歷年英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題長(zhǎng)難句摘選精析

歷年真題長(zhǎng)難句摘選精析Ourlinguis（語(yǔ)言上的）andculturblindnessandthecasuawithswhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofotarelosingifriends,businessandrespectintheworld.【分析】這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句;句子的主干是Ourblindnessandcasualnessarelosingus.withwhich引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾casualness.take9。班意思是“注意到”。【譯文】我們對(duì)語(yǔ)言、文化的無(wú)知，以及那種對(duì)其他國(guó)家形成的品味、手勢(shì)、風(fēng)俗和語(yǔ)言的漫不經(jīng)心的態(tài)度，正使我們?cè)谑澜缟鲜ヅ笥?，錯(cuò)過(guò)商機(jī)，喪失威信。Asimpletriaroundtheyardinapairofthoseliminatejs（^）allnetocallfora地亞9草坪）carespecialand,providetheperfect-siholdsstogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunfe）ofdirtlyingaround.【分析】這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句；句子的主干是Asimpletripeliminatesallneedandprovidesholes.messychunksof:回比八糟的臟東西。【譯文】只要穿這種嬌小的鞋在院子里走一走，就完全沒(méi)必要請(qǐng)修剪草坪的專家了，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)形成大小合適的洞為草坪提供氧氣，周圍還不會(huì)留下那些亂七八糟的臟東西。Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classrofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeaconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.【分析】這是一個(gè)帶有比較級(jí)的句子，主干是：Butmyownworrytodayislessthatthan.【譯文】但我今天所擔(dān)心的不是廣泛泛濫的文盲問(wèn)題，而是更加奢侈一點(diǎn)的問(wèn)題，即：對(duì)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)讀者讀寫技能下降了的擔(dān)憂，他們不愿把安靜的地方、難得的家庭生活的機(jī)會(huì)、時(shí)間和注意力用來(lái)讀書，而典型的讀書活動(dòng)正需要這些。Thisviolationofconcentration,silence（獨(dú)婭的）狀態(tài)）goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistracrendersimpossible:ertaiessentiaaLctsofapprehensioiandconcentrationetalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.【分析】這是一個(gè)并列句。第一個(gè)分句的主干是：thisviolationgoestotheheartofliteracy.第二個(gè)分句的主干是thisnewformrendersLetalone?！咀g文】這種對(duì)精神集中、安靜、獨(dú)處狀態(tài)的妨礙同閱讀概念直接沖突；在娛樂(lè)背景下半讀書半分散精力的讀書新方式不可能專心致志地理解，更不要說(shuō)任何一個(gè)人對(duì)真正喜愛(ài)的一首詩(shī)或一篇散文所能表示的最大贊賞是將其背誦下來(lái)了。Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfa（memoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleatheirtracksontheplanet,sreddishsurface.【分析】句子的主干是itisclearthatimperativesillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetracksontheplanetreddishsurfac兩個(gè)with分別引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)伴隨狀語(yǔ)?！咀g文】由于短期經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)有疑問(wèn)、冷戰(zhàn)在人們記憶中迅速消失，以及越來(lái)越強(qiáng)調(diào)在大規(guī)?？臻g探險(xiǎn)中的國(guó)際合作；很清楚，不是經(jīng)濟(jì)利益或國(guó)家利益，而是必須履行的使命將迫使人類在那個(gè)紅色行星的表面留下足跡。Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hahighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterand資料bythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteori（隕石）fromMars.【分析】句子的主干是Thisissuehasbeenhighliglt^dftwhetheel導(dǎo)的從句做of的賓語(yǔ)；兩個(gè)小2廝引導(dǎo)的從句分別做evidence和suggestion的同位語(yǔ)?！咀g文】由于越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明這個(gè)紅色行星上曾經(jīng)有穩(wěn)定而豐富的液態(tài)水，又因人們對(duì)落到地球上的火星細(xì)菌化石隕石的說(shuō)法一直有爭(zhēng)論，所以火星上是否存在過(guò)生命、是否延續(xù)至今的問(wèn)題一直引人注目。Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,notth4eexperieitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.【分析】that和what分別引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句；hebeliev是插入語(yǔ)，應(yīng)該前置。【譯文】他認(rèn)為，他所證明的是缺乏控制事件的能力會(huì)削弱免疫系統(tǒng)，而非經(jīng)歷本身。JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolmpleasantstimulilon,tdevelopsleepdisturbancesjrchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.【分析】thatl導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中又包含一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾animal。typicalof$反意思是“以……為特征的”,這句話中這個(gè)詞組之前省略了，whichi，s是兩個(gè)現(xiàn)象的定語(yǔ)從句?！咀g文】杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的心理學(xué)家瓊?偉斯已經(jīng)證明：被允許控制不快刺激的動(dòng)物不會(huì)出現(xiàn)睡眠障礙，大腦化學(xué)成分也不發(fā)生變化，這些正是老鼠緊張的典型表現(xiàn)。Thereasonswhytheydon,t,andwhytheenvironmenthasnotbeenruined,havetodowithprices,technologicalinnovation,socialchangeandgovernmentregulationinresponsetopopularpressure.【分析】句子的主干是Thereasonshavetodowithprices,technologicainnovation,ocialchangeandgovernmentregulatiorj^^why均引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾reasons.inresponsetopopularpressureregulatic的后置定語(yǔ)?！咀g文】為什么它們沒(méi)發(fā)生，為什么環(huán)境被毀滅，這同價(jià)格、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、社會(huì)變革和政府因公眾壓力所制定的規(guī)章有關(guān)。Whathashappenedisthateverytimeamaterialseemstoberunningshort,thepricehasrisand,inresponse,peoplehavelookedfornewsourcesofsupply,triedtofindwaystouselessothematerial,orlookedforanewsubstitute.【分析】這是簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)雜句，句子的主干是Whathashappenedistha主語(yǔ)是what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)是that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句；該從句中everytim引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，為第三層從句?！咀g文】所發(fā)生的事情是這樣的：每當(dāng)一種原料看來(lái)將要短缺，價(jià)格就上升，相應(yīng)地人們就尋找新的供應(yīng)來(lái)源，盡量找到少用這種材料的方法，或者尋找替代品。Nottoomanydecadesagoitseemed“obvious“bothtothegeneralpublicandtosociologiststhatmodernsocietyhaschangedpeople,snaturalrelations,loosenedtheirresponsibilitiestok（親戚）andneighbors,andsubstitutedntheirplacesuperficiadelationshipdthpassingacquaintances.【分析】句子的主干是itseemed“obvious"thathat之后引導(dǎo)一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的主語(yǔ)從句；該從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三個(gè)：changed,loosened,substituted.【譯文】幾十年前，在普通大眾和社會(huì)學(xué)家看來(lái)這是一個(gè)“明顯的”事實(shí)：現(xiàn)代社會(huì)改變了人們的自然關(guān)系，淡化了他們對(duì)親戚和鄰居的責(zé)任感，取而代之的是點(diǎn)頭之交的膚淺關(guān)系。12.Norareresidentsoflargecommunitiesanylikeliertodisplaypsychologicalsymptomsof資料stressoralienation,afeelingofnotbelonging,thanareresidentsofsmallercommunities.【分析】這是一個(gè)含有比較級(jí)的倒裝句；afeelingfnotbelonging是插入語(yǔ)，進(jìn)一步解釋alienation］含義?！咀g文】同小城市居民相比，大城市居民也沒(méi)有更可能表現(xiàn)壓力或疏遠(yuǎn)（即無(wú)歸屬感）的心理癥狀。AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthfuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschanginthepa-andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.【分析】句子的主干是earthscientistsareinthemidstof&抵^晅^^一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，兩個(gè)how分別引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，做understandin的賓語(yǔ)?！咀g文】本周，當(dāng)環(huán)境保護(hù)專家聚集在里約熱內(nèi)盧考慮今后的全球氣候時(shí)，地球科學(xué)家們?cè)诶斫膺^(guò)去氣候的變化以及這些變化怎樣改變了人類的生存方面正處在根本轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程中。Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochange*theeipliaioeitientfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.【分析】句子的主干是Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatinihaticture引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定于從句修飾forces【譯文】地球環(huán)境從熱變冷，從潮濕變干燥。然后又周而復(fù)始，這一過(guò)程可追溯至幾億年前，強(qiáng)大的地質(zhì)和天文力量結(jié)合在一起使地球環(huán)境發(fā)生了這些變化，研究人員開(kāi)始將這些組合成了一幅清晰的圖畫。Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshifthaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawno靈長(zhǎng)rimabt?Gome65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.【分析】復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句，句子的主干是Newresearchnowsuggests?thatthat引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，冒號(hào)后面的成分是對(duì)akey「。1的說(shuō)明?！咀g文】目前，新的研究表明，氣候變化在人類進(jìn)化的每一個(gè)重大轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)都起了重要作用：從大約6500年前靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物的出現(xiàn)到人類祖先直立起來(lái)用雙腿走路，從人類大腦的迅速膨脹發(fā)育到農(nóng)業(yè)的興起。Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintethataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardotherculturesorethnicgroups.【分析】句子的主干是thegoalistodescribebehReiord是名詞，而不是動(dòng)詞。【譯文】本位方法的目標(biāo)是用對(duì)一種文化或民族中的人有意義的、重要的術(shù)語(yǔ)去描繪該文化或民族的行為，不考慮其他文化或民族。TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed貪婪）onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature.【分析】復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句，句子的主干是TheMBAhasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed.such做disciplime同位語(yǔ)，rule以過(guò)去分詞的形式做campuses的后置定語(yǔ),onthetree-linedcampus做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)?！咀g文】乂8人是20世紀(jì)的產(chǎn)物，在純學(xué)術(shù)學(xué)科如哲學(xué)和文化占主導(dǎo)地位的綠樹(shù)成蔭的大學(xué)校園里，它往往是低俗的商業(yè)銅臭和貪婪的標(biāo)志。Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttorun資料companiessomeday.【分析】句子的主干是Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimony 相當(dāng)于whichisatestimony……。that后面引導(dǎo)一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾assumption其中又包含一個(gè)以who引導(dǎo)的定于從句?！咀g文】這幾乎是I960年商科畢業(yè)生的16倍，從而證實(shí)了人們的普遍假設(shè)，即MBA對(duì)那些想在將來(lái)某一天開(kāi)公司的青年男女來(lái)說(shuō)非常關(guān)鍵。ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.,hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesoverthewortofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.【分析】句子的主干是Thesuccesshashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesl^wh^ther賓語(yǔ)從句和the亞。^1一同做。丫6「的賓語(yǔ)。【譯文】比爾?蓋茨和其他非MBA，如已故Wal-Mart連鎖店的SamWalton的成功，在商校校園里引起了有關(guān)工商學(xué)位的價(jià)值和管理技能是否可以通過(guò)教育獲得等問(wèn)題的自發(fā)討論。MotivatedinpartbyChristiacompassion（|令憫）forthehelplesaswellasapracticalpoliticainpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialilabormovement,ChancelloiBismarckcreatedtheworld,sfirstworkers,compensationlawin1884.【分析】復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句，motivate……?相當(dāng)于Ashewasmotivate……?，在句中做原因狀語(yǔ)。句子的主干是Chance110rBismarckcreatedtheworld,sfirstworkers,compensationlawin1884.【譯文】部分是出于一個(gè)基督徒對(duì)無(wú)助人的憐憫，同時(shí)也出于削弱社會(huì)黨工人運(yùn)動(dòng)的支持這一實(shí)際政治動(dòng)機(jī)，俾斯麥?zhǔn)紫嘣?884年創(chuàng)立了世界上第一部工人賠償法。Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow-that,misledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings.【分析】這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，句子的主干是manyhaveasens第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)sense的同位語(yǔ)；第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)hollow的同位語(yǔ)；misledbyaconsumeristcul是原因狀語(yǔ)；what引導(dǎo)satisf的賓語(yǔ)從句?！咀g文】于是，工業(yè)國(guó)家的許多人感覺(jué)到他們富足的世界不知何故變空了一一由于受到消費(fèi)中心主義文化的誤導(dǎo)，他們?cè)噲D滿足社會(huì)的、心理的和精神上的對(duì)物質(zhì)的本質(zhì)需求，但毫無(wú)成果。AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSTAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.【分析】句子的主干是Anewstudyshowsthat??，using作方式伴隨狀語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，該從句的主干是theownershavesetuphome【譯文】天才的程序員，丹?法穆用他自稱為“撒旦”的自動(dòng)調(diào)查程序所做的一項(xiàng)最新研究表明，萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)一多半的主人建立了不上鎖的家。OfEzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetimestudentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils"cametoworkasthoughtheycametoplay,zandAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,notedthatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents"gladtheywerethere."【分析】這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，第一個(gè)分句的主語(yǔ)是hisonetimestudentCottonMath第二個(gè)分句的主語(yǔ)是AlfredNorthWhitehea兩個(gè)分句各代一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。資料【譯文】曾經(jīng)是EzekielCheever,這個(gè)馬塞諸州海灣殖民地最著名的校長(zhǎng)的學(xué)生，CottonMather寫到，他備的課程能讓學(xué)生們感覺(jué)“上學(xué)就像玩一樣”,過(guò)了大約三百年，AlfredNorthWhitehead注意到一個(gè)教師必須使他她的學(xué)生“高興上學(xué)”Anewhigh-performanccontactlensunderdevelopmentatthedepartmentforappliedphysicsattheUniversityfHeidelbergwillnotonlycorrect）rdinaryvisiondefectSoutwillenhancenormalnightvisionasmuchasfivetimes,makingvpsionesharperthanthatofcats.【分析】這是一句比較長(zhǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單句。句子的主干是contactlenswillnotonlycorrectordinaryvisiondefectsbutwillenhancenormalnightvision.under作主語(yǔ)的定戳而makingpeople,svisionsharperthantha作目的狀語(yǔ)。【譯文】在H大學(xué)的應(yīng)用物理系研制的一種新型的高性能的隱性眼鏡將不僅可以嬌正普通的視力缺陷，還能把正常的夜間的視力提高5倍，使得人們的視力比貓還敏銳。Bille,slensesareexpectedtoreachthemarketintheyear2000,andonetentativeplanisusetheInternet。transmitinformatioionpatientsvisualdefectsfromtheopticiaitothemanufacturer,whowillthenproduceandmailthecontactlenseswithinacoupleofdays.【分析】這是一個(gè)并列符合句，前一個(gè)分句的主干是Bille'l;ensesareexpectedtoreachthemarket;后一個(gè)分句的主干是onetentativeplan?is;who引導(dǎo)一個(gè)菲限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾manufacturer【譯文】比爾的眼睛希望在2000年上市，初步計(jì)劃是利用因特網(wǎng)把患者的視力缺陷信息從眼鏡商傳到制造商，然后，制造商在兩三天內(nèi)制作好并將其寄出。三，歷年六級(jí)真題繁難長(zhǎng)句擇選譯文In1975psychologisRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned吏形成條件反射）micetoavoid$@"!（糖精）bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.［參考譯文］1975年，羅切斯特大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的心理學(xué)家RobertAder在使老鼠對(duì)排斥糖精形成條件反射的試驗(yàn)中，喂食老鼠糖精的同時(shí)給它們注射了一種藥劑，這種藥在破壞老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)的同時(shí)還會(huì)引起腹痛。TheTimesnewspaperagrees,complainingthatqualityhassufferedasstudentnumberssoared,withclosetutorialsupervisiongivingmasyproductionmethodsmoretypicalofEuropeanuniversities.［參考譯文］《泰晤士報(bào)》對(duì)此有同感，它報(bào)怨說(shuō)，由于學(xué)生人數(shù)激增，教學(xué)質(zhì)量受影響，因?yàn)閭€(gè)別指導(dǎo)不得不讓位于“歐洲大陸國(guó)家高校里慣有的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)方式”Bystudyingnineralgrainsfoundinmaterialrangingfromrockstoclayarticlepreviousresearchershavealreadybeenabletoidentifyreversalsdatingback170millionyears,includinthemostrecentswitch730,000yearsago.［參考譯文］通過(guò)研究巖石，陶器等一系列材料中含有的礦物顆粒，先前的研究人員已能夠確認(rèn)早在1.7億年發(fā)生的磁場(chǎng)兩極轉(zhuǎn)化現(xiàn)象，以及發(fā)生在73萬(wàn)年以前的最新一次兩極轉(zhuǎn)化現(xiàn)象。Notcontentwithitsdoubtfulclaimtoproducecheapfoodforourownpopulation,thefactoryfarmingindustryilsoarguesthat“hungrynationsarebenefitinfromadvancesmadebythepoultryindustry.參考譯文］工廠養(yǎng)殖業(yè)已不滿足于我國(guó)人口提供廉價(jià)食物的可疑說(shuō)法，進(jìn)一步提出了“讓貧困國(guó)家從家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的發(fā)展中受益”的論調(diào)。資料Bottomretailpricesywherefrom30%to70%lowerthanthoseinEuropeanhaAsiaattractedsome47millionvisitors,whoareexpectedtoleavebehind$79billionin1994.參考譯文比歐洲和亞洲低30%?70%的零售價(jià)價(jià)格吸引了約四千七百萬(wàn)的游客于1994年涌入美國(guó)，而這些游客為美國(guó)留下了79億美元的收入。ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcernabouOdS性p的iV電ackagingrumpus（喧囂）startedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withfanefecWdightfrom12to101/2ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.［參考譯文］參議員哈特一家在購(gòu)買合裝麥片時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，包裝盒變高了，變窄了，食品的分量也減少了，然而價(jià)格卻分文未降。據(jù)說(shuō)，由此在公眾和議會(huì)中引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)關(guān)于欺騙性商品包裝的軒然大波。Theproducersofpackagedproductsarguestronglyigainstchangingsizesofpackagestocontainevenweightsandvolumes,butnooneinthetradecommentsunfavorablyonthehugecostsincurredbyendlesschangesofpackagesizes,materials,shape,artwork,andnetweightsthatareusedforimprovingaproduct'smarketposition.參考譯文］生產(chǎn)包裝產(chǎn)品的商家極力反對(duì)在改變了包裝上原有分量的商品，但他們卻絲毫不反對(duì)為了擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，用于不斷改變包裝的大小、用料、形狀、制作工藝以及商品的凈重的大筆花費(fèi)。Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.全句的字面意思是：傳記作家不得不在與傳主所處的搖擺不定位置之間跳來(lái)跳去。隱含之義為：傳記作家必須與傳主保持適當(dāng)距離，并要時(shí)常調(diào)整與傳主間的距離。Unlikeotherlawbreakers,whomustleavethecountry,commitsuicide,orgotojail,computercriminalsometimesescapepunishment,demandingnotonlythattheynotbechargedbutthattheybegivengoodrecommendationsandperhapsotherbenefits.參考譯文］其他的違法者或者逃亡國(guó)外，或者自殺，或者進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪分子卻不同，他們可以逃避懲罰，并且要挾不要指控他們，甚至還要求為他們出具有利的推薦信或者為他們提供其他好處，他們的要求往往能夠得到滿足。Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases’ttsecureyouthebigpromotion.參考譯文］科爾曼得出的結(jié)論如下：如今出色的工作表現(xiàn)十分普遍，雖說(shuō)工作出色你可以加薪，但你未必能夠高升。TheOxforddictionarycanthereforestandmorevigorousscrutinyforculturalbiasthantheLongmandictionarybecausethelatterdoesnothesitateaboutviewingtherestoftheworldfromtheculturalperspectivesoftheEnglish-speakingworld.參考譯文］因此，《牛津詞典》比《朗讀曼詞典》更經(jīng)得起文化偏見(jiàn)的嚴(yán)格審視，因?yàn)楹笳呖偸钦f(shuō)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的視角來(lái)評(píng)判其他國(guó)家的文化現(xiàn)象。Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenebythesimplemindednessasheseesit-ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,law-makers,andjucwho,insteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillthemreform.參考譯文］由于警察認(rèn)為人們（市民，社會(huì)工作者，醫(yī)生，立法人員以及法官）頭腦簡(jiǎn)單一比如，法官不是重罰以消除犯罪而是量刑從輕以期促使罪犯改過(guò)自新一因此，他們與社會(huì)之間的隔閡更深一層。Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,but,資料custom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.［參考譯文］對(duì)于人腦的內(nèi)部活動(dòng)，我們認(rèn)為特別值得研究。但對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗，我們卻覺(jué)得那不過(guò)是最最平常的行為而已。JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavicoftheindividuaasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionaUstom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothelanguageofhisfamily.［參考譯文］約翰?杜威曾經(jīng)十分認(rèn)真地說(shuō)過(guò)，風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣對(duì)個(gè)人的行為的影響與個(gè)人對(duì)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣的影響之比，正如一個(gè)人母語(yǔ)的詞匯總量與他兒時(shí)從家庭用語(yǔ)中學(xué)會(huì)的兒童用語(yǔ)之比。Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspainting,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmosttheinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestra.［參考譯文］通過(guò)對(duì)圖片、文字記載以及樂(lè)器等的研究，我們可以了解一千多年以前近東音樂(lè)傳入中國(guó)的情況，也可以勒出近東音樂(lè)的影響波及歐洲并導(dǎo)致交響樂(lè)的大部分樂(lè)器發(fā)展和演變的大致輪廓。Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslower,thehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformatioisimultaneouslyndactingonthemquickly.［參考譯文］由于在其進(jìn)化期間，人類的生活節(jié)奏較為緩慢，人腦形成了固有的缺陷，不能同時(shí)接收來(lái)自多個(gè)渠道的信息并迅速進(jìn)行處理。Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip,wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.［參考譯文］如果20年前的人們預(yù)想現(xiàn)在的情況，恐怕誰(shuí)也無(wú)法預(yù)見(jiàn)到僅集成電路塊一項(xiàng)發(fā)明，一旦將其運(yùn)用于個(gè)人電腦、數(shù)字通信和工廠機(jī)器人身上，會(huì)給世界帶來(lái)怎樣的變化。Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmorepersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.［參考譯文］然而，有趣的是，如果長(zhǎng)相平平的女士和漂亮的女士都有突然獲得成功，人們會(huì)認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)相平平的女士的人際關(guān)系比漂亮女士好，而她們的能力卻不如漂亮女士。Mostofthesebooks,aswellasseveralchapters,mainlyin,butnotlimitedto,journalismbroadcastingiandbooksandreporting;exts,stressthe“howto”aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterview,itscontext,andimplications.［參考譯文］大多數(shù)的這類書和一些章節(jié)強(qiáng)調(diào)如何進(jìn)行采訪，而不是研究采訪的概念性問(wèn)題，比如采訪的概念性問(wèn)題，比如采訪的背景以及含義。這些章節(jié)主要見(jiàn)于，但也不限于，報(bào)章雜志、廣播手冊(cè)以及新聞報(bào)道的書籍中。Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducin'thesenewgoodsandservicesvasirrelevantifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruits)findustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.［參考譯文］在第二階段，作坊經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)提供這些新產(chǎn)品或新服務(wù)的效率是否低下已無(wú)關(guān)緊要。如果作坊成員要分享工業(yè)化的成果，他們必須到市場(chǎng)上去獲得這些新產(chǎn)品和新服務(wù)。Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthehorsedrawncarriageillegalanthenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisiontoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostoft資料fruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasetheoptionsavailabletothehomeeconomytoeitherproducethegoodsorservicesorpurchasetheminthemarket.［參考譯文］正如汽車的問(wèn)世使得馬車成為非法品、繼而使其毫無(wú)用武之地，電視的出現(xiàn)使收音機(jī)的娛樂(lè)功能收縮為只用來(lái)播放一些背景音樂(lè)一樣，多數(shù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)成果并沒(méi)有給家庭作坊經(jīng)濟(jì)提供更多的選擇余地：是自行提供這些產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，還是到市場(chǎng)上去購(gòu)買，它已別無(wú)選擇。Ironically諷刺性地），thosethingsthatkeepusfromknowinganotherpersontoowell（e.g.,secretsanddeceptions）maybejustasimportanttothedevelopmentofasatisfyingrelationshipthosethingsthatenableustoobtainaccurateknowledgeaboutaperson（e.g.disclosureandtruthfulstatements）.［參考譯文］具有諷刺意義的是，在培養(yǎng)滿意的人際關(guān)系方面，那些使我們不能很好地了解他人的事情（如隱秘、欺瞞）卻跟那些有助于我們了解他人的事情（如自我展示、實(shí)話）一樣重要。MakingApplecomputerscapableofrunningIBMsoftware?ssApffertatmakingtheMackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcomputersandthusmorepopularintheofficewhereApplehopestoincreasesales.參考譯文］通過(guò)使自己的產(chǎn)品能夠運(yùn)行IBM軟件，蘋果公司希望使乂@。協(xié)玳。$卜機(jī)與IBM電腦兼容、進(jìn)而使其更適合辦公室應(yīng)用。蘋果公司希望增加其產(chǎn)品在辦公室應(yīng)用方面的銷量。Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythaourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorismorereasonable.［參考譯文］然而，考慮到我們對(duì)有關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究能力，以及我們對(duì)這些領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)識(shí)至少大體正確這一點(diǎn)，也許以相反的順序排列這三類學(xué)科更為合理。Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spendinorganizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissifromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfronEctfencsogcialventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.［參考譯文］雖然僅僅是基于對(duì)個(gè)體經(jīng)驗(yàn)的非常不完善的研究，但各個(gè)社會(huì)中老百姓關(guān)于收入、開(kāi)支、組織、婚嫁、參與政治、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等的知識(shí)卻與社會(huì)學(xué)家關(guān)于社會(huì)學(xué)的復(fù)雜知識(shí)并無(wú)二致。這些民間知識(shí)是人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹幕A(chǔ)。Onedoesntloseabilityandexperienceonthe'eve65fthDior70thbirthdayanymorethanonegrowsupinstantlyatage21.參考譯文］正如人在21歲時(shí)不會(huì)一夜之間突然長(zhǎng)在成人一樣，人在65歲或70歲生日的前夕，也不會(huì)一下失去他的能力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Aresearchpaper,assignedinacourseandperhapscheckedatvariousstagesbyaninstructcleadsyoubeyondclassroomsbeyondthetextsforclasseandintoaprocesswherethejoyofdiscoveryandlearningcancometoyoumanytimes.參考譯文］研究論文，多是在一門課程的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中布置的，又有指導(dǎo)教師不時(shí)地進(jìn)行檢查，可以將學(xué)習(xí)者帶出教室,使其擺脫課堂教材的束縛，進(jìn)入一個(gè)不斷獲得新發(fā)現(xiàn)和新知識(shí)的充滿樂(lè)趣的過(guò)程。Atleasibymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofrolemarriage,motherhood,andemploym-wferethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.參考譯文］至少在中年階段上，最幸福的女性是那些身兼數(shù)職的婦女-一她們?yōu)槿似?，為人母，又有自己的職業(yè)，-一盡管她們也很勞累很緊張。資料Mostofthecitizensofearliergenerationsknewlittleornothingaboutthecomplicatedancdelicatsystemthatrunsallthroughnature,andwhichmeansthat,asinalivingjody,anunhealthyconditionofonepartwillsoonerorlaterbeharmfultoalltheothers.［參考譯文］我們的先輩對(duì)普遍存在于自然界、并制約自然界的、復(fù)雜而又脆弱的系統(tǒng)知之甚少，甚至一無(wú)所知。受制于這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的自然界就像生命體一樣，一部分出了問(wèn)題，其他部分遲早會(huì)受影響。Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspace,formostofmansfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincvolumeabovetheearth.［參考譯文］我們要認(rèn)識(shí)到大樹(shù)的重要性，因?yàn)閯?dòng)物的生存空間不僅應(yīng)按平方面積來(lái)計(jì)算，還應(yīng)按立方體積來(lái)計(jì)算。Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.［參考譯文］他們認(rèn)為，明知某些行為會(huì)縮短生命卻還要去干，那無(wú)異于自殺。Buttheeffect)fallthisonthefoodsituationsthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.［參考譯文］與此同時(shí)，由于政府逐步削減食品補(bǔ)貼而引起的價(jià)格上漲，使上述一切對(duì)英國(guó)的食品供應(yīng)狀況所產(chǎn)生的影響進(jìn)一步惡化。Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofa：withtheresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.［參考譯文］英國(guó)的食品價(jià)格是在世界食品價(jià)格開(kāi)始下跌這一背景下上漲的，結(jié)果，除了谷物之外，其他進(jìn)口食品通常要比本國(guó)食品還要便宜。Thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorance,theworstspotsandhere；therethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatyetbetrusted.［參考譯文］令人們感到痛苦的是，多少意識(shí)到自己無(wú)知，知道問(wèn)題最大的地方和問(wèn)題不太嚴(yán)重的地方，但卻看不到解決問(wèn)題的希望所在或解決問(wèn)題的途徑。Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyears上beenusedintown-and-countryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovemofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.［參考