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BLOOD

StudyGuideSUMC2011-2012BloodFactsTheaverageadulthasaboutFIVElitersofbloodinsideoftheirbody,whichmakesup7-8%oftheirbodyweight.Bloodislivingtissuethatcarriesoxygenandnutrientstoallpartsofthebody,andcarriescarbondioxideandotherwasteproductsbacktothelungs,kidneysandliverfordisposal.Italsofightsagainstinfectionandhelpshealwounds,sowecanstayhealthy.Thereareaboutonebillionredbloodcellsintwotothreedropsofblood.Forevery600redbloodcells,thereareabout40plateletsandonewhitecell.BloodFactsConsideredaconnectivetissuebecauseitcontainscells,aliquidgroundsubstance(calledplasma),anddissolvedproteinfibers.Aboutfourtimesmoreviscous(orthicker)thanwater.Temperatureofbloodisabout1°Chigherthanmeasuredbodytemperature.Canbebrokendownintoitsliquidandcellularcomponentsbyamachinecalledacentrifuge.BloodiswithdrawnfromaveinBloodcompositionTransportnutrientsabsorbedfromGItract;hormones;wasteRegulatebodytemperatureContainsionsandcompoundsthatmaybedistributedtothefluidamongtissues(interstitialfluid)tohelpmaintainnormalpH(7.4)ContainsclottingfactorsImmunity(immunoglobulin)FORMEDELEMENTSPhysiologyofredbloodcellsErythropoiesisInredbonemarrow(allhematopoiesis)HemocytoblastReticulocyte(nucleated)Laststage=erythrocytes(lostnucleus)WhiteBloodCellsNeutrophils60%ofWBCsLobednucleusLightstaininggranulesDigestiveenzymesFunctionPhagocytize&destroybacteriaFirstcellstorespondtoinfectionSecreteantibacterialchemicalsDirectactionsagainstbacteria

releaselysozymeswhichdestroy/digestbacteria

releaseproteinsthatactlikeantibiotics&pokeholesinbacterialcellwallsdestroyingthem

releasestrongoxidants(bleach-like,strongchemicals)thatdestroybacteria

Eosinophils1-4%ofWBCsLobednucleusEosin-staininggranulesSecreteanti-histamineAttackparasitesBasophils0.5%ofWBCsLobednucleusLargegranulesstaineddarkpurpleHistamine–createsinflammationinallergicreactionlymphocytesUptothreetimesthediameterofanerythrocyte.Constituteabout3–8%ofallleukocytes.Nucleusiskidney-shapedorU-shaped.Macrophagesphagocytizebacteria,cellfragments,deadcells,anddebris.ImportantinfightingchronicinfectionTakelongertogettositeofinfection,butarriveinlargernumbers

Becomewanderingmacrophages,oncetheyleavethecapillaries

DestroymicrobesandcleanupdeadtissuefollowinganinfectionMonocytesNaturalkillercells

attackmanydifferentmicrobes&sometumorcells

destroyforeigninvadersbydirectattackPlatelets(thrombocytes)AresmallestofformedelementslacknucleusArefragmentsofmegakaryocytes;(fragmentsofcytoplasm)ConstitutemostofmassofbloodclotsReleaseserotonintovasoconstrict&reducebloodflowtoclotareaSecretegrowthfactorstomaintainintegrityofbloodvesselwallSurvive5-9days,200000-400000mm3agedanddeadplateletsareremovedbyfixedmacrophagesinthespleenandliver.HematologyandblooddiseaseBlooddiseasesaffecttheproductionof

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