高考必考語(yǔ)法精講精練專(zhuān)題一：名詞含解析

高考必考語(yǔ)法精講精練語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題一：名詞名詞是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的一類(lèi)詞，也是高考必考內(nèi)容之一。 《2017年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》 附錄語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表中對(duì)名詞考查列了四項(xiàng)： ①可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)②不可數(shù)名詞③專(zhuān)有名詞 ④名詞所有格。縱觀歷年高考試題，試題中出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)主要有：可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式、名詞的所有格的構(gòu)成及應(yīng)用、不可數(shù)名詞的辨認(rèn)、名詞的功能、名詞辨義、名詞與其他詞類(lèi)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換等。2015年高考全國(guó)卷I第65題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查的是可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，括號(hào)里給出painting,結(jié)合題意要將其變成 paintings;第77題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查的是不可數(shù)名詞air,原文給出的是airs,要求考生將其改成 air。而在完形填空中， 有7題（總共20小題）是考查名詞詞義以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解。2016年高考全國(guó)卷I第 61題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查的是詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，括號(hào)里給出的是動(dòng)詞attract,根據(jù)題意要將其改成名詞 attraction;第69題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查的是可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，括號(hào)里給出day,結(jié)合題意要將其變成復(fù)數(shù)形式days;第74題考查的是詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，題目中給的是形容詞honest,根據(jù)題意需要將其改為名詞honesty。而在完形填空中，有4題（總^共20小題）是考查名詞詞義以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解。2017年高考全國(guó)卷I第 62題（語(yǔ)法填空）考查的是可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，括號(hào)里給出effect,結(jié)合題意要將其變成 effects,構(gòu)成sideeffects（副作用）；第75題（短文改錯(cuò)）考查的是可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，原句中給出的是 word,結(jié)合題意要將其變成words。而在完形填空中，有5題（總＞共20小題）是考查名詞詞義以及對(duì)語(yǔ)境的理解。I.名詞的種類(lèi):專(zhuān)有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名、地名、人名、團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞China,theGermans,Johnbook,studentteam,family,armyinformation,lovemilk,water,honeyII.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：一般在單數(shù)形式后面加 -s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法列表如下:

1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seag girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classesbox-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,wolf-wolves,half-halves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以兀音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，力口-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes一些外來(lái)詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos, kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以兀音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths規(guī)則例詞2.不規(guī)則可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù):1改變名詞中的兀音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs（海關(guān)），times（時(shí)代）,spirits（情緒）,drinks（飲料），sands（沙灘），papers（文件報(bào)紙），looks（外表）,brains（頭腦智力）,greens（青菜）,woods（樹(shù)林）；works（工廠、作品）forces（軍隊(duì)）7表小杲國(guó)人加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen

8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,mendoctorsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分三種：一是名詞詞尾加構(gòu)成，多表小有生命的東西；二是由介詞 of加名詞構(gòu)成，多表不無(wú)生命的東西；三是雙重所有格。1.'所有格的構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加’Stheboy'sfatherJack'sbookherson-in-law'sphoto一般在末尾加’theteachers'roomthetwins'mother復(fù)數(shù)名詞不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’Sthechildren'stcwomen'srights以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加‘或者’Dickens'novelsCharles'sjobtheSmiths'house表示各自的所有美系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均須加’SJapan'sandAmerica'sproblJmse'sandMary'sbi表示共有的所有美系時(shí)在最舟-詞末加’SJapanandAmerica'sprolblenJsaneandMary'sfather表示U某人家""店鋪"，所有格后名詞省略thedoctor,'thebarber,'thetailor,'myuncle's2.'所有格的用法:1表示時(shí)間、距離today'snewspaperfiveweeks'holidaytenminutes'wal2表示自然現(xiàn)象theearth'satmosphereetree'sbranches3表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞thecountrysplan,theworld'spopula,tionChina'sindust4表示工作群體theship'screwnajority 'sviewtheteam'svictory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值amile'sjourneyfivedollars 'worthofapples6與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞thelife'stimtheplay'splot7某些固定詞組abird'seyeyiewastone'sthrowatone'swit'布矩n所措）3.of所有格的構(gòu)成及用法:of所有格是以"of+名詞”構(gòu)成的一種詞組形式，主要用于表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞，表示所有關(guān)系。如：theworkshopofthefactory工廠的車(chē)間 thedooroftheroom房間的門(mén)thelegsofthechair椅子腿 thecoverofthebook這本書(shū)的封面表示有生命東西的名詞，也可用of所有格表示所有關(guān)系，或者表示主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或事物的來(lái)源等。如：thedeathofStalin斯大林的逝世 thearrivalofthechairman 主席的到來(lái)thelawsofNewton 牛頓定律4.雙重所有格：’s所有格有時(shí)可以和of所有格結(jié)合在一起表示所有關(guān)系， 這叫做"雙重所有格"。雙重所有格的形式為：1)of十名詞所有格：afriendofmybrother's.我弟弟的一位朋友； anewdesignofMr.Brown's.布朗先生的一項(xiàng)新設(shè)計(jì)2)of+名詞性物主代詞：afriendofmine我的一位朋友；anecklaceofyours你的一條項(xiàng)鏈.名詞的修飾語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞各有其不同的修飾語(yǔ)，詳見(jiàn)下表：適應(yīng)情況修飾語(yǔ)只修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)a/an,one,another,either,neither,every,manya只修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)many,these,those,afew,agood/greatmany,agood/greatnumberof,both,several,two,three...只修飾/、可數(shù)名詞much,alittle,abitof,agreat/gooddealof,agreat/large/smallamountof既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不RJ數(shù)名詞the,one's,some,any,no,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,other,half,one-third注意：some在表示"某一"，any在表示"任彳^"時(shí)也可修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。 this和that只能修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞， last,next,theother和序數(shù)詞只能修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)?！铩铩铩铩锒涛母腻e(cuò)中常考的不可數(shù)名詞有： water,advice,air,work,time,homework,bread,milk,fun,information,progress,practice,weather,news,wealth,voice,room(空間),knowledge等。.高考英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)及語(yǔ)法填空考點(diǎn)分析及訓(xùn)練 名詞考點(diǎn)規(guī)律分析：短文改錯(cuò)的名詞考點(diǎn)主要涉及名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題， 即在該用復(fù)數(shù)的地方誤用其單數(shù)，或在該用單數(shù)的地方誤用其復(fù)數(shù)。此外，還?？济~的所有格、名詞與其他詞類(lèi)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換等。語(yǔ)法填空主要考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)以及名詞與其他詞類(lèi)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。名詞單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：.Westoppedtorestforawhileandtodrinksomewatersfromastream..Weclimbeverywhere,notonlyinAmerica.WehavebeentoEuropemanytime..Therearebranchlibraryinmanyvillages.hopethatyoutwocouldcomeandvisitussometimessoon.5.TodayIvisitedtheSmiths—myfirsttimevisittoanAmericanfamily.TheywereeagertoknoweverythingaboutChinaandaskedmelotsofquestion.Westudyquiteafewsubject,suchasmaths,Chinese,Englishandphysics.…anOftenwatchfootballmatchonTVtogether.Happybirthday,Peter,andmanyhappyreturnoftheday!Shesaidthatsheandmyschoolmateallwishedmesuccess.Iusedtolovescienceclass—allofthem—biology,chemistry,geography,physics.Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkatfamily.…sothatI'llgetgoodmarksinallmysubject.OnthewayupIwasbusytakingpicturesincethescenerywassobeautiful.Nooneworriesmuchabouttheradioprogramyoungpeoplelistento.Theirwordwereagreatencouragementtome.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zYouknow,thatwasadinnerwehadwaitedforseveralmonth. ”-butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.YoucanfindallkindsofinformationinjustafewminuteontheInternet.Nowadaysmillionsofpeopleofallagetakepleasureinahobby …ShewasdoingherhomeworksoneSundaymorningwhen …Withoutenoughknowledges,youcanneverteachwell..Theairswebreatheisgettingdirtieranddirtier.名詞單句改錯(cuò)之模擬訓(xùn)練：Womenlivelongerthanmeninmostcountry.Thefilmisveryinteresting.Ihaveseenitmanytime.It’ssaidthatallthetickethavebeensoldout.ThechildrenspendalotoftimeswatchingTV.Imetalotofinterestingpeoplesonholiday.Theflowerintheparkwereallpleasing.Asthedaywentby,shebecamelessanxious.Computerarebecomingmoreandmorepopularinthecountry.It’soneofthemostinterestingbookthatI ’veeverread.HemadehisfirsttimevisittoChinawhenhewas18.Hearingthenews,thewomanburstintotear.Hehasn’tlivedherelong,buthehasagreatmanyfriendhere.IwasafraidshewouldhaveleftforfamilywhenIgotthere.He’sgettingmarriednextmonthanddecidestobuymsoefurnitures.There’sapaper’sfactorynearourschool.名詞單句改錯(cuò)之提升訓(xùn)練：A級(jí)Fromthenon,webecamegoodfriendandoftenplayedtogether.BothMarxandEngelswereGermen.Didyoutaketheiradvicesyesterday?

Mostofthemarewomandoctors.Wecanhavefunsattheseasidethisweekend.Therearefourbasketsofappleinthatroom.Thiscomputercostmeeightthousandsyuan.8.Tomlookshappytoday.He8.Tomlookshappytoday.Hesgotmanygoodnewsfromhere.9.Thishatofmyfatherisratherold.10.Hemademanymistakeintheexambecauseofcarelessness.11.Iwenttoanearbyfoodstoretobuysomebreadsthismorning.12.Iameighteenyearoldnow.13.Ihavecaringteachersandfriendlyclassmateinmyclass..Asstudent,Iwillstudyhardandtrytopasstheexam..Nowadays,wecangetmanyinformationontheinternet.B級(jí)Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside?Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolareincreasing.ShehasmadesomeprogressesinEnglish.Hisworkisbetterthananyoneelse.We'vemissedthelastbus.I'mafraidwehavenochoicesbuttotakeataxi.Hedroppedthecoffee'scupandbrokeit.Hegainedhiswealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.Mybrotherhashadoneofhistoothtakenout.You'llfindthismapofgreatvaluableinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.Whatabeautifulweatherwearehavingrecently!Tablesaremadeofwoods.It’simpossibleforsofewworkerstodosomanyworkinasingleday..Whathappenedtoyourvoices?Whycouldn’twehearyou?.WhatalotofworksIhavetofinishtoday!.Atmealtimes，somecustomerhavetowaitoutsidetherestaurant..Asawriter，heissuccessbecausehehaswrittenmanygreatworks.名詞單句語(yǔ)法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop (attract)．.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew (day)withhissister..Handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof (achieve．).Recent (study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly..Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyof (apple)．.Althoughthese (measure)arenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow..Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant (grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity..The (life)ofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffectsofaFrenchmanfromPariscalledGin..Theweather (effect)bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces..Someschoolswillhavetomake (adjust)inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.11.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I'dliketo,butI'mafraidshewon'tbehappywithmy (apologize)．12.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduce (stressful)istotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust..Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis (balanced)andhadabadfall..Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome (think)andthenletmeknow..—Whynotbuyasecond-handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood (suggest)．16.Her (motivate)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.名詞單句語(yǔ)法填空之模擬訓(xùn)練：.Antsaregatheringintheirwinterfoodinthemiddleofsummerandmake (prepare)forthelongcoldwinter..Withgreat (satisfy)，hesoonfellasleep.t'sstillausefulandpleasantformof (communicate)．4.Ihadno (choose)buttoprepareforit,though.5.Thestudentswithhobbiesleftschoolwithmanyextra (skill)．6.Ontheotherhand,chopsticksreflect (gentle)andkindness.7.Soaremostofthe (express)madewiththewordhot.8.Actuallywecanencourageourselvestoworkefficiently,fullof (determine)．9.Inamedthem“cookiesb”ecauseIalwaysfeelthatchildrencanbringgreathappinessand (excite)tomylife.10.The (change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortsandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.學(xué)習(xí)札記：參考答案及解析語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題一：名詞名詞單句改錯(cuò)之真題訓(xùn)練：.waters改為water，因“水”為物質(zhì)名詞，不可數(shù).time改為times，manytimes意為“許多次”.library改為libraries,因其前的謂語(yǔ)are為復(fù)數(shù).times改為time，sometime意為“某時(shí)”.去掉 time，因first已含有“次”的意思.question改為questions,因其前有表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的修飾語(yǔ) lotsof.subject改為subjects,因afew后應(yīng)接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞.match改為matches.return改為returns，manyhappyreturnsoftheday!為祝賀生日的慣用表達(dá)10.schoolmate改為schoolmates,因校友不只一個(gè)，另外根據(jù)其后的 all也可推知ll.class改為classes,指其后提到的所有課程.family改為home,因athome為固定短語(yǔ).subject改為subjects,請(qǐng)注意前面的 all.picture改為pictures，picture作為可數(shù)名詞，其前應(yīng)有限定詞，或?yàn)閺?fù)數(shù)形式.program改為programs,從句意上看，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù).word改為words,注意其后的復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞.month改為months,因several后要用可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式.stranger改為strangers,由本行前面的we可知應(yīng)該用名詞復(fù)數(shù).minute改為 minutes，因?yàn)?afew后面的名詞一定是復(fù)數(shù).age改為ages,因談到不止一個(gè)人的年齡， age用復(fù)數(shù)；ofallages指各個(gè)年齡階段的人.homeworks改為 homework，因它是不可數(shù)名詞，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式.knowledges改為 knowledge，因 knowledge是不可數(shù)名詞，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式.airs改為air，因?yàn)閍ir是不可數(shù)名詞，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式名詞單句改錯(cuò)之模擬訓(xùn)練：country改為countries，因其前的most意為“大多數(shù)”。time改為times，manytimes意為“許多次”。ticket改為 tickets，因它是可數(shù)名詞，且受 allthe的修飾。times改為time，因time表示“時(shí)間”時(shí)不可數(shù)。peoples改為people，因people表示“人們”，本身是復(fù)數(shù)，其后不能再加詞尾 -s。（注：復(fù)數(shù)的peoples表示不同的民族）flower改為flowers，因?yàn)槠浜蟮闹^語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)。day改為days，句意為“隨著時(shí)間的推移，她變得不那么焦急了”，此處的day應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。computer改為computers,根據(jù)句意和其后的謂語(yǔ) are,可知computer要用復(fù)數(shù)。book改為books，因oneof后表示范圍的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。去掉time，hisfirstvisit即為他第一次訪問(wèn)，其中已包含“次”的概念。tear改為tears,因tear為可數(shù)名詞，不要誤認(rèn)為它是不可數(shù)名詞。friend改為friends，因agreatmany后要接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。family改為home，leaveforhome意為“動(dòng)身回家 ”。furnitures改為furniutre，因它是不可數(shù)名詞。paper'改為paper,表示紙廠“、紙花"、紙飛機(jī)”等，直接用paper作定語(yǔ)。名詞單句改錯(cuò)之提升訓(xùn)練：A級(jí).friend改為friends.Germen改為 Germans.advices改為 advice.woman改為women.funs改為fun.apple改為apples.thousands改為thousand.many改為much.Father改為father’s.mistake改為mistakes.breads改為bread.year改為years.classmate改為classmates.student前面加a15.many改為muchB級(jí).去掉 a.are改為gresses改為progress.else改為else’s.choices改為 choice.coffee's改為 coffee.wealths改為 wealth.tooth改為teeth.valuable改為 value.去掉a.woods改為 wood.many改為much.voices改為 voice.works改為 work.customer改為customers.success改為successful或者在success前面力口a名詞單句語(yǔ)法填空之真題訓(xùn)練：．a(chǎn)ttraction ［空格前有形容詞和物主代詞，因此要用其名詞形式。 ］．days［few作來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，故答案為 days。.achievement［介詞of后要用名詞作賓語(yǔ)。固定表達(dá)asenseof