歐洲文化入門第一講

IntroductiontoEuropeanCultureDivisionOneMainpointsI.PrefaceII.GreekcultureIII.RomanculturePrefaceWhyshouldChinesestudentsofEnglishstudyEuropeanculture?TwomajorelementsinEuropeanculture:theGreco-RomanelementtheJudeo-ChristianelementDivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCultureI.GreekCultureBeginning:2000-1500B.C.Aegeancivilization,theTrojanWar(1200B.C.),thewarbetweenGreeksandPersians(6thc.B.C.)Peak:aroundthe5thcenturyB.C.,thewarbetweenAthensandSpartaDecline:beginsfromthe4thcenturyB.C.,theruleofAlexander,KingofMacedon;146B.C.,conqueredbytheRomans2.ContributionstoWorldcivilization(1)epics（史詩）Homer(荷馬,around9thcenturyto8thcenturyB.C.):Iliad(《伊利亞特》)&Odyssey（《奧德賽》）IliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishomeislandIthaca.1.SocialandpoliticalstructureAthens:democracy,heldbytheadultmalecitizensSparta:oligarchySportsspirit:theOlympicGames(thefirstrecordedin776B.C.,revivedin1896)荷馬這兩部史詩是公元前12至8世紀的人民口頭創(chuàng)作。它反映了廣泛而又豐富的社會生活，社會斗爭，以及政治、軍事、道德觀念等等，具有極高的認識價值。兩部史詩如“百科全書”一樣教育了古希臘人。恩格斯說：“荷馬的史詩以及全部神話——這就是希臘人由野蠻時代帶入文明時代的主要遺產(chǎn)。”(2)lyricpoetry（抒情詩）Sappho(薩福,about612-580B.C.)wasconsideredthemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreece.Lovepoems,9volumesPindar(品達,about518-438B.C.)isbestknownforhisodesontheathleticgames,e.g.the14Olympianodes.薩福作品欣賞她音訊全無，我悲哀欲絕

記得她離去時，淚落如泉“沒什么大不了的，”她說，

“離別總是痛苦的，薩福。

但你知道，我的離去并非我的所愿?！?/p>

我說：“走吧，只要你快樂，

但要記住，你帶走了我的愛，

留給我的只有傷痛?！?/p>

“如果遺忘的時刻到來，就回想一下

我們向愛神所呈獻的典禮

和我們曾經(jīng)擁有的美

回想一下你戴的紫羅蘭頭飾

繞在你頸上的用玫瑰花蕾、

蒔蘿與番紅花編成的項鏈

回想一下當我把帶著乳香的沒藥撒在你的頭上與床席時

你說向往的一切已經(jīng)來臨

沒有我倆的歌吟

大地一片沉寂

沒有我們的愛情，樹林永遠迎不來春天……”品達作品欣賞獻給卡瑪里那城的普騷米斯的頌歌（水建馥譯）雷霆的投擲者--腳步不倦的至高宙斯！

你的女兒“時光”在華彩的豎琴聲中旋舞，

送我來為那最崇高的競賽作贊歌。

朋友成功后，高尚的人聽見甜蜜捷報

立刻就會興高采烈。

克羅諾斯的兒子，你擁有那習習多風的埃特納，

你在那山下囚禁過百首的巨怪臺風，

請你快來歡迎這位奧林匹亞勝利者，

為美惠女神們而來歡迎這支慶祝隊伍，這隊伍象征一種強大力量的不朽光輝，

這隊伍來慶祝普騷米斯的賽車，他頭戴橄欖桂冠，

一心為卡瑪里那城爭光。愿天神慈悲，

照顧他的祈求，因為我所稱頌的人

熱心培養(yǎng)駿馬，

喜歡接納四方的賓客，

他純潔的心集中于熱愛城邦的和平。

我要說的話不摻假，

“考驗能測驗出一個人”。(3)dramaThreegreattragicdramatists:Aeschylus(埃斯庫羅斯，525-456B.C.)plays:PrometheusBound《被縛的普羅米修斯》,Persians《波斯人》,Agamemnon《阿加門儂》features:vividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetry埃斯庫羅斯Sophocles(索?？死账?，496-406B.C.)Plays:OedipustheKing《俄狄浦斯王》,Electra《厄勒克特拉》,Antigone《安提戈涅》features:contributedgreatlytotragicart,addedathirdactoranddecreasedthesizeofthechorus索?？死账笶uripides(歐里庇得斯，484-406B.C.)thefirstwriterof“problemplays”Plays:Andromache《安德洛瑪刻》,Medea《美狄亞》,TrojanWomen《特洛伊婦女》features:moreofarealist,concernedwithconflicts,lessheroiccharacters歐里庇得斯坐像Greatcomicdramatist:Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬，about450-380B.C.)Plays:Frogs《蛙》,Clouds《云》,Wasps《黃蜂》,Birds《鳥》features:cleverparody,acutecriticism,coarselanguage阿里斯托芬(4)historyHerodotus(希羅多德，484-430B.C.):“FatherofHistory”Writing:History《希波戰(zhàn)爭史》(aboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians)Features:Hehadakeeneyefordramaandpathos.Hishistoryfullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.希羅多德Thucycides(about460-404B.C.修昔底德):“thegreatesthistorianthateverlived”(Macaulay)HetoldaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse（HistoryofthePeloponnesianWar《伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭史》）MoreaccuratethanHerodotus修昔底德西西里島上囚禁戰(zhàn)俘的石牢彩陶上反映戰(zhàn)爭場面的繪畫(5)philosophyandscienceTheancientGreeks:greatcuriosity,spiritoffreeenquiry,readytodropestablishedideas,goodatspeculation,imagination,conclusion,boldtospeaktheirmindsSomeimportantphilosophers

Pythagoras(畢達哥拉斯，about580-500B.C.):thefounderofscientificmathematics,Philosophicalidea:allthingswerenumbers畢達哥拉斯Heracleitue(赫拉克利特，about540-480B.C.):fireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse“Allisflux,nothingisstationery”.(一切皆流，一切皆變。）“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver”.（人不能兩次踏進同一條河流。)赫拉克利特Democritus(德謨克利特，about460-370B.C.):oneoftheearliestphilosophicalmaterialistsandoneofthefoundersoftheatomictheoryPhilosophicalthought:exceptatomandvanity,thereisnothing.德謨克利特Socrates(蘇格拉底，about470-399B.C.):thefounderofthedialecticalmethodThreegreatestphilosophers:Socrates,PlatoandAristotleThelastspeechbySocrates:ApologyrecordedinPlato’sDialogues蘇格拉底Plato(柏拉圖，about428-348B.C.)Philosophicalwriting:Dialogues(《對話錄》）（imaginativeliterature),includingApology（申辯）,Symposuim（會飲篇）,TheRepublic（理想國）.Philosophicalideas:Idealism.Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”asbeauty,truth,goodness,etc.Knowthyself!（認識你自己！）Theideaofthegoodisthegreatestobjectofknowledgeandlearning.（善的理念是知識和學習的最大目標。）柏拉圖Aristotle(亞里斯多德，about384-322B.C.):agreathumanistandscientistWritings:Hewroteonlogic,moralphilosophy,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetry,andrhetoricsuchasEthics《倫理學》,Politics《政治學》,Poetics《詩學》andRhetoric《修辭學》DifferencesbetweenAandP:a.A–directobservationofnatureandthattheoryshouldfollowfact,P-relianceonsubjectivethinkingb.A–formandmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities,P-ideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld亞里士多德Contendingschoolsofthoughta.theSophists（蘇菲主義）:teachersoftheartofarguingRepresentative:Protagoras(普羅塔哥拉，about481-430B.C.),thedoctrineis“manisthemeasureofallthings”(人是一切事物的尺度）.b.theCynics（犬儒主義）:advocatelivingaself-sufficiencyandsimplelifeRepresentative:Diogene(第歐根尼，about412-323)-rejectedallconventions.c.theSceptics（懷疑主義）:notallknowledgewasattainableandtheydoubtedthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.Representative:Pyrrhon(皮洛，about360-272B.C.)d.theEpicureans（伊壁鴆魯派）:believedpleasuretobethehighestgoodinlife.Herepleasuremeansfreedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval.Representative:Epicurus(伊壁鴆魯，about341-270)E.theStoics（斯多葛派）:themostimportantthinginlifeis“duty”.Representative:Zeno(芝諾，about335-263B.C.)-amaterialistwhobelievedthatthecourseofnatureisdeterminedbynaturallaws.ScienceManyGreekphilosopherswerealsoscientists,suchasPlatowasamathematicianandAristotlecontributedtozoology,ect.Euclid(inthe3rdcenturyB.C.歐幾里得):well-knownforhisElements(ofGeometry)Archimedes(287-212B.C.阿基米德):contributiontogeometry,arithmetic,mechanicsandhydrostatics.Someimportantdiscoveries:oneisthatwhenabodyisimmersedinwateritslossofweightisequaltotheweightofthewaterdisplaced;theprincipleoflever阿基米德“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”Theapplicationofscienceindifferentfields.(6)Art,architecture,sculptureandpotteryGreekartisavisualproofofGreekcivilizationanditevolvedfromarchaicperiodtoclassicalone.Architecture:threestyles:the

Doricstyle（陶立克式）,theIonicstyle（愛奧尼亞式）andtheCorinthianstyle（科林斯式）.Examples:theAcrpolis（雅典衛(wèi)城）andtheParthenon（帕提儂神廟）帕特農(nóng)神廟厄瑞克透斯神廟愛奧尼克式漩渦狀裝飾柯林斯式柱頭雅典衛(wèi)城Sculpture:theearliestwerethoseofGod;towardsthe5thcenturyB.C.thechangefromthestageofstiffandmechanicalstyletoaperiodofemphasisonthebeautyoftheinternalstructureofhumanbodies.Examples:DiscusThrower（擲鐵餅者）,VenusdeMilo（米諾斯的維納斯）,Laocoongroup（拉奧孔）.Pottery:meetdomesticneedsandneedsforforeigntrade.擲鐵餅者維納斯拉奧孔

龜形陶器豬形陶器獻神扁彩色人物陶瓶畫

II.RomanCulture1.RomansandGreeksTheburningofCorinthin146B.C.markedRomanconquestofGreece.SimilaritybetweenRomansandGreeks:traditionofcitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandservility;similarreligion;closely-relatedlanguagesDeitiesinGreekandRomanmythologiesGreekmythRomanmythZeusJupiterHeraJunoAphroditeVenusAthenaMinerva

ApolloApolloAresMarsArtemis

Diana

Eris&

Eros

Cupid

Hades

Pluto

Hermes

MercuryHercules

HerculesThedifferencesbetweenRomanandGreekRomansGreeksAnEmpireaprovinceLatininW,GreekinEGreekConfidentintheirownenjoyanolderandorganizationalpower,richerartisticandtheirmilitaryandadministrativeintellectualinheritancecapabilitiesHorace,“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive.”2.RomanHistoryTheyear27B.C.dividedthehistoryofRomeintotwoperiods:arepublicandanempireOctavius(屋大維)becamethefirstemperorwiththetitleofAugustus(奧古斯都).ThusitbeginsthePaxRomana(羅馬和平)for200years.Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcenturyduetotheinroadsofnortherntribes.Inthe4thcenturyCanstantine君士坦丁movedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium拜占庭(Constantinople君士坦丁堡)After395,theempirepermanentlydividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.In476theWestRomanEmpireendedbytheconquestoftheGoths.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinpolefelltotheTurksin1453.3.RomanContributionsThePaxRomanaRomanlawLatinLiterature,architecture,paintingandsculpture4.LatinLiteratureRomanwritingsinLatinshowedgreatoriginality,besidesbeingprofound,powerfulandbeautiful,includingproseandpoetry.a.ProseMarcusTulliusCicero(106-43B.C.西塞羅):statesman,oratorandphilosopher.HislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction.Hiseloquent,oratoricalmannerofwriting,describedasCiceronian,hashadanenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.西塞羅Cicero’ssayingsToliveistothink.(生活就是思考。)Inwarslawsaresilent.(在戰(zhàn)爭中，法律沒有聲音。)Theseedsofthevirtuesareinborninournature.(諸美德的種子天生就在我們的內(nèi)心。)Wherethingsgowell,thereisone’sfatherland.(哪里好，哪里就是家鄉(xiāng)。)Customisasecondnature.(習慣似乎是另一種本性。)JuliusCaesar(100-44B.C.愷撒）:Romangeneralandstatesman.Majorworks: