lecture 6 漢英句式翻譯

Unit6

Translationof

Chinesespecificstructures1)主謂謂語(yǔ)句、2)公因話題句、3）存現(xiàn)句、4）把字句、5）動(dòng)詞復(fù)現(xiàn)句、6）是字句外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院：劉堅(jiān)Introduction

Teachingaim,focusanddifficultiesTeachingaim：TohelpstudentsgetfamiliarwiththedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishsentencestructureandthetranslationofChinese-specificstructures.Teachingfocus：ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishsentencestructure,thefeaturesofChinese-specificstructures.Teachingdifficulty：HowtochoosethesubjectinthetranslationofChinese-specificstructures.Teachingmethod：Lectureanddiscusswithexamples.Teachingprocedure：SectionOne:ThefeaturesofChinese-specificstructures

SectionTwo;HandlingofChinese-specificstructures

I.主謂謂語(yǔ)句(sentencewithasubject-predicatephraseaspredicate)的翻譯

(Topic-prominentstructureVSSubject-prominentstructure)1)大小主語(yǔ)是總體和部分的關(guān)系：大主語(yǔ)譯成定語(yǔ)，小主語(yǔ)改為句子主語(yǔ)(1)我國(guó)的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)，工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)都是基礎(chǔ)。Bothindustryandagriculturearethefoundationofnationaleconomyinourcountry.(2)總共五個(gè)人，三個(gè)病了干不了活。Threeoffivepersonsinallarenotabletoworkbecauseofillness.(3)敵人活著的，全都繳械投降。Allofthestilllivingenemysurrenderedtheirarms.(laiddowntheirarmsandsurrendered.)(1)這些新型汽車速度快，效率高，行動(dòng)靈活。Thesecarsofnewtypearefast,efficientandhandy/quick.(2)新疆生產(chǎn)的地毯圖案新穎，色調(diào)雅致。ThecarpetsmadeinXinjiangarefamousfortheirnovel/originaldesigns,elegantcolors.(3)中國(guó)地大、物博、人口眾多，中國(guó)人過(guò)去常常以此自豪。Chinaiswell-knownasacountrywithvastterritory,richresourcesandalargepopulation,ofwhichtheChinesepeoplewerealwaysproudbefore.2)大小主語(yǔ)是主體和屬性的關(guān)系：話題主語(yǔ)仍譯作主語(yǔ)，主謂謂語(yǔ)譯成修飾性表達(dá)。3)話題主語(yǔ)是小主語(yǔ)的施事，保留話題主語(yǔ)。(1)他英語(yǔ)講得不錯(cuò)。HespeaksEnglishverywell.Hespeaksgood/fluentEnglish.(2)一個(gè)良好的工程師，一種材料的性能(nature/property)不但要知道，而且要會(huì)測(cè)定(determine)。Aqualifiedengineershouldnotonlyknowthepropertiesofamaterial,butalsohaveagoodgraspofthemethodtodetermine(knowhowtodeterminethem).(3)各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，“百花齊放、百家爭(zhēng)鳴”(lettingahundredflowersblossomandahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend)的方針(policy/guidingprinciple)必須貫徹以繁榮(flourish/promote/prosper)社會(huì)主義文化。Theleadersatalllevelsmustcarryoutthepolicyof“l(fā)ettingahundredflowersblossomandahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend”soastoflourishsocialistculture.4)話題主語(yǔ)是小主語(yǔ)的受事，小主語(yǔ)改譯為主語(yǔ)，大主語(yǔ)通常改為賓語(yǔ)。(1)交通規(guī)則人人要遵守。

Everyoneshouldobservetrafficrules.(2)大局(overall/generalsituation)他都不顧，太使人失望了。Hefailedtotakeintoaccounttheoverallsituation,whichdisappointedusverymuch.(3)這種沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義的空洞的大道理，你越講得多，人家就會(huì)越感到討厭。Themoreyouelaborateonsuchunpracticalemptytheories,themorepeoplewoulddisgustyou.

5)大小主語(yǔ)之間是“與事”關(guān)系，

即“關(guān)于…”aboutness(1)這個(gè)人我所知不多。AboutthispersonIjustknowlittle.(2)婚姻的事，年輕人都自己做主了。Asforthemarriage,theyoungpeoplecouldmaketheirowndecision.(3)講到黨群關(guān)系，我們做到了與群眾(themasses)血肉相連、休戚與共。Asfortherelationwiththemasses,wemaintaintheclosestone,sharingtheirwealandwoe/standingtogetherthroughthickadthin.II.公因話題句的翻譯（sharedtopic）

“公因話題”即在一個(gè)復(fù)句中含三個(gè)以上的音義語(yǔ)塊，每個(gè)語(yǔ)塊的語(yǔ)義都與這個(gè)話題相關(guān)，這就是公因話題句。(1)那棵樹花小、葉子大，很難看，我沒(méi)買。Ididn’tbuythattreebecauseitisreallyuglywithitssmallflowers,butlargeleaves.(2)新媳婦哭了一天一夜，頭也不梳，臉也不洗，飯也不吃，躺在炕上(kang/heatablebrickbed)，誰(shuí)也叫不起來(lái)，父子兩個(gè)沒(méi)了辦法。（趙樹理《小二黑結(jié)婚》）Thenewdaughterinlawwasirritatedsomuchthatshecriedforawholedayandnight,refusingtocombhair,washherface,ortakeanyfood.Shelayonthekang,andnoonecouldpersuadehertogetup.Herhusbandandfather-in-lawwereattheirwit’sendastowhattodo.(3)草地的氣候就是怪，明明是月朗星稀的好天氣，忽然一陣?yán)滹L(fēng)吹來(lái)，濃云象從平地上冒出來(lái)(springupoutoftheground)，霎時(shí)把天遮得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)的，接著就有一場(chǎng)暴雨，夾雜著栗子(chestnut)般大小的冰雹，不分點(diǎn)地傾瀉下來(lái)。（王愿堅(jiān)《七根火柴》）Theweatherwaspeculiar/unusualinthemarshygrasslands.Amomentagoithadbeenaclearmoonlight.Butsuddenlyacoldwindhadrisen,andheavyclouds,whichseemedtospringupoutoftheground,coveredthesky.Thenrainhadcomepouringdown,mixedwith/accompaniedbyhailstonesasbigaschestnuts.III.存現(xiàn)句的翻譯存現(xiàn)句1.存現(xiàn)句含義存現(xiàn)句，指的是說(shuō)明某處或某時(shí)有某人物存在、出現(xiàn)、消失的句子。如：

①河里漂著兩只船。（存在）

②前面來(lái)了兩個(gè)客人。（出現(xiàn)）

③昨天走了兩個(gè)陌生人。

（消失）

1.有+名詞+附加語(yǔ)（v.,adj.,phaseetc.）1）譯為英語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句：有人敲門。-Thereissomeoneknocking./Someoneisatthedoor.有趟列車六點(diǎn)出發(fā)。-Thereisatrainduetoleaveatsix.可能已有些疑點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在他的案子中。Therecouldbeafewdoubts/suspicioninhiscase.2）靈活處理：有機(jī)會(huì)就抓住，不能遲疑。-Graboffanyopportunitywithouthesitation./Don’thesitatetograboffanyopportunity.這個(gè)銀白的世界里，沒(méi)有他坐下的地方，也沒(méi)有他的去處。-Thereisnoplaceforhimtosit,andnowheretogointhissilverworld.Hehasnoplacetosit,nowheretogointhissilverworld.2.時(shí)地語(yǔ)+存現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞+名語(yǔ)/短語(yǔ)1）在游廊的最左端，靠近一道門，卻坐有一位的三十歲的男子。（茅盾）Theresataman…/…theresataman.Closebyadoorattheextremeleftoftheverandasatamanofaboutthirty.2）從前海邊的一個(gè)村子里住著個(gè)老漁夫。Anoldfishermanoncelivedinavillagebythesea.Oncetherelivedanoldfishermaninavillagebythesea.3）到橋上，左右空曠，一眼望去，全是雪花。Onthebridge,thereisnothingtobeseenbutsnowflakesonbothsides.Thebridgestretchedawayoneithersidewithnothingtobeseenbutaflurryofsnowflakes.IV.“把”字句的翻譯“把”字句是現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)的一種句式。用介詞“把”構(gòu)成的句子。

其結(jié)構(gòu)模式可以記作：甲把乙怎么樣。漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)句的賓語(yǔ)一般置于動(dòng)詞之后，而用了“把”字就能把賓語(yǔ)提置于動(dòng)詞之前，以強(qiáng)調(diào)行為結(jié)果或行為方式。

這種句式在語(yǔ)義上可視為賓語(yǔ)前置，在結(jié)構(gòu)上則是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。

把字句的成立有某些條件：

⑴動(dòng)詞一般是能帶支配對(duì)象的行為動(dòng)詞，即能帶施事賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞。

⑵所用動(dòng)詞的前邊或后邊要帶有表示結(jié)果或方式的附加成分。

⑶“把”字所介系的賓語(yǔ)通常是確定的，即說(shuō)話人要有確指的對(duì)象。

在書面語(yǔ)言中，有時(shí)用“將”字代替“把”字，仍稱把字句。1）處置式“把”字句趙伯韜搖搖頭，把雪茄從嘴唇上拿開，似乎想說(shuō)話了。(<子夜>)ChaoPo-taoshookhisheadandtookthecigaroutofhismouthasifhewasgoingtospeakatlast.（直接翻譯為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)）我想把兩只手伸出去擁抱她一回。（郁達(dá)夫《春風(fēng)沉醉的晚上》）Ilongedtostretchoutmyarmsandembraceher.（同上）今晚恐怕給什么事把他絆住了。（巴金《月夜》）1）Maybesomething’sdelayinghimtonight.2）Probablyhewasbusywithsomethingelsetonight.把綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)部門改組為宏觀調(diào)控部門。Thefunctionofthedepartmentinchargeofcomprehensiveeconomicalmanagementshouldbeshiftedtomacroeconomiccontrol./weshouldshift…to…2)使役式“把”字句“把”字句后的被處置者往往是邏輯主語(yǔ)牛油奶酪把許多美國(guó)人吃成了大胖子ManyAmericanshavebeenveryfatbytaking…ButterandcheesemakemanyAmericansmountainsoffat.一口氣講了這些話把她累得喘息起來(lái)。Finishingallthesewordsinonebreathmakesheroutofbreath.Shesaidallthiswithoutapause,whichmadehergaspforair.月光如流水，把他的頭發(fā)洗得好清爽。（巴金《月夜》）Thewater-likemoonlightallowsacoolwashofhishair.Itssilverybeams,likecoolwater,makehishairshine.3)無(wú)主句“把”字句把他餓得說(shuō)話的力氣都沒(méi)有了。Hewassohungrythathewastooweaktospeak.Hungerweakenedhimwithhisspeech.把他們嚇得魂不附體。

Theyarescaredoutoftheirwits.（采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）真把他們弄得進(jìn)退兩難。Theywereleftinadilemma.（采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）Itreallymakesthemholdawolfbytheears.V.動(dòng)詞復(fù)現(xiàn)句的翻譯他騎馬騎得很累。(activity)Ridingthehorseexhaustedhim.He,ridingthehorse,wasverytired.他們打撲克打了整整一個(gè)下午。(activity)Theyhavebeenplayingpokerforawholeafternoon.這些孩子剛來(lái)時(shí)想家想得會(huì)哭上一個(gè)整夜。(degree)Thenchildren,whentheyjust/firstcamehere,weresohomesickthattheywouldweepforawholenight.出乎意料，這位好脾氣的人，這次大為憤怒，發(fā)脾氣發(fā)得無(wú)人敢勸。(degree)Unexpectedly,thesweet-temperedmangotsoangry,blowinghistopsothatnobodydaredtopersuade/calmhim.VI.“是”字句的翻譯“是”字句是由判斷動(dòng)詞“是”做謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子，主要表示判斷。所謂判斷是說(shuō)明事物等于和屬于什么。基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：名（人或事物）十是十名（人或事物）例如：（1）他是偉大的科學(xué)家。（2）那本詞典是我的。此外，“是”有時(shí)既有判斷意義，又有存在意義?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)是：場(chǎng)所詞語(yǔ)十是十名（人或事物）。而且，“是”有時(shí)候還可以表強(qiáng)調(diào)。1).“是”字判斷句:1）科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力，科技發(fā)展是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的決定因素。Scienceandtechnologybeingtheprimaryproductiveforce,theirprogressisadecisivefactorineconomicdevelopment.2）他是鄉(xiāng)里一家雜貨店的小老板。Hewasaproprietorofasmallvillagegrocery.3）平橋村是一個(gè)離海不遠(yuǎn)、極偏僻的、臨河的小村莊。PingqiaoVillage,notfarfromthesea,isaveryremotesmallvillagebyariver.4）人總是要死的，但死的意義有不同。（毛澤東）Allmenmustdie,butdeathcanvaryinitssignificance.2)“是”字存現(xiàn)句水池里是落葉，小路上是落葉，假山上是落葉，滿院子都是落葉。Therearefallenleaveseverywhereintheyard—inthepond,onthepathandontherockery.Leaveshavefalleneverywhereintheyard—inthepond,onthepathandontherockery.河邊是一堆水蓮，紫色的蓮花茂盛地開著。Alongtheshorefloated/wereagroupofwater-lilieswithpurpleflowersinprofusion/blossominginpurple.3)“是”字強(qiáng)調(diào)句這孩子是聰明。Thechildiscleverindeed.是他們搗亂了會(huì)場(chǎng)。Noneotherthantheydisturbedthemeeting.我是相信了他的解釋。Idobelievehisexplanation.您說(shuō)，是個(gè)有良心的中國(guó)人誰(shuí)不愛國(guó)呀!(《青春之歌》)HowcananyChinesewithaheart/consciencenotlovehiscounty.Itisgood-heartedChinesewhoaresuretolovetheircountry.Homeworkcorrection1.那大王已有七八分醉了。

Thechief/headofthebanditwasdrunkbyandlarge.Thechiefhasadroptoomuch.Thechiefisonthebrink/edgeofbeingdrunk.Thechiefhashadoneovertheeight.Thechiefishalfdrunk2.（教育）三個(gè)面向Orienteducationtowardsmodernization…Educationshouldbegearedto...Threeorientationsofeducation(…)Threefacingsofeducation(…)3.砰！槍響了一聲。Bang!Wentthegun./Bang!Ashotrangout.Bang!Thegunroared.4.她“撲哧”一聲笑了。Sheburstedout/brokeintolaughingShecouldn’thelplanghing.“Puff”,hegave/releasedalaugh5.這次是主場(chǎng)，咱們可輸不得。Thisisahomegame,wereallycannotlose(indeed)/cannotaffordtolose/caninnoeventlose.Wemustwinathome.6.他可不就是白手起家的么。Nowonderhestartedfromscratch.Heisatypical