高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練（16）答案解析

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（16）PassageThirty--One(TheAffectofElectricityonCancer)

Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettling,tosaytheleast,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.

Nowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromthe.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftformlatelastweek,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence“suggestsacasuallink”betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer,WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”

Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerrisk,itisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhitHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,titgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligrams,oraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerlinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeter,butthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.Howcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdanger?Theconsensususedtobethattheycouldnot,andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such“ionizing”radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions.Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissues,amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound.ThePentagonisforfrompersuaded.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving“biasedtheentiredocument”towardprovingalink.“Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthat(electromagneticfields)presentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer,”theAirForceconcludes.“ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.”ThenPentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.1.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.studiesonthecauseofcancer

B.controversialview-pointsinthecauseofcancerC.therelationshipbetweenelectricityandcancer.D.differentideasabouttheeffectofelectricityoncaner.2.Theview-pointoftheEPAis_______.A.thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancer.B.electricityreallyaffectscancer.C.controversial.D.lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseofcancer3.WhydidthePentagonandWhiteHouseobjecttothereleaseofthereport?Because_______.maystiragreatdealofdebateamongtheBushAdministration.B.everyunitofthemodernmilitaryhasdependedontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment.C.thePentagon’sconcernwasunderstandable.D.theyhaddifferentarguments.4.Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon_______.A.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldistooweaktobeharmful.B.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldisweakerthantheelectricfieldthatthecellsgenerate.C.electromagneticfieldmayaffecthealth.D.onlymorepowerfulradiationcanknockelectronoutofhumanbody.5.Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydoafterreadingthedifferentarguments?A.Theyareindifferent.

B.Theyareworriedverymuch.C.Themayexerciseprudentavoidance.

C.Theyareshocked.Vocabulary1.

preposterous

反常的，十分荒謬的，乖戾的2.

leukemia

白血病3.

malignancy

惡性腫瘤4.

legitimate

合法的，合理的5.

paranoia

偏執(zhí)狂，妄想狂。這里指：無根據(jù)的擔(dān)心。6.

lymphoma

淋巴瘤7.

carcinogen

致癌物8.

minuscule

很小的，很不重要9.

consensus

輿論10.

wallop

亂竄，猛沖，沖擊力11.

epidemiological

流行病學(xué)的12.

blistering

羅嗦的，胡扯的13.

critique

評論，批評14.

imprimatur

出版許可（官方審查后的），批準(zhǔn)難句譯注1.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.[參考譯文]

由于這問題的證據(jù)還不是結(jié)論性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就難以斷定有關(guān)電力對身體的影響的顧慮是合乎情理，還是毫無根據(jù)的懷疑。2.EPA——.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency

美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署3.Whilethereportfallsshort(缺乏，不夠)ofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”[參考譯文]

雖然報(bào)告沒有把極低頻磁場歸類為可能致癌物，但它確實(shí)指出通常60赫茲的磁場是“一種雖尚未證實(shí)，但可能導(dǎo)致人患癌癥的因素?！?/p>

4.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse[參考譯文]

證據(jù)爭議性仍然很大，所以報(bào)告草案在布什政府內(nèi)引起巨大的爭辯，而環(huán)保署無視五角大樓和白宮的強(qiáng)烈反對，公布了這份報(bào)告。5.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.[參考譯文]

這遠(yuǎn)比細(xì)胞所產(chǎn)生的電磁場低的多。6.…andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.[參考譯文]而且?guī)资陙恚茖W(xué)家專注于更為強(qiáng)大的輻射類別，如Ｘ光射線，其聚合的沖擊力足以把電子從組成人體的分子中撞出來。7.Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.[參考譯文]

可是流行病學(xué)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾組資料在數(shù)據(jù)方面有所關(guān)聯(lián)，卻沒有證實(shí)其因果關(guān)系。8.abodyoflaboratorywork

一批研究成果。9.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving“biasedtheentiredocument”towardprovingalink.[參考譯文]

在長達(dá)33頁的對環(huán)保署文件的十分尖銳的批評中，空軍方面的科學(xué)家指責(zé)，作者歪曲整個(gè)文件以證明癌癥和電磁場之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。10.ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.[參考譯文]

令人驚訝的是環(huán)保署竟然批準(zhǔn)許可這份報(bào)告的出籠。寫作方法與文章大意文章以問答的方式，對比的寫作方法，寫出了圍繞電力是否影響健康——是否致癌因素的兩種觀點(diǎn)，及其觀點(diǎn)的依據(jù)。一種是美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署為代表的：極低頻磁場是一種可能但還未被證實(shí)的致癌因素，而且無視白宮和五角大樓反對，公布了這份報(bào)告。理由是科學(xué)證據(jù)提出了兩者之間的關(guān)聯(lián)偶然性。另一種以空軍中科學(xué)家為主的觀點(diǎn)：電磁場不會(huì)誘發(fā)或觸發(fā)癌癥，而且以歪曲整個(gè)文件來證明兩者之關(guān)系，批評了環(huán)保署。其理由人人皆知。因軍隊(duì)中任一單位都有點(diǎn)——從地面雷達(dá)到艦艇飛機(jī)防衛(wèi)系統(tǒng)。答案詳解1.D電力對癌癥影響的不同觀點(diǎn)。文章一開始就提出了“電會(huì)致癌嗎？”這個(gè)問題。十多年來，一大批科學(xué)家和新聞界人士都指出：研究結(jié)果似乎表示：接觸電磁場可能會(huì)增加患白血病和其他惡性腫瘤的危險(xiǎn)性。所以說到目前為止還難以確定電力對健康的影響究竟是理性的，還是杞人憂天。見難句注釋1。第二段公布了環(huán)保署的報(bào)告，見難句注釋3。第三段說明：即使有致癌危險(xiǎn)也是極微的。但應(yīng)予以認(rèn)真對待，進(jìn)行更多的研究。而第七段中空軍方面的科學(xué)家還沒有被說服（見難句注釋9），明確提出，我們的評論員認(rèn)為沒有跡象說明環(huán)境中存在的電力會(huì)誘發(fā)或促發(fā)癌癥。A.對致癌因素的研究。

B.致癌原因方面有爭議的觀點(diǎn)，這兩項(xiàng)根本部隊(duì)，和文內(nèi)電力毫無關(guān)系。

C.電力和癌癥的關(guān)系，文中涉及的是電力究竟會(huì)不會(huì)致癌的兩種觀點(diǎn)，而不是兩者之關(guān)系。2.A.電和致癌有一定難以確定的關(guān)系。答案在第二段第三句，環(huán)保署目前的結(jié)論是據(jù)科學(xué)證據(jù)指出極低頻電磁場——具有長波的電磁場——和白血病，淋巴瘤及腦癌之間有著難以確定的聯(lián)系，見難句注釋3。A.電確實(shí)致癌，不對。

C.有爭議的。說的不夠清楚，爭議什么。

D.低頻磁場是一個(gè)可能致癌因素。這只是論點(diǎn)的一面。3.B.現(xiàn)代軍事的任何部門都一直依賴于應(yīng)用大量應(yīng)用電子設(shè)備。五角大樓和白宮所以反對環(huán)保署公布報(bào)告之理由就在此?？哲姺矫娴膶＜宜哉f環(huán)保署方面的報(bào)告“歪曲了整個(gè)文件以證明兩者之間的關(guān)系”也在此。見難句注釋4。所以文內(nèi)說“角大樓的關(guān)注是可以理解的。”A.報(bào)告會(huì)在布什政府內(nèi)引起大規(guī)模的辯論，這是結(jié)果。

C.五角大樓的關(guān)注是可以理解的，這不是原因。

D.他們有不同的觀點(diǎn)。4.A.磁場力太弱不會(huì)產(chǎn)生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，當(dāng)電流通過電纜，產(chǎn)生磁場，對周圍物體產(chǎn)生（影響）力。許多年來，科學(xué)家把任何有關(guān)“這些力可能有害的想法”置于一邊（不予考慮），主要是因?yàn)樗鼈儯ㄋa(chǎn)生的力）非常弱。B.磁場力比細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的電磁場弱。只是明確指出的事實(shí)。

C.磁場力對人的健康有害。不對。

D.只有更強(qiáng)的輻射才能把人體中的電子擊出來。不對。5.C.他們會(huì)采取謹(jǐn)慎小心避開電器的途徑。因?yàn)樗麄儾豢赡芟馎項(xiàng)那樣漠不關(guān)心。這種問題直接影響人的生命。B.他們非常擔(dān)憂。

D.他們感到震驚，這兩項(xiàng)都不可能，因?yàn)檫€在爭議中，唯一的途徑是盡量避開和電器接觸。PassageThirty--Two(CrimeinComputer)

Newandbizarrecrimeshavecomeintobeingwiththeadventofcomputertechnology.Organizedcrimetohasbeendirectlyinvolved;thenewtechnologyoffersitunlimitedopportunities,suchasdatacrimes,theftofservices,property-relatedcrimes,industrialsabotage,politicallyrelatedsabotage,vandalism,crimesagainsttheindividualandfinanciallyrelatedcrimes…

Theftofdata,ordatacrime,hasattractedtheinterestoforganizedcriminalsyndicates.Thisisusuallythetheftorcopyingofvaluablecomputergrogram.Aninternationalmarketalreadyexistsforcomputerizeddata,andspecializedfencesaresaidtobeplayingakeyroleinthisrapidlyexpandingcriminalmarket.Buyersforstolenprogramsmayrangefromafirm’scompetitorstoforeignnations.

Acompetitorsabotagesacompany’scomputersystemtodestroyorcripplethefirm’soperationalability,thusneutralizingitscompetitivecapabilityeitherintheprivateorthegovernmentsector.Thiscomputersabotagemayalsobetiedtoanattemptbyaffluentinvestorstoacquirethevictimfirm.Withthegrowingreliancebyfirmsoncomputersfortheirrecordkeepinganddailyoperations,sabotageoftheircomputerscanresultininternalhavoc,afterwhichthegroupinterestedinacquiringthefirmcaneasilybuyitatasubstantiallylowerprice.Criminalgroupscouldalsoresorttosabotageifthecompanyisacompetitorofabusinessownedorcontrolledbyorganizedcrime.

Politicallymotivatedsabotageisontheincrease;politicalextremistgroupshavesproutedoneverycontinent.Sophisticatedcomputertechnologyarmsthesegroupswithawesomepowersandopenstechnologicallyadvancednationstotheirattack.Severalattemptshavealreadybeenmadetodestroycomputerfacilityatanairforcebase.Auniversitycomputerfacilityinvolvedinnationaldefenceworksufferedmorethan$2millionindamagesasaresultofabombing.

Computervulnerabilityhasbeenamplydocumented.Onecongressionalstudyconcludedthatneithergovernmentnorprivatecomputersystemsareadequatelyprotectedagainstsabotage.Organizedcriminalsyndicateshaveshowntheirwillingnesstoworkwithpoliticallymotivatedgroups.Investigatorshaveuncoveredevidenceofcooperationbetweencriminalgroupsandforeigngovernmentsinnarcotics.Criminalgroupshavetakenattemptsinassassinatingpoliticalleaders….Computersareusedinhospitallife-supportsystem,inlaboratories,andinmajorsurgery.Criminalscouldeasilyturnthesecomputersintotoolsofdevastation.Bysabotagingthecomputerofalife-supportsystem,criminalscouldkillanindividualaseasilyastheyhadusedagun.Bymanipulatingacomputer,theycouldguideawesometoolsofterroragainstlargeurbancenters.Citiesandnationscouldbecomehostages.Homicidecouldtakeanowform.Thecomputermaybecomethehitmanofthetwentiethcentury.

Thecomputeropensvastareasofcrimetoorganizedcriminalgroups,bothnationalandinternational.Itcallsonthemtopooltheirresourcesandincreasetheircooperativeefforts,becausemanyofthesecrimesaretoocomplexforonegrouptohandle,especiallythoserequitingavastnetworkoffences.Althoughcriminalshaveadaptedtocomputertechnology,lawenforcementhasnot.Manystillthinkintermsoftraditionalcriminology.1.Howmanykindsofcrimesarementionedinthepassage?A.

7.

B.

8.

C.

9.

D.

102.Whatisthepurposeofacompetitortosabotageacompany’scomputer?A.Hispurposeistodestroyorweakenthefirm’soperationalability.B.Hispurposeistoweakenfirm’scompetitivecapabilityandgetit.C.Hispurposeistobuytherival’scompanyatarelativelylowprice.D.Hispurposeistostealimportantdata.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbelabeledasapoliticallymotivatedsabotageofacomputersystem?A.Sabotageofauniversitycomputer.B.Sabotageofahospitalcomputer.C.Sabotageofcomputeratasecrettrainingbase.D.Sabotageofafactorycomputer.4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Homicidecouldtakeanewform”?A.Thereisnoneedtouseaguninkillingaperson.B.Criminalscankillwhoevertheywantbyacomputer.C.Thecomputercanreplaceanyweapons.D.Thefunctionofacomputerisjustlikeagun.Vocabulary1.

bizarre

奇怪的2.

vandalism

破壞，故意破壞文化，藝術(shù)的行為3.

cripple

使癱瘓，削弱4.

fence

賊市，臟品買賣處5.

neutralize

使成為無效6.

affluent

富裕的7.

recordkeeping

記錄存貯8.

havoc

浩劫，大破壞9.

resortto

求助于，借助于10.

motivate

作為……的動(dòng)機(jī)，激發(fā)11.

extremist

過激分子，極端主義分子12.

sprout

萌發(fā)迅速發(fā)展13.

awesome

令人驚懼的，引起敬畏的14.

vulnerability

易受攻擊，脆弱15.

devastation

劫持，破壞16.

hospitallife-supportsystem醫(yī)院的生命維持系統(tǒng)17.

hitman

職業(yè)兇手（殺手）18.

pool

集中（資金）合辦，入股19.

criminology

犯罪學(xué)，刑事學(xué)難句譯注1.Organizedcrimetohasbeendirectlyinvolved;thenewtechnologyoffersitunlimitedopportunities,suchasdatacrimes,theftofservices,property-relatedcrimes,industrialsabotage,politicallyrelatedsabotage,vandalism,crimesagainsttheindividualandfinanciallyrelatedcrimes…[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]句子很長，都是簡單句，中間有分號隔開，后面是舉例。[參考譯文]有組織犯罪團(tuán)伙也直接參與：計(jì)算機(jī)新技術(shù)較為犯罪提供了無限的機(jī)會(huì)，如數(shù)據(jù)信息犯罪，偷竊服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，跟財(cái)產(chǎn)有關(guān)的犯罪，工業(yè)破壞，跟政治有關(guān)的破壞，破壞文化藝術(shù)，對個(gè)人和財(cái)經(jīng)方面的罪行等等。2.Aninternationalmarketalreadyexistsforcomputerizeddata,andspecializedfencesaresaidtobeplayingakeyroleinthisrapidl