄesｃｒiｐtivｅDTS：descriptiｖetraｎslａt(yī)iｏnsｔudｉeｓ１，pｒｏduｃt－oｒieｎteｄDTＳ：ｅxiｓｔｉngtraｎslations,text (ｄiachronｉcｏrsｙncｈｒｏnｉc)2,fｕｎctiｏｎ－oｒientedDTS:ｔhefｕnctionｏftranｓlationｓｉｎthｅrecipｉenｔsociocultuｒalsｉtｕatｉon（socｉo-ｔｒaｎｓlationsｔudiｅｓorcｕlturaｌ-studies-oｒiｅntedtrａnslａｔｉｏn）3,procｅss-orientedDTＳ:ｔhepsyｃholｏgyofｔranｓlation(laterthinｋ-aloｕdｐrotｏcols)Ｒeｌatｉoｎbetｗｅe(cuò)nTheoｒeｔｉcalanｄdescｒipｔivｅTheresultsoｆDTSｒeｓeaｒchcanbeｆedｉnｔothｅｔheｏretiｃalbrａnchtｏevolveｅiｔhｅragｅｎeralｔheoryoｆtrａnslatiｏnor,moreｌikeｌy,pａrtiａltheｏriｅsoｆtranslaｔion.Parｔialtｈeorｉes１,Ｍedium－rｅsｔrｉcｔｅｄｔhｅorｉeｓ:tｒanslａｔiｏnｂymaｃｈineaｎdhumaｎs2，Ａｒｅa-reｓtricｔedthｅｏｒieｓ:３,Rank-ｒestrictedtheoｒies:ｔhelevelofwｏｒd,sentenceoｒtext４，Tｅxｔ-typerｅｓｔｒictｅdｔｈeories:discｏurｓetypesｏrｇenres5,Timｅ-restｒiｃtedtheorieｓ:6,Problｅm-reｓtｒictｅｄｔheｏriｅｓ：ApplieｄbranｃhofHolmes’sfrａmｅworｋ：translatortrａiｎｉnｇ,trａｎｓlationaｉdｓandtrａnslａt(yī)ioncｒｉticism.?Tranｓlationｐｏlｉcy：ｔｈeｔranslａt(yī)iｏnｓchｏlarａdvisinｇｏnthｅplaceofｔrａｎsｌatioｎinｓoｃieｔyCｈaｐtｅr2trａnｓｌatiｏntｈeorｙbeｆorｅthetweｎtiethcentuｒｙLitｅralvs．freedｅbateCicerｏ（fiｒstｃenｔｕｒyBCE):Ｉdidnotｈoldiｔｎecｅssaryｔorendｅｒwｏrｄforworｄ,butIpreserｖeｄｔhegeｎeralｓtyｌeandforceoftｈelａnguage.Ｈoｒaｃe：pｒoduciｎganaestheticallｙpleasｉnｇanｄｃrｅativeｔｅxtinthｅTＬ.StJeｒｏme:Irendernotwoｒdforｗorｄ,buｔsｅnsefｏrｓense.MartiｎLｕtｈer:1，ｎon-liteｒａloｒnoｎ-ａccｅptｅdtransｌatiｏnｃaｍeｔoｂeseenaｎｄusedasaweapｏnａgainstthｅＣhuｒｃh.2,hisiｎｆusionoｆthｅBiｂlewitｈthelanguａgｅoforｄinaｒypeｏpｌｅａndhｉｓｃonｓideｒatioｎoftransｌａt(yī)iｏniｎtermsfoｃｕsingｏnｔheTLanｄｔhｅTTｒeaderｗereｃruciaｌ.LｏuisKelｌy:Fｉdeｌitｙ:ｔobothｔhewoｒdsandthepｅｒcｅivedsensｅSpirit:1,ｃreaｔiveenｅrｇyoriｎspiｒatｉoｎoｆaｔｅxtoｒlaｎguage,propｅrtolitｅｒａt(yī)ure;２,tｈeHoｌySｐｉrit.Ｔruth：coｎtent17century：Eａｒlyatteｍptsａt(yī)ｓｙsteｍaｔictrａnslatioｎtheｏryＣowleｙ:ｉmitatiｏnCountｅrtheinevitablelossofｂeauｔyintraｎslaｔionbyusingourwitorinｖenｔiｏntocreatｅnｅwbeauｔy;hｅhaｓ‘taｋen，lefｔoutandaddｅdwhatIpleaｓe’JohｎDｒydenreducesalltranｓlationｔoｔhreecatｅgorｉes:thｅｔrｉａｄｉcmodel(約翰德萊頓的三分法：“直譯”、“意譯”與“仿譯”)1,metaphraｓe:ｗｏrdforwordtraｎslatioｎ２,paraｐhｒase:seｎsefｏrsｅnsｅｔｒansｌatｉoｎ３,imｉtation:forｓakｅbｏthｗordsａｎdsｅnseEtienneDolet:ａFrｅｎchhｕｍaｎist，bｕｒnedａt(yī)thestakeforhisaddｉtionｔoｈistranｓlａt(yī)ｉonｏfoneｏfＰｌato’sｄialｏgues．Fiveｐrinciｐles:Thｅｔｒａnsｌatorｍｕstperfectlｙunderstandtｈeseｎｓeandｍateriａｌoftheｏriｇinａlaｕｔhor，altｈoｕghheshoulｄfeelfｒeetoclarifyobｓcuｒities.②ThｅtranslaｔoｒｓhoｕldhaveapｅｒfectｋnowledgｅｏfbｏthSＬａnｄTＬ,ｓoaｓnottolessｅｎthｅｍａjestyoftｈelａnｇuage.③Ｔｈeｔraｎslａt(yī)orshｏulｄaｖoidword-foｒ－wordrenｄeｒings.④ThｅtranslaｔｏrshoｕldavoidLａｔinａt(yī)eａndunuｓuａlforｍａ．⑤Tｈｅtranｓlatorｓhoｕlｄassｅmbｌeaｎｄｌiaiｓeｗoｒｄsｅlｏquentｌｙtｏaｖoidcｌuｍsiｎｅss.AlexandeｒFrａseｒTyｔlerTL-readｅr－oｒiｅｎteddefinitｉｏnofagoodtｒaｎslation:Thaｔ,inｗhicｈthemeritoftheorｉgiｎalwｏrkｉsｓocompleteｌytranｓfuseｄintoaｎotherlanguage,astobeaｓｄistinctlyappｒehended,anｄasstronglyfelｔ，ｂyａnativeofｔｈｅcountrytowhichthatlａnguagebeloｎgｓ,asｉtiｓbｙthosewhosｐeaｋthelanｇuageｏfthｅoｒiginalwork．Thｒeegeneralｒuｌes：I.ＴhatｔhｅＴransｌａt(yī)ionshouldgiveａｃoｍpｌetetranscｒiptoｆtｈｅideasofthｅorｉgiｎalｗorｋ.II.Tｈatｔhestyleandmａnnerofｗritｉｎｇｓhｏｕldbeｏfthesａmｅcharaｃteｒwｉｔhthatｏftheoｒｉgiｎａｌ.III．Ｔhａt(yī)thｅTrａｎslaｔｉｏnｓｈouldhaveallｔｈeeaseｏforiginaｌｃompositiｏn．——A.Ｆ.Ｔytｌer:ＥssayｏnthePriｎciplｅsofTranｓlatiｏnＴytlerｒankshistｈreelawsinｏrderofｃomparativeimｐortance:Eａseｏfcoｍpositｉonwouldｂeｓacrｉｆiｃedｉfｎｅcessaryformａnner,aｎｄadｅpartｕrｅwoｕldbeｍadefrｏｍmannerintheinｔereｓｔsofsｅｎsｅ．FriedrichSchlｅｉermaｃhｅｒ:thefｏunderofｍodernProｔesｔａnｔｔheologyandｏfmodｅｒｎherｍｅｎeuticsHeｒｍｅnｅuｔics：aRｏmaｎtiｃappｒoａchtointeｒprｅｔａt(yī)ioｎbasedｎoｔｏｎabsｏlｕtetrｕthbuｔonｔheinｄividｕal’sinｎeｒｆeeｌingaｎdｕｎdersｔanding.2typesoftｒanslａt(yī)orｓ:1,Doｌmetscｈｅr:ｗｈｏtrａnsｌatesｃommeｒcialtexts;2,Ｕｂersetzｅｒ:wｈoｗorkｓonscholarlｙaｎdartistiｃtexｔs.2ｔｒanslatｉonmetｈods:1,translａt(yī)orleavｅｓtｈereaderiｎｐｅaｃｅ,ａsｍｕchaｓpｏｓsibｌe,aｎｄmoｖestｈeａuthoｒtowardｓhiｍ.Aｌienaｔｉｎgmethod2，trａnsｌatorｌeaｖeｓtｈｅwriｔｅｒalone，asmuchａsposｓｉblｅ,anｄmovestｈereａdertoｗaｒdsthewriter.NatｕrａｌizinｇｍethoｄThｅstａt(yī)uｓoftｈeＳTａnｄthｅｆormofｔheTLFｒａncisＮeｗman：ｅmphasiｚethｅfoｒeiｇnneｓsofｔheｗorkＭattｈeｗArnｏld：atransparｅnｔtranｓlａt(yī)ｉonｍｅthod（ｌｅdtothedeｖaｌuatｉonｏftｒaｎｓlatioｎａｎdmａrginalizatioｎoftraｎｓｌaｔion）Chapｔer３EqｕivａlｅnceaｎdｅquivalentｅｆfｅctＲｏmanＪakｏbsoｎ:tｈｅnａt(yī)uｒeofｌingｕistiｃmeaniｎgSaussｕre:thesiｇｎifｉeｒ(能指)thespokenaｎｄwｒiｔtｅnｓｉgnalTｈｅsignifiｅd（所指)ｔheｃｏｎcepｔsigｎｉｆieｄThｅｓignｉｆieraｎｄsｉｇnｉｆiｅｄformtheliｎgｕｉstiｃsign,buｔthａt(yī)sigｎisarbｉtrarｙoｒunmotivated.1,Thｅreiｓoｒdｉnａrilynofullｅquｉｖaleｎcebeｔｗeｅncode-unｉts.Inｔｅｒｌinguａltraｎslatioｎiｎｖolvｅssubｓtitｕtiｎgmｅssagｅsinonelanguagenotｆorsｅpaｒａt(yī)ecode－unｉtｓｂutforenｔirｅmｅssａgesinsoｍｅoｔheｒlａnguagｅ.2,forthｅmessagetｏbｅe(cuò)qｕｉｖalenｔｉnSTandＴＴ,ｔhecodｅ-ｕｎitwｉllｂediｆfｅｒｅnｔsincetｈeｙbelongtotｗｏdiｆｆerenｔsignsysｔemswhiｃhpartitionrealitｙｄiｆfeｒentlｙ.３,theｐrobｌｅmoｆmeａｎingaｎdeｑｕivalencethｕsfoｃuｓesｏndiffeｒenｃeｓｉntheｓtrｕcturｅandterminolｏｇyoflanguagｅsrａt(yī)ｈerthanoｎanyiｎabilityofoneｌanｇuagｅtorenderamesｓａgeｔhatｈaｓbｅｅｎｗritｔｅｎinａnotherｖerｂallanguage．4,ｃrosｓ－linｇuｉsticdiffeｒenceｓｃenterａｒｏuｎdobligａｔoｒygｒaｍmatｉｃalａｎdlexicａｌforｍs．Ｔｈｅyｏccuratｔｈｅlevelofgｅnder,aｓｐeｃtａｎdseｍａnticｆields．ＥugｅneNida1，ａnorthoｇraphicｗoｒｄhasafｉxeｄｍｅaｎingａndｔowardsafunctiｏnaｌdｅfiniｔiｏnofmeaninｇｉｎwhichawｏrdaｃquｉrｅsmｅａｎingｔhroughitsｃｏntexｔandｃanprodｕｃeｖaryingｒeｓponsｅsaccoｒｄｉｎgｔocuｌturｅ.２,ｍｅaningisbrokeｄownｉntoa,linguiｓtｉcｍｅaning,b,ｒefｅrentｉaｌmeａniｎg(tｈｅdｅnotａｔｉvｅ‘dictionaｒy’meaｎiｎg指稱,字面)ａndｃ,emotivemeａｎiｎg(ｃｏnnｏｔatｉvｅ隱含).3，tｅchniqｕeｓtｏdetermiｎｅthemeaninｇofdiffｅrentｌingｕｉsｔiｃitｅmsA,analyzetheｓｔructｕreofwordsB,dｉfｆｅｒｅntiatesimilａｒwordsinreｌａxeｄleｘiｃalfielｄs3ｔｅchｎiquｅsｔoｄetｅrｍinetｈemeaninｇoｆdifｆｅrenｔｌinguｉｓtiｃitemsHｉerarchicaｌstrucｔuriｎg，diｆｆerentiａt(yī)esseriｅｓofｗordsaccoｒdingtｏthｅiｒleveｌ,2，Technｉquｅsofcomponenｔｉaｌａnａｌysｉs（成分分析法)ideｎtiｆyaｎddisｃriｍinaｔｅspecificfｅaｔureｓofarａngｅofreｌａt(yī)eｄwords．3，Ｓemａntｉcｓtｒuctureａnａlｙsiｓ：DｉscriminatetｈｅsenｓeofaｃoｍｐleｘsｅｍanｔictｅrｍChomsｋy:Geｎerａt(yī)iｖe-tｒａnｓfｏrmａt(yī)ionａlｍodel:ａnaｌyzesentencesintoａseriｅsｏfrelatedlevelsgoｖerｎｅdbyrｕlｅs．３fｅaturｅs1,phrase-stｒｕcｔureｒules短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則geneｒateanundｅrlyiｎgoｒdｅe(cuò)psｔructureｗhiｃhｉs2,tｒansfｏrmeｄbｙtransｆｏrmatｉｏnalruleｓ轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則relatｉngｏｎｅunｄerlyｉngstrｕｃturetoａｎother,ｔｏproduｃe３,ａfinalsurfacestruｃture,whichiｔselfissubjectｔo形態(tài)音位規(guī)則phonoｌogicalandｍｏrphｅｍｉcruleｓ.Ｔhemoｓtbaｓｉcofsｕcｈｓｔructurｅｓａrｅkerｎelsentences,whｉchaｒesimｐle,ａctivｅ，dｅclａratiｖｅseｎteｎcｅｓthaｔreｑuireｔhｅmiｎimｕmoftransfoｒmatiｏｎ.Tｈｒee-stagesｙstemoftranslationAnａlyｓis:thｅｓｕｒfａｃｅstｒｕctuｒeｏftheSTｉsａnalyzｅｄintotｈebasiceｌementｓoｆthedｅe(cuò)ｐｓtructureTransfer:theseaｒｅtransfｅrredintｈｅｔraｎｓlaｔionpｒocｅssRestｒuctuｒｉng：thesearetransｆerrｅdinｔhetrａｎsｌatｉonpｒoceｓsaｎｄtｈenreｓｔructuｒｅｄsemantiｃallyandｓtylistｉcallyintｏｔheｓurfaｃeｓｔrｕcturｅofｔheTT.Bａck-ｔrａnsfｏrmaｔion回歸轉(zhuǎn)換（ＫeｒｎeｌsaretｏbeｏbｔaｉnｅdfroｍtheSTstｒuｃtuｒｅbyareduｃtiveprｏcｅss)Fouｒｔｙｐesofｆｕnｃtionalclasｓ：eventｓ,ｏbjects,abstracｔsanｄｒelationaｌｓ．Kernelｓarｅtｈｅlｅｖelatwhｉcｈthemessaｇｅistransfｅrrｅdinｔothereceｐtoｒlaｎguaｇebefｏreｂeingｔransfｏｒmeｄｉnｔotｈesｕrｆacestｒucturｅinthreestageｓ：liteｒaltｒanｓfｅｒ，ｍinimａlｔransｆer最小單位轉(zhuǎn)換ａndliterａrｙtｒansfer.Formalequivaｌenｃe:focusｅｓａt(yī)tenｔｉoｎontheｍessageitsｅlf,ｉnｂothformandcontｅnt,themessａgeintheｒｅｃepｔｏrlaｎgｕaｇｅshoｕｌdmatcｈaｓｃlｏｓelyasｐoｓsibletｈｅdifferentelementsintｈesourｃelａnｇuaｇｅ.Glossｔrａｎslaｔionｓ釋譯DｙnamｉcｅqｕivalenｃeisｂaｓedｏｎｗｈatNidacallstheprｉｎｃｉpleｏｆequiｖaｌｅｎｔｅfｆeｃt,wｈeretheｒelatiｏnshiｐbetweenreｃeptorandｍeｓsａｇeｓｈouｌｄbｅｓubsｔａｎtｉａllｙthｅsaｍeasthatｗhｉchexisteｄbetweenｔheoｒigiｎａｌreｃｅptoｒsanｄthemessage.Fourbasiｃｒequｉrｅmeｎtsofatranslaｔion１,mａｋｉngｓeｎse2,conｖｅyｉngtheｓpirｉtaｎdmaｎnｅroftheoriginａl3,ｈavinganａｔuｒalanｄeasyｆoｒｍofｅｘpｒesｓion4,producinｇasimilaｒｒｅsｐonse.ＮｅwmaｒｋCoｍmuｎicatiｖetrａnslationatteｍptstoprodｕceoｎitｓreaｄerａneffｅｃtascloseaｓｐｏsｓibｌetoｔhatobｔａineｄonthereadｅｒsoｆｔheoriginal.Semantictｒanｓlａt(yī)iｏnaｔｔeｍptstｏrenｄer,asclosｅlyａsｔｈeseｍａnticanｄsｙnｔａctiｃstrucｔuresｏftｈesecoｎｄlanｇuageａｌloｗ,theｅxactｃontexｔｕalmeanｉnｇｏfｔheorｉginal.Literaltrａnslaｔionisheldｔｏbｅthebeｓｔaｐｐrｏａｃhinｂothｃomｍｕnｉcａｔiｖetｒanｓｌatioｎanｄsemａｎtictranslａt(yī)iｏn.Oneｏftｈeｄiffｉcuｌtｉesencounteredbytransｌationstudiesinｓysｔｅｍatｉcallyfollowｉnｇupaｄvaｎcesiｎtheoｒymaｙindeedbeｐartlｙａt(yī)tｒiｂutaｂletoｔheｏveｒaｂunｄanceofterｍｉnｏlｏgy.ＷｅｒｎerKoｌlerCｏrresponｄence:contrasｔivｅlinguiｓtics,cｏmｐａrｅstwｏlanguagｅｓystｅｍsａｎddeｓcribｅｓcontraｓtiveｌｙｄｉfｆereｎcesａndsimilaritiｅs.Sａusｓｕre’slａngｕe(competeｎceiｎforeiｇnlａnguａｇe)Ｅquivalence：eｑｕｉvalｅntiteｍsinspeｃiｆicST-TTpairsandcｏntｅxtｓ．Ｓａuｓsｕre’ｓparolｅ(cｏmpetenceｉｎｔranｓｌaｔｉon）FivetypｅsofequivａlenｃeDｅnotａt(yī)ｉveequivaｌｅnceCｏnnｏｔativeeｑuｉvａlencｅTｅxt-normａt(yī)ｉveeｑｕiｖaｌenceＰragｍａt(yī)icｅquivａｌeｎce(commｕnicativeequivaｌencｅ）Forｍaｌequiｖalencｅ(expressiｖeｅquivａleｎce，ｔheｆormandaeｓtheｔiｃsｏｆtheｔexｔ)Ａcｈｅcklistfoｒtｒaｎsｌatｉoｎaｌlyｒelｅｖaｎtteｘtaｎaｌysiｓ:ＬaｎguagefｕnｃtionContentchaｒacteristicsLanguage-ｓtylisticｃharacterisｔicsFormaｌ－aeｓthetｉcｃhａrａctｅrｉsticｓＰｒagmａｔicｃhａracteｒiｓｔics TｅrtiuｍcomｐaraｔionｉiｎthecｏmpａｒiｓoｎoｆａｎSTaｎdａTT“第三對(duì)比項(xiàng)”“（某種恒定的客體———超越任何個(gè)體語(yǔ)言的）第三元素”Ａniｎvaｒiａｎtａgaｉnｓｔｗｈichtwotｅxtsegmeｎtｓcaｎbemeasuredtｏgauｇevariaｔiｏn.Chaptｅr４statｉcｌｉｎguisticｔｙpolｏｇｉesoftranslationshiftsCｈaptｅr5fｕnctiｏnａｌｔhｅｏrｉesoｆtｒaｎｓlationKathariｎaReiｓs:ＴexｔTypeＢuildｓｏnthecｏｎceptｏｆｅqｕｉvaｌencebｕtviewｓthｅtext，raｔhertｈaｎtｈewoｒｄorｓｅntencｅasthelｅvelatwｈichｃommunicationisachｉevedanｄatwhｉcheｑuiｖａlencｅmustｂesoｕｇhｔ.Ｆour-wayｃatｅｇorizaｔiｏnｏｆthefuｎｃtiｏnsoｆｌａnguaｇｅ(KａrlＢuｈleｒ,three)1,ｐlaincoｍｍｕnｉcａt(yī)ionoffactｓ,transｍiｔiｎformａｔｉｏnａndｃｏｎtent,inｆormativｅｔｅxt2,cｒｅativｅcｏmposｉtｉoｎ，ｅxpresｓｉvetext3，induｃingbehavioｒalｒeｓpoｎses，ｏｐeraｔｉveteｘｔ４,audioｍedｉａｌtext,ｓｕppleｍentｔheotheｒthrｅe(cuò)functｉoｎswithvisualimagｅｓ,mｕｓic，etc.Dｉffｅrenｔtrａnslatiｏｎmeｔhoｄsfoｒdiｆferenttexts1,ｔransmittheｆｕｌlreferenｔｉcalorconceptｕalcontｅntofthｅSTinpｌaｉｎｐrosｅwithｏｕtredｕndａncyａｎｄｗiththeｕseｏｆexpｌicitationwｈenreqｕired.２,tｒａnｓmittheaeｓtheｔｉｃａｎｄartisticforｍｏftheSＴ,usｉnｇthｅidentiｆｙingmｅthod,wｉtｈthetranslatorａdｏpｔｉngｔｈｅsｔandpointoｆthｅＳTauthor.3,ｐroｄucethedesiｒeｄresｐｏnsｅinthｅTTrｅceiｖer，emｐｌoyingtheaｄaptivemethｏd,crｅatｉnganequivaｌｅnteｆfecｔａmｏｎgTTreaders.4,suｐplemｅntｉngwｒｉtｔenwoｒdsｗiｔｈviｓualimａgesandmｕsｉc.Ｉnｔraliｎguｉｓｔicandexｔｒaｌinguistｉcinstrｕctioncｒiteria1,intralｉnguisticｃriｔeria:sｅmantic,lexical,gｒaｍｍatiｃaｌaｎdｓtｙlisｔicfeａt(yī)uｒes2,extralinguｉstｉccｒiteｒｉａ:situatｉon,subｊectfield,time,place,ｒｅceiｖer,senderａｎdafｆeｃｔiｖｅimplｉcatｉｏns（humoｒ,irｏny，emotion,ｅtc.)Hｏｌz-Manttarｉ:TraｎslatioｎａlacｔｉonTａkeｓｕpconｃeptsfromcｏmmunicaｔionthｅｏryａｎｄactｉoｎthｅoryTｒanslatioｎactionvieｗstｒanｓｌatioｎａspuｒpose-driｖｅn,oｕtcomeorｉｅnｔeｄhuｍanｉnteracｔｉonanｄfocusesｏntｈeprｏceｓsoftｒanslationａsmessagｅ－trａnsmiｔｔercoｍpoundsｉnvｏlvingiｎteｒcｕlturaｌtrａnｓfer.Intｅｒｌingualtransｌationisdｅｓcriｂｅdasｔranｓlatiｏnaｌactｉｏnfｒomａsｏuｒcetextaｎdａsａcomｍunicativeproｃessinvolｖingaseｒiesｏｆrｏｌｅsandplayｅｒs.TheiniｔiaｔorThecommissiｏnerTheSTｐroducｅrＴhｅTTｐroduｃerThｅＴＴｕseｒＴhｅTＴrecｅｉverCoｎtenｔ,stｒucｔureｄbｙwhataｒecａlledｔecｔｏnｉcｓ，isｄiｖidｅｄintoa)ｆactuaｌinformａt(yī)ionandb)overａlｌcoｍmunｉｃativｅstrategｙ.Ｆｏrｍ,sｔｒuctｕrｅdｂｙteｘture,iｓｄivｉdediｎｔｏa)terｍinologｙaｎdb)cohｅsiｖeelemenｔs.Ｖａluｅ:pｌaｃeoftｒaｎslａt(yī)ion,atleastthｅprofessｉoｎａlｎon-liｔｅｒarｙｔransｌationwiｔｈｉniｔssocｉoculturalcｏntext，inclｕdiｎgｔheｉnterｐｌａyｂetwｅe(cuò)ntheｔransｌａｔｏrａndthｅｉnｉtiatｉｎgiｎsｔitution.Vermeeｒ:SkｏpｏｓthｅorySkｏｐｏｓthｅoｒyfoｃusesabovealｌｏｎｔheｐurpoｓeofthetraｎｓｌation,ｗhiｃｈdeteｒminesthetrａnｓlationmｅthodsandstraｔegiesthatａｒetｏbｅｅmpｌoyediｎordertopｒoduceafｕｎcｔionａｌlyadeqｕatｅrｅｓｕlt(TT,traｎsｌaｔum).Basicrｕｌesoｆtｈetｈeｏry:1，atｒanｓｌatumisdｅteｒmｉneｄbyitsｓｋopos;2，aTTiｓａnoｆferofｉｎformａt(yī)ioninatａrgetｃｕltuｒｅandTLconcｅrningａnoffｅrｏfinformationｉnａsourｃecultureandSＬ.3,aＴTｄoeｓnotiｎiｔiａｔeanoｆferｏｆiｎformaｔiｏniｎaｃlearlｙreｖersibｌewaｙ4ａＴTmｕsｔｂeinternallｙcｏherent５aTTmustｂeｃoherentwiｔhthｅＳT6tｈｅfiverulesaboｖｅstandｉnhiｅｒarchicａloｒder,wiｔhtｈeｓkoposｒuleprｅｄoｍｉnａｔinｇ.Thecｏhｅrｅncerule，iｎteｒnallycohereｎｔ,theＴTmuｓtbｅintｅrprｅtaｂｌｅasｃｏherentwｉththeTＴreceivｅr’sｓituation．Thefｉdelityｒule,coherentwiｔｈｔheST,theｒemｕstbeｃohereｎcebetｗeeｎthetrａnｓlatumaｎdtｈeＳT.1，tｈeSTｉｎformatiｏnｒｅcｅｉveｄbytｈetrａnｓlａt(yī)oｒ;2,ｔheinｔerprｅtaｔionｔheｔraｎslatoｒｍakesoｆｔｈisiｎformａt(yī)ｉｏn;3,tｈeiｎfｏｒmaｔｉonthatisｅncodedｆoｒtheTTreｃeiveｒs.IｎｔrateｘtualcｏhｅrenceｉｎtｅrteｘtualｃoｈerenｃeAdequacycｏmestooveｒｒｉｄeｅquｉvaleｎceasthｅｍｅasureofthｅtranslａt(yī)ionalaｃtioｎ.Adequａcy:thｅｒelatioｎsbｅtｗeenSTanｄTTasaconｓｅqueｎｃeofoｂserviｎgaskoposｄuｒiｎgthetrａnｓlatｉonpｒｏｃesｓ.Inoｔherｗords，ｉｆｔheTTｆulfillstｈeskoposoutｌｉnedbytheｃｏmmission,itisfｕnctｉonalｌyａnｄcommunｉｃativeｌyadｅｑuate．Criｔｉciｓmｓ:1,vａlｉdfornon-ｌｉterarytｅxts2,Reiｓs’ｓteｘttypeapproａchａndVｅrmeeｒ’ssｋopostheorｙareconsidｅringdifferenｔfｕnctionaｌphenomena3,iｎsｕｆficｉｅnｔaｔtenｔiontothelｉnｇuisｔicnａt(yī)ureoftheSTnｏrtotheｒｅprｏｄucｔionｏfmｉcroｌevelfｅaturｅsiｎtｈｅＴT.ＣｈｒistianeNord:traｎslａｔioｎ－ｏriｅｎtedtexｔanalｙsisExaminｅtextorganizatiｏｎaｔｏraｂovｅsentencｅｌeｖｅl.2basictyｐesoftｒaｎｓlationproduct：1,ｄocumentａryｔranslａt(yī)ｉｏn:sｅrvesasａdocumｅntofasouｒceculｔｕreｃoｍmunｉcatｉonbeｔweentheaｕｔhoｒanｄthｅSTｒecｉpｉent．２,instrumenｔaltｒａnｓlation:thｅTTrecｅiveｒｒeadtheＴTaｓthｏughiｔｗerｅanSTwritteｎinthｅirｏwnlanguａｇe.Aiｍ:provｉdｅaｍodeｌoｆSTanalysiswhicｈisapｐｌicaｂｌｅtｏａllｔextｔｙpｅsandtranslationsituatiｏｎs.Thｒeｅasｐectsoffｕｎｃtionalisｔａｐpｒoaｃhestｈａt(yī)arｅｐartｉｃularlｙusｅfulintｒansｌatortrainｉnｇ１，theiｍｐortanceoftheｔranslatioｎcommｉssion(ｔransｌａt(yī)iｏnｂrief)2,therｏｌeｏfSTanaｌysiｓ3,tｈeｆｕnctｉｏnalhiｅｒarｃhyofｔranｓlaｔioｎprｏblems.1,comｐareＳTanｄTTpｒｏfilｅsdefinediｎthecommisｓｉontosｅe(cuò)ｗherethetwotｅｘtsｍaydiｖergeTranｓｌationbriefｓhｏuｌdincluｄｅ：Thｅinｔendedtextfunｃｔｉoｎs;Tｈｅadｄressees(senderａｎdrecｉpient)ThetimｅａｎdplaceｏfteｘtreceｐtiｏnTheｍｅdium(speｅchandｗritinｇ)Themｏｔive(whyｔheSTwaｓwｒｉtｔenａndwhyｉtisbeiｎgtraｎslatｅｄ)2,ｉｎｔratexｔｕalfacｔoｒsｆortheＳTanaｌｙsisＳubｊectｍａt(yī)terContｅnｔ：ｉｎclｕｄｉngconｎotatioｎandｃoｈesｉonPrｅsｕｐpositioｎｓ:reａｌ-wｏrlｄfａｃｔorｓｏfthecoｍｍunicａt(yī)ivesituaｔｉｏnpresｕmedtobｅknowntoｔｈｅpａrticipants；Composｉtｉon:mｉcrostrｕctｕreandmacrostrｕcture;Nｏｎ-verｂaｌelemeｎｔs：iｌluｓtrａt(yī)ions,itaｌics,etc.;Lexic:ｉncluｄingdｉａｌｅcｔ,registerａndspeciｆicterｍｉnology;Ｓeｎtenｃeｓtructｕre;Supｒasegemtalfｅatｕｒes：sｔress，rhyｔhmａｎｄstyliｓticpuｎｃtuationIｔdoｅｓｎotmatterwhiｃhtext-liｎguｉｓtiｃmｏdｅlisｕseｄ3,tｈeintｅndedfunctiｏnoftｈｅtrａｎslａt(yī)ｉｏｎshｏuldbｅdecｉded（documenｔaryorinstrumｅｎtaｌ)ThｏsｅfｕｎctiｏnalelｅmentstｈatwiｌｌneeｄtobｅaｄaｐｔedtoｔｈeTTaｄdｒesseｅ’sｓitｕatiｏnhａｖetobｅdeterminedThetraｎsｌationtｙpedecidesthetransｌationsｔyle(ｓoｕrce-cultｕreortargetｃuｌtｕrｅoｒｉeｎted)TheproｂlemｓoｆthetextcantheｎbｅtacｋlｅｄataloｗerlinguistiｃｌeveｌChａpｔｅr6diｓcourｓeandregisｔeranａｌｙsｉｓapprｏaｃhｅsTexｔａnａlysis:concｅｎｔrａt(yī)ｅondｅscriｂｉｎgthewayinwｈicｈtｅxtｓarｅｏrganiｚed(seｎteｎcestrucｔure,cｏheｓion，etc.)Disｃｏursｅanalｙsiｓｌooksattｈｅwａylangｕaｇeｃommuniｃatｅsmｅａniｎganｄsｏcｉaｌaｎdpowｅrrelatioｎs.Halｌiday’smodｅlofdiscourseａｎalyｓiｓ,ｂaseｄｏnｓystemｉcfunctionalgrammarStuｄyoｆｌangｕaｇeascomｍunicaｔion,seｅinｇｍeaniｎgiｎtｈeｗriｔeｒ’sliｎｇuistiｃｃhｏｉｃesandsystｅmatｉcａlｌｙrｅｌatinｇtheｓecｈoicestoawiderｓｏｃioｃulturalｆraｍeｗoｒk.RｅlationofgｅnrｅanｄreｇistertolanguaｇeGenｒe:tｈeｃonｖｅntｉonaltexttypethatisasｓociatedwithaspeｃiｆｉccommunicａt(yī)ivｅfｕncｔｉonＶaｒiａｂlesofRegiｓtｅr：１,fieｌd：ｗhａｔｉｓｂeingｗrｉtteｎaｂout,e.g.adeliｖｅｒy2,tenｏr:wｈoｉｓcｏmｍｕnｉｃatingandtｏｗhom,e.g.asaｌeｓｒepreｓenｔaｔivｅtｏacｕｓtoｍer３，mode:thｅｆoｒmｏfcoｍmunicatｉoｎ,ｅ．g.wrｉtｔen.Eachisａssociatｅdwitｈaｓtrａｎdｏｆmｅａｎing:Ｍetafuｎctioｎs：概念功能(idｅatｉｏnalfｕncｔion)、人際功能(ｉｎterpｅrsonａlfuｎｃtｉon)和語(yǔ)篇功能（tｅｘtuａlfunｃtｉon)Reaｌｉzｅdｂyｔｈｅｌeｘicogramｍar：thecｈoicesoｆwordingａndsynｔacticstructurｅＦieｌd--idｅａt(yī)iｏnaｌmeａｎing—tｒansitivitｙpatｔeｒnsＴeｎor—iｎterperｓｏnaｌmeaniｎg—patteｒnｓofｍodalｉtｙMode—teｘｔｕalmｅaｎinｇ—ｔhematiｃanｄiｎformationｓｔｒｕｃtuｒesanｄcoheｓioｎ及物性系統(tǒng)(traｎsitiｖｉｔy)情態(tài)系統(tǒng)（modａlitｙ)、主位結(jié)構(gòu)（thｅｍestｒuｃtuｒe)和信息結(jié)構(gòu)(infｏrｍatioｎstｒuctｕre)。Hｏuse’ｓmodｅlｏｆtranslａｔiｏnqualiｔｙaｓsessmentＡｓystemaｔicｃoｍparisoｎofｔhetextualpｒoｆileoｆｔｈeＳTaｎｄTT.AregisterａnalysisofbothSTａnｄTＴaccordiｎgｔotｈｅirｒｅalizatioｎthroｕgｈlｅxiｃａl,sｙntacticａnｄｔextualｍeａnsTeｘualmeansｒefeｒｓtｏ1,theme-dynamics:tｈematiｃstｒｕcｔｕreａndcohesiｏn２,claｕsalｌｉnkagｅ:adｄitｉve，ａdvｅrsatiｖｅ,etc.;３,iconiclｉnｋage:parａllelismｏfsｔrucｔuｒesHouse’sregｉsterField:ｓubjectmａt(yī)ｔer,soｃｉalactｉｏnａndthｅsｐeciｆityofleｘicalｉteｍs．Tenor:theaddrｅｓsｅr’ｓｔemporal,geogrａphiｃａlandsocialｐrovenａnｃeａsｗｅasｔｈeirintellｅｃtｕal,emｏtionaｌoraffｅcｔｉvestancｅ.Moｄe:ｃhannｅｌandthedeｇｒｅe(cuò)ofparticiｐaｔiｏnbetweenaddrｅssｅranｄａdｄressee.Houｓｅ’sｍodelopｅraｔesaｓfoｌlows：1，aｐrｏfiｌeisprodｕceｄｏfｔｈｅSＴrｅgiｓter;2，tｏthisisaｄdｅdadｅscriptionｏftｈｅＳTgｅnrerealｉzedｂｙthereｇisｔｅｒ.3,togｅtｈer,thｉsallowsastａt(yī)ementoffunctionｔobｅmadeｆortheST,ｉnｃlｕdiｎgtheｉｄeationaｌａndinterpｅrsonａｌcompｏnｅntｏftｈatfunctｉon.４,ｔhesameｄescriｐtiｖｅｐrocｅssistｈencarｒiｅdouｔｆortheTT．5,compareTTｐrofiletｏＳTproｆile.Astａt(yī)emenｔofmｉsmatcheｓorerｒｏrsisprｏduced.Covertlｙerroｎeouｓerrors:rｅｌａt(yī)edtositｕａt(yī)ioｎａlｄiｍｅｎsionsofregiｓterandgｅnrｅOｖertlｙｅrronｅouserｒors:ｄenotatｉvemiｓmatchｅsortａrgetsystemｅｒｒors6,astaｔeｍｅnｔｏfqualityistheｎmａdeofthetｒanslatｉoｎ.7,fiｎally,thｅtranslatiｏｎcanbecategoｒizeｄｉnｔooneoftwoｔypeｓ:oｖｅrttraｎslationorｃｏverｔｔraｎsｌaｔionAｎovertｔｒａｎｓlatiｏnisaTTｔhａt(yī)doesnotpurporｔtobeanoｒｉｇinａｌ.Acｏveｒttranslａt(yī)ｉｏｎisａt(yī)ｒansｌationwhichｅnｊoysｔheｓtatuｓoｆaｎoｒｉginalsｏurcｅtexｔiｎｔｈｅtargeｔcuｌture.Theoveｒt-coverttｒanslatｉｏndistincｔionisaclｉneｒａt(yī)heｒthanapairofｂinaｒｙoppｏsites.Baker:ｔeｘtandｐraｇmatiｃlevｅｌanalysisBakerlooksaｔeｑuivalenceataｓerｉesｏflevelｓ:atwoｒｄ,aboveword,gramｍａr，tｈemaｔicｓtｒucｔｕｒｅ,cｏhｅsｉonandpragmaｔicleｖelｓ．Thｅmatｉcstruｃtｕｒe(thｅｏrderandstｒucｔuｒiｎgｏｆｅｌemeｎtsinaclausｅ):fｕnｃtｉonalｓｅnｔencepersｐｅｃtivｅｍodｅlＴakesinｔoacｃｏｕntcommunｉcativedyｎａｍiｓmaswellasｗordorder;ｔｈemｅisiｎfiｒsｔｐoｓitioｎ,cｏmｅwｈatｍaｙ.Tｒanslａt(yī)orｓhoｕｌdbeawareofthｅrｅlatｉｖｅmaｒkednｅsｓｏfｔhetheｍatiｃａndinｆｏrmatioｎstructureｓ.Coｈesｉon（tｈewaｙthｅｔeｘｔｈangstogetherｌexｉcaｌlｙ,ｉnｃludｉngthｅｕseofpronounｓ,ｅllipsis,coｌｌｏcaｔion，ｒｅpetitiｏｎ,etｃ.)Inｃreasedexpｌiｃatioｎｏfcohｅｓiｖetieｓｍａybeａｇeneralsｔratｅｇyadｏptｅdbyａlｌtraｎslaｔoｒ(Ｂluｍ－Kulla‘shiftｓoｆcohｅsｉonandcoherｅｎceｉｎtｒanｓlatｉｏｎ’)theＴTmｕstaｌsobｅcoherenｔ,itmusｔhangtoｇetheｒｌogｉｃallyｉnｔhemｉndoｆｔｈeＴＴｒeceｉvｅr．ＰragmaｔicsＰragmaｔics:theｓｔudyｏｆlａngｕａgeinｕse,thestｕdyoｆmeaningｃonveｙedaｎdmanipulateｄｂyparticipａｎtｓinacｏmmｕnicaｔｉvｅsiｔuation.Threeｍaｊｏrｐragmａt(yī)icconcepts:coheｒｅｎce,pｒｅsuｐposiｔｉｏnandimｐlｉcaｔureCｏhｅrencedepeｎdsｏnthｅhearer’sｏｒｒeceiver’sexpectatiｏnsaｎｄｅxpeｒienceoｆtheworld.Ｐreｓuｐpｏsitｉon:thelｉngｕisｔicandeｘtraｌinｇｕiｓtiｃkｎowledgethesendｅrassumesｔhｅreceivertｏhaveorwhichａrｅｎｅcessaryiｎoｒderｔoretｒievetｈesenｄｅr’smesｓage.Implicature:whaｔthespeakermeａnｓorimpliesｒatheｒtｈanwhattheyｓay.Tｈeｌiｎguisticaｎdcultuｒaｌcontextsareaｌsoｃrｕｃialｉnliｍｉtingtｈeｒangeｏfimplicatures.tｒaｎsｌａt(yī)orｓneedtobｅfullｙaｗａｒeｏfthｅｄifferｅｎtｃo-operativｅpriｎciplｅｓｉnopｅｒａｔｉｏｎｉntｈｅresｐｅctiｖｅｌａｎguagｅaｎｄculｔｕre.Ｐauｌgricｅ：ｆourruleｓｔhatoｐerateiｎｎormaｌｃo-oｐerativeｃoｎversationＱｕａntｉty,qｕalｉty,rｅｌevａnｃe，manneｒTheｍaｘimｏfｐoｌiteｎess:beｐolｉteiｎｙｏｕrcomｍentscｈaｐter7syｓｔemsｔheoriespolysｙｓtｅmtheoｒysawtrａnslaｔedliｔｅratｕｒeasaｓyｓｔemoperatingｉnthｅlaｒgersocial,literaｒyandhistoricａlsysteｍsoftｈｅtａrgetｃulture.ItａmａrEｖeｎ-ZoharTrａnslａｔeｄliterａt(yī)ureopｅrａt(yī)ｅｓasａsｙｓtem:1，intheｗaｙtheTLseleｃｔsworksｆortｒａnslａｔion;2,iｎthewaｙtraｎsｌationnorｍs,bｅhaviorandpoｌiciｅsareinflｕｅnｃedｂｙoｔherco-sysｔems．Thｒeｅｃaseswｈｅｎtrａnslateｄliteratuｒeoｃcuｐiｅsｔｈeｐrimarypositｉon:1，ｗhenaｙｏuｎglｉtｅrａt(yī)ｕreiｓbeｉngeｓｔabｌｉshｅdandlｏｏksinｉｔialｌｙｔｏolｄeｒliteｒａt(yī)ｕresｆorｒeadｙ－madｅmodelｓ2,whenaliteratuｒeisperｉpｈeｒａlorweakandimporｔstｈosｅliterａｒytypｅｓwhｉｃhisｌａckiｎg.3，whenestａblisｈedmoｄelsareｎｏlｏngercoｎｓideredsuffiｃｉｅｎt,orwheｎthereisavacｕuｍiｎtｈeｌiteraｔｕｒeoｆthecｏuntry.ＴouryaｎddescriptiveｔransｌatｉonstuｄiｅsGiｄeonＴoury:thｒee-pｈasemeｔｈodoloｇｙforsysｔeｍａt(yī)icＤTS1，sｉtuatetheｔextwithinthｅtaｒgetcultureｓｙstem,lｏokiｎgatｉｔssigｎiｆｉcaｎceoraｃcｅｐtａbility２,comparethｅSTandtheTＴforsｈifts,idｅｎtifyｉngrｅlatiｏnshiｐｓbetweｅｎcoupleｄpａirｏfＳTandTTｓegmeｎｔs,anｄaｔtｅmpｔinｇgeneraliｚａt(yī)ionsabｏｕtｔhｅｕｎderlyingcｏｎcepｔoftｒanslation3,draｗiｍｐｌicationｓｆordeｃｉｓｉon-makinｇinｆuturetｒanslatｉng.NoｒmsｏftraｎｓlationbehａvioｒNｏｒms：tｈetranslatｉoｎｏｆgｅｎeraｌｖaｌueｓoridｅａsｓharｅdbyaｃomｍunity—asｔoｗhatｉsrightorwroｎg,aｄｅｑuａt(yī)eorinadｅquate—intoperfoｒｍancｅinstｒuｃｔionsapｐｒopｒiａt(yī)eｆoraｎdapplicabletopartiｃuｌａｒsｉtｕatｉons.Bｅtweenrｕlｅsandidiosｙｎcrasｉeｓ[?idｉ??sｉ?kr?si］Normscanberｅcｏｎstｒuctｅdｆｒomtwoｔypesｏfｓouｒce:ＴheexaｍinaｔionoｆtextsＴheexpｌｉｃiｔsｔａt(yī)eｍenｔsｍａdｅaｂｏｕtnorｍsbyｔｒanslators，pｕblishｅrｓ,rｅvieweｒsandｏtherｐaｒtiｃipantｓiｎｔhetrａｎｓlatｉｏnaｃt．Dｉｆｆereｎｔkindsｏfｎｏｒmsｏpeｒaｔingatdifｆerenｔｓtａｇesoftheｔranｓlationproｃｅｓｓ:Ｉｎiｔiａｌｎorｍs:agenｅraｌchoｉｃｅsmａdeｂｙｔranslatoｒs．IｆtｈｅnｏrｍistowardstheSＴ,thentheTTwilｌbｅａdequate;ifthetaｒgｅｔcuｌturenoｒmｐｒeｖail，thｅntｈeＴTwillbeａcceptａble．PreｌimｉnarynormsＴｒaｎslaｔionpoliｃｙ:factorsdeｔerｍininｇthｅsｅlectionofｔｅxｔsfｏrtransｌａｔioｎiｎasｐecificｌａnguage,ｃuｌturｅortiｍe.Directnessoftranslationreｌatestｏwhetherｔrａｎslａt(yī)ioｎoｃｃursｔhrougｈaninteｒmｅdiaｔｅlanguage.Opｅraｔionaｌnorms:tｈepresｅntationａｎdｌinguisｔicｍａt(yī)tｅroftｈeＴＴＭatriｃialｎｏｒｍs:theｃoｍｐｌeｔenessｏftｈｅTLTextual-lingｕｉstｉcnorｍs：theseｌectｉonofTTlｉnｇuisticｍaｔerial：leｘｉcaliｔeｍs，ｐｈrasesandstylistｉcfｅatuｒesＵniveｒsalｓoftｒansｌaｔioｎ:generaｌlａｗsoｆtranｓlａｔｉｏnLawｓoftｒanｓlａt(yī)ionＴｈｅlawｏｆｇrｏｗinｇstaｎdarｄizatｉonthｅｄiｓruptiｏnoftheSTpatteｒnsintranslaｔｉｏnandthｅｓelectionoflinguisticoｐtionstｈatａrｅmorecommｏninｔheTL．Thelaｗofinterferencｅ:ｓeeｓinterferenｃefromSTtｏTＴasａkｉnｄｏｆｄefauｌｔ.IntｅｒferｅncerefｅrsｔｏSTlｉnｇuisticｆeａｔures(mａiｎlyleｘｉcａlaｎｄsyntaｃｔicalｐａt(yī)teｒninｇ）beingｃopｉedｉnｔｈｅTT,eithｅｒnegativelyｏｒpｏｓitively．Chesterman’sｔraｎｓｌatｉonnormｓ1，ｐroｄuctorexpｅcｔancｙnorms：theｅxpectaｔiｏnsoｆreadｅｒｓofｗhaｔatransｌationsｈｏｕlｄｂｅlike.Ａllowevaluaｔｉvejudgmｅntｓａboｕttranslationsｓincereadershaｖeａnｏｔｉoｎｏfwｈaｔisanａppｒｏpriａt(yī)eｏｒaｃｃeptabｌｅtｒaｎslatiｏnofthesｐｅcifｉｃtextｖarietyandｗiｌlａpproveofatrａnｓlatoｒwhｏconformstｏtheseexpecｔａｔｉonｓExpectancynormsaｒｅsｏmeｔｉmesvalｉdatedbｙａnoｒmauthorityofｓomekind.2，ｐrｏfessｉonalnoｒms:reguｌａt(yī)ｅthｅtraｎsｌationpｒocｅｓsiｔself,detｅｒmiｎｅｄbyｅｘpectancｙnormsTｈｒeekindsＴheaccountabｉliｔｙｎorm,anｅtｈicaｌｎormThｅcｏmｍｕｎｉｃａｔioｎｎorｍ,asocｉalnormThereｌationnorm，alｉnguisｔiｃnorm，dealswｉtｈtheｒｅlationbeｔweenＳＴandTTSchemefｏrtheｃomｐarisonoftheSTanｄTTｌiteraｒysyｓtｅmｓbyJoｓｅLaｍbertａndHendrickｖaｎGorp1,ｐｒeｌiｍｉｎarｙdata2,Mａcｒｏ-level3,Mｉｃrｏ-lｅｖel４,sｙstemiccｏntextTheｎameof"Manipulａt(yī)ｉoｎSchooｌ＂wasgiveｎbythetitlｅofananｔhologyofessａyｓeｄiteｄbyＴheoHeｒmans(19８5),ThｅManipulaｔionofＬiｔeｒaｔure.StudｉesｉnLitｅｒarｙTranslａt(yī)ioｎ,whiｃhgaｔherｓanumbｅrｏfsｔudiｅｓbyschｏlarssuchasJｏｓéLambeｒt,vaｎＧｏrｐaｎｄAndréLeｆevｅre,sｈarinｇtheｃonvictｉｏnｔhatbｏtｈｔｒansｌatorsandreadersareｍanipｕlated．“Fromｔhepoinｔofviewofthetargetliｔｅrature,allｔranｓｌatｉoniｍpｌiesａdｅｇreeofmａnipulationoftｈesouｒceｔextforacｅｒｔａｉnpｕrｐose”（Herｍans1985:11）．Ｍanｉpｕlａt(yī)ionSchool1,avｉewｏfｌiｔｅratureasacomplｅｘanddynamicsysｔem;2,ａconｖiｃtiｏntｈaｔtｈerｅshoulｄbeacoｎtinualinｔerplayｂetweeｎtｈｅoｒeｔicalmodelｓanｄpｒacticalcaｓestudies;3,anapｐroａｃhtoliterａrytranｓlationwhｉcｈｉsｄｅscripｔivｅ，target-organized,fｕnｃtionaｌaｎdsystemic;4,anｄaｎｉntｅrestiｎtｈenormｓandconsｔraintsthatgoverntheprｏｄuctioｎandr