Marsh+碳?xì)浠衔镄袠I(yè)中最大的100個(gè)損失（2022年版）

100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry2100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryContents33446n12nmUri15060708091018060708091018gement222225257676808031100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryForewordndenonAtthesametime,wemustneverletourvigilanceslipinmaintainingthehighestofstandardsforthesafetyandthehealthofourworkforce,andtopreventdamagetotheenvironment.That’swhyI’msopleasedtoseetheimpressiveworkoftheteamatMarshSpecialtywiththeir27theditionofthebiennial100LargestLossesintheHydrocarbonIndustry(100LL)report.ssisshersonOurToolboxLearningfromIncidentappisonetaeoweNickWaythCEngFEIFIMechEChiefExecutiveoftheEnergyInstituteDr.NickWaythChiefExecutiveoftheEnergyInstitute1100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry42IntroductionWelcometothe27theditionofMarshSpecialty’s100LargestLossesintheHydrocarbonIndustry(100LL)report.Thiseditionofourbiennialeengedefrompage76.hdlueofthathaveoccurredyearsapart.Lossesareorderedaccordingtotheadjustedpropertydamagelossvalues.Theselossamountsincludepropertydamage,debrisremoval,andclean-upcosts.However,costsrelatedtobusinessinterruption,extraexpenses,workforceinjuriesorfatalities,andanyliabilityclaimsareexcluded.Thispublicationalsoexcludeslossesthathaveoccurredduringaproject’sconstruction,andanymarinetransportationlosses,exceptthoseinvolvingmarinevesselsmooredatplantdocks.5s1100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryd?ThePortofBeirutammoniumedtodamagetoanenergyasset.MajornaturalcatastropheeventsrmtlementagecostswereeographicareantyngAuthorJackWishart,MAMEngCEngMIChemEMEIVicePresident–RiskEngineer(Dubai)ContributorsAhmedChowdhury,MEngCEngMIChemEVicePresident–RiskEngineer(London)KayodeAyeni,BScMScMBAVicePresident–RiskEngineer(Houston)“Byreflectingon,andlearningfromthepast,wecanbuildtheresilience““thatthewholeindustrywants,andneeds,toachieve.“63100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryWhatwecanlearnfromthelasttwoyearsearshresearchAveragelossvalue(US$million)Averagelossvalue(US$million)01|Thecostofthenewadditionstothe100LLshownonatwo-yearrollingbasis3.100LLtwo-yearrollingaverage7100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustrystotministration100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry802|USrefineryutilizationfrom1985–20214.USrefineryutilization(%)ministration100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry802|USrefineryutilizationfrom1985–20214.USrefineryutilization(%)Yearrgy9100largestlossesinthe9Short-termreasonsforareductioninlargelosseventshbysitesNewPlannedturnaroundsandmajorprojectphysicaldtransientoperationsncidentsinupstreamandhydrocarbonindustryMediumtolonger-termconsiderationsandimpacts?Postponingturnaroundshasmeantthatmuchplannedinspectionandmaintenanceworkhasbeendelayed.Iftherisksassociatedwithdeferringthiscriticalworkhavenotbeenproperlymanaged,orifthebacklogisnotclearedinatimelyfashion,thenthiscouldbeacommoncauseoflossesinthecomingyears.?Assetsbeingoperatedatminimumsafethroughputscanhaveanegativeimpactonassetreliability,ifnotproperlymanaged.Equipmentmayfoulmoreeasily,furnacetubesmaycokemorequickly,androtatingequipment,suchascompressorsandpumps,maybemorepronetobreakdownafterperiodsofoperatingatminimumthroughputs.sitessuspendedemergencyresponsenseoCprocessIfnotsed?Someorganizationsmayhaveexperiencedasignificantturnoverofstaff,includingredundancies,sincethestartofthepandemic.Thelossofexperiencedstaff,particularlyinanysafetycriticalpositions,willposeaclearriskifnotadequatelymanaged.mergershiptransitionvariousways.mt10100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry10“Thelastfiveyearsmarkthelongestperiodwithoutanupstreamadditiontothe““100LLrankingsincethe“periodof1993to2001.Thirdtimeluckyforupstream?tmheemanceindicatorsProcesssafety03|Graphshowingaveragecrudeoilprice6andupstreamadditionstothe100LL.03|Graphshowingaveragecrudeoilprice6andupstreamadditionstothe100LL.Combinedupstreamadditionstothe100LL(US$million)1201100Combinedupstreamlossesin100LLYearaveragecrudeoilpriceDropinpriceCrudeprice(US$/bbl)otrends100largestlossesintheAquestionofif,orwhen,cyberattackswillfeatureinthe100LLckehydrocarbonindustryConclusionrsedyatn1100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry124Ammoniumnitrate–alessontore-learn?fatalities.Witheachnewloss,thegeneralpublic,regulators,andotherstakeholdersincreasetheirfocusonthemeasuresthatorganizationsthatmanufacture,transport,andstoreammoniumnitratearetakingtopreventsuchincidentsfromreoccurring.Althoughthelosseventsoutlinedinthisreportspanmorethanacentury,thereareanumberofcommonthemesthatemerge,andanindicationofeitherafailuretolearnthelessonsortoensurethatanylearningsstandthetestoftime.Ammoniumnitrateisusedprimarilyinthemanufactureoffertilizers,andisalsoamaincomponentofsomeexplosives.Itisawhite,crystallinesolidwhichisstableundernormalconditionsbutexplosiveifexposedtoshockorsubjectedtohightemperatures.Ammoniumnitrateishygroscopic—thatis,ifimproperlystored,itreadilyabsorbsmoisturefromtheairtocake,orsolidifyintolargermasses,whichfurtherincreasestheconfinementandtheseverityofanyexplosion.13100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry13COMMONTHEMESToulouse,FranceSeptember2001Toulouse,FranceSeptember2001gaBeirut,LebanonAugust2020arlsgoSeptember1921HazardperceptionandawarenessHazardperceptionandawarenesscontainingapproximately4,500metrictonsofammoniumnitratecompoundfertilizer,causingmorethan500fatalitiesanddamagingapproximately700homes.Anumberofchangeshadoccurredwhichmodifiedthechemical’sbehaviortomakeitmoreexplosive.StorageandhandlingStorageandhandlingoatthetime,itwasroutinepracticetousedynamitetodealwithcaking.ingProximitytourbanareas“14100largestlosses“14100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryateDownload:Ammoniumnitrateexplosions–Learningandapplyinglessonsfromthepast.ReflectionfsederrelevancesedinsreemAlthoughAlthoughthelosseventsoutlinedinthisarticlespanmorethanacentury,thereareanumberofcommonthemesthatemerge.“155Oneyearlater,areflectiononWinterStormUrich6mates100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryalnlyarsdrmngntdto“In2021alone,naturalcatastropheeventsresultedin““estimatedinsuredlossesexceedingUS$100billion.“100100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryofsonbest–Managementofdeadlegs8(oreliminationwherepossible).msystemsincludingsteamtrapsRepairorreplacementofdamagedorantssafelyabilitiesofequipment.rterdurationstormsydTheresilienceofassetstofutureclimatechangeneedstobeproperlyassessedtoidentify,andengineer-out,futurevulnerabilities.Itisofgreatimportancethatbestpracticesrelatingtopreparednessforextremecoldweatheraresharedwidelythroughreports,conferences,andsocialmediatoimproveoperations,maintenance,andsafetyactivitiesduringextremeweatherconditionsbefore,andnotafter,thenextStormUri.aloperation1100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry186Areyou“bestinclass”atprocesssafetymanagement?Whataretheprocesssafetygoalsatyourcompany?rlyMUAAssessingprocesssafetymanagementthroughleadingandlaggingPSPIshasundoubtedlyplayedakeyroleinhelpingtopreventmajorprocesssafetyincidentsovertheyears,andwillcontinuetodosoformanyyearstocome.Thequestionthatmanyenergycompanieshavebeenaskingthemselvesrecentlyis:“Asdatabecomesmorereadilyavailable,isthereanotherlensthroughwhichwecanassessourownperformance?”Asaresult,anincreasingnumberareturningto“riskqualitybenchmarking.”Thisistheprocessofcomparingonecompany’sperformancetothatofitspeers,whichprovidesanalternativetosimplyconsideringperformanceinabsoluteterms.TheaimbeingtocomplementtraditionalPSPIstewardship,ratherthanreplaceit.tinnagement04|Aboxandwhiskerdiagramillustratinghowasite’srelativeperformance04|Aboxandwhiskerdiagramillustratinghowasite’srelativeperformancehasimprovedfrom2015-202011Overall“riskquality”ueue0dLowermiddlequartileUppermiddlequartileSiteperformanceSiteperformance20209100largestlossesinthehydrocarbon9Thebenchmarkingprocesswngeographicregionplants).?Foracompanywithitsownportfolioofassets,apeergroupconsistingofthedifferentcompanyassetsmayprovetobethemostuseful.atedThefinalstepistodeterminewhethertherelativeperformanceobservedisinlinewiththecompany’saspirations,whichwilltypicallybeareflectionofitsprocesssafetyculture,andtherealisticresourcesavailabletomakeimprovements.aresearch100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry2005|SnapshotofCompanyAperformanceon100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry2005|SnapshotofCompanyAperformanceonascaleof“poor–excellent”SelectedtopicsCorporatelosscontrolpolicyRecruitmentandtraintandarderthanBelowstandardrd06|IllustrationofCompanyAperformance(yellowcircle)relativetopeergroupforselectedtopicsCorporatelosscontrolpolicy0PoorBasicStandardGoodExcellentHowbenchmarkingcanhelpimproveprocesssafetyperformanceThefollowingreallifeexamples,usinganonymizeddatafromMarshSpecialty’sriskengineeringdatabase,demonstratethedifferentwaysinwhichbenchmarkinghasbeenusedbyenergycompaniestohelpimprovetheirriskquality.1.Identificationofareasofrelativeweakness.CompanyAismajorenergycompanybasedinAsiaanditsstatedaimistobe“bestinclass”inallriskfeatures.Inlate2019,itcompletedthefirststepofthebenchmarkingprocessandscoredeachofitsfeaturesonascalefrom0–4(orqualitatively,“poor-excellent”).ManagementatCompanyAwaspleasedthatforthecorporatelosscontrolpolicytopic(whichincludesthelevelofincorporationofprocesssafetymanagementwithincorporatehealth,safety,andenvironment(HSE)policies),thecompanyratedas“verygood”(seeFigure5).Whenthesubsequentstepsofthebenchmarkingprocesswerecompleted,themanagementatCompanyAweresurprised—andslightlydisappointed—toseethattheirrelativeperformanceforthehighlightedtopicwasonlyaverage(thatis,themedian)whencomparedtosimilarsizedenergycompaniesacrosstheworld(seeFigure6).Thereasonforthisisbecausemanycompanieshaveimprovedsignificantlyinthisareaoverthelastdecade,andmanynowhavecorporatelosscontrolpoliciesthatgowellbeyondwhatmighthavebeenconsideredaboveaverageanumberofyearsago.07|SnapshotofCompanyB07|SnapshotofCompanyBbenchmarkingoutputErgonomicsandoperabilityMaintenanceoverview0d21100largestlossesinthehydrocarbon212.Forcompaniesthatownmultipleassets:identificationoftargetedopportunitiesforoneassettosupportimprovementatanother(peerassists).nesngedtoFromitscorporatePSPIstewardship,CompanyBalreadyhadanideaofwhichsiteswereweakerinprocesssafetymanagement.Benchmarkinghelpedrevealtheunderlying,specificareasofweaknesswithineachasset;thisadditionallevelofdetailsupportedthedevelopmentofatargetedpeerassistplan.ConclusionGettingprocesssafetyrightyearonyearcanbechallengingbutitisofparamountimportancegiventhepotentialcosttohumanlife,andtheenvironment,whenwegetitwrong.Riskqualitybenchmarking,asdescribedinthisarticle,cancomplementtheongoingprocesssafetystewardship,andinitiativesatacompany,bygivingafreshperspectiveandframingprocesssafetyperformanceinrelative,ratherthanabsolute,terms.Astheaboveexamplesdemonstrate,benchmarkingcanhelpwiththefollowing:Identificationofareasofrelativeweaknesscomparedtopeers.Identificationofopportunitiesforpeerassistswithinalargercompany.g227GraphicaldataLossvalue(US$million)Lossvalue(US$million)23100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry01,9823,65816,31314,92311,6065,7097,15917,1916,32912,09508|100LLbyyearandsectorRefiningPetrochemicalUpstreamGasprocessingTerminalsanddistribution10|Valueofincidents10|Valueofincidentsbysector(US$million)bysector7777GasprocessingTerminalsanddistributionGasprocessingTerminalsanddistribution12|Distributionofvalueby12|Distributionofvaluebyregion(US$million)byregion(number)7US&CanadaEuropeLatinAmericaMiddleEast&AfricaAsiaPacific24100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry10712384#5841NorthSea,NorwayNorthSea,UK#10#18#141843#9875MinaAlAhmadiKuwaitLouisiana,US#12841913#16#2xasUS1092#3#4Skikda,AlgeriaJiangsu,China#15GulfofMexico,US808#19UAE782#20BayofCampeche,MexicoGulfofMexico,US#7>1200AbuDhabi,24100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry10712384#5841NorthSea,NorwayNorthSea,UK#10#18#141843#9875MinaAlAhmadiKuwaitLouisiana,US#12841913#16#2xasUS1092#3#4Skikda,AlgeriaJiangsu,China#15GulfofMexico,US808#19UAE782#20BayofCampeche,MexicoGulfofMexico,US#7>1200AbuDhabi,20largest##1789889Nevada,USSendai889Nevada,USSendai,Japan#13808Toulouse,808Vohburg,Germany#17#17803JubileeField,Ghana#6#8925#8987CamposBasin,987Victoria,Victoria,AustraliaFire&explosionMechanicalfailureellisionBlowoutNaturalcatastropheExplosionGasprocessingFire&explosionMechanicalfailureellisionBlowoutNaturalcatastropheExplosion258100LLdetails,values,andrankingbysector26GASPROCESSING61TERMINALSANDDISTRIBUTION31PETROCHEMICALS65UPSTREAM43REFININGLossvalue(US$million)Lossvalue(US$million)100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry26114|GasprocessinglossesYearGasprocessingKEYluded27100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryGASPROCESSINGLongford,27100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryGASPROCESSINGLongford,Victoria,Australia25/09/1998#07Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)GassuppliesthroughoutVictoriawerevirtuallyshutdownfollowinganexplosionandfireatthisgasprocessingplant.Thecauseoftheaccidentwasattributedtotheruptureofaheatexchangerfollowingaprocessupsetthatwassetinmotionbytheunintended,suddenshutdownofhotoilpumps.Thelossofhotoilsupplyresultedinsomevesselsbeingchilledbycoldoil.Whenthehotoilwasreintroducedtoaheatexchangerthevesselrupturedduetoabrittlefracture.Skikda,Algeria19/01/2004#14470841ee444398728100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryGASPROCESSING#2128100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryGASPROCESSING#21Bintulu,Sarawak,Malaysia25/12/1997Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)Komo,PapuaNewGuinea26/02/2018#46382re335228564229100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryGASPROCESSING#61Cactus29100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryGASPROCESSING#61Cactus,Reforma,Chiapas,Mexico26/07/1996Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)AvaporcloudformedanddriftedintothecryogenicunitNo.2.Itignitedandresultedintheinitialexplosion.Followingtheexplosions,itwasdeterminedthattheMOVinthesuctionlineofthepumpwasintheopenposition,whichallowedtheLPGproducttoreachthepumpflange.Thefirebrigadessuccessfullyextinguishedthefirefollowingtheexplosionsafterapproximatelythreehours,andprotectedtheadjacentLPGspheres.Althoughtheexplosionsdamagedtheelectricpowerintheplantandrenderedtheelectricmotor-drivenfirewaterpumpsnon-operational,firewaterwasprovidedbytwodieselenginedrivenfirewatercidentthebillionftygasprocessingcapacityatthecomplexwasshutdown,disruptingathirdofMexico’stotalgasprocessingcapacity.inden#70Hammerfest,Norway28/09/2020300300nas113731630100largestlossesinthe30100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryGASPROCESSING#100Juaymah,SaudiArabia15/08/1987Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)yengel665189Lossvalue(US$million)Lossvalue(US$million)100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustry31115|PetrochemicallossesYearPetrochemicalAnumberoffactorscontributetopetrochemicalplantlosshistory.Theyoftencontainaconcentrationofhigh-valueequipmentandmachinery,typicallyoperateathightemperaturesandpressures,andrequirethecarefulcontrolofpotentiallyviolentchemicalreactions.Ontheotherhand,materialsprocessedatpetrochemicalplantshavenormallybeenpre-processed(forexample,suppliedbyoilrefineries),meaningthatmostcontaminantsinthefeedstockswillhavebeenremovedpriortoreceipt,makingthemlesssusceptibletoseveralcorrosionmechanisms.KEYureNaturalcatastropheBlowoutCollision32100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPasadena,32100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPasadena,Texas,US23/10/1989#02Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)ofemyChenjiagangChemicalIndustryPark,Jiangsu,China21/03/2019#09800913r6675184333100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALToulouse,France21/09/2001#10Originalpropertyloss33100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALToulouse,France21/09/2001#10Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)430889eHenderson,Nevada,US04/05/1988#13umltoPampa,Texas,US14/11/1987#23627od30030084134100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPortNeal,34100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPortNeal,Iowa,US13/12/1994#32Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)eaBelpre,Ohio,US27/05/1994#36440ene220349135100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPortNeches,Texas,US27/11/2019#4035100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPortNeches,Texas,US27/11/2019#40Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)380434Pori,Finland30/01/2017#45tNiigata,Japan20/03/2007#47240372to332539036100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALFlixborough,UK01/06/1974#48Originalpropertyloss36100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALFlixborough,UK01/06/1974#48Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)58359mhe#52Antwerp,Belgium02/10/1975fMunchmuster,Germany10/12/2005#5420034066034137100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPortArthur,Texas,US29/04/2006#58Original37100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPortArthur,Texas,US29/04/2006#58Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)200325CedarBayou,Texas,US20/10/1994#62Sterlington,Louisiana,US01/05/1991#63120ofedsed313113031538100largestlossesinthe38100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALDeerPark,Texas,US22/06/1997#67Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)35304ysors#76Illiopolis,Illinois,US23/04/2004n15015026839100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPajaritos,39100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALPajaritos,Coatzacoalcos,Mexico11/03/1991#80Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)Seadrift,Texas,US12/03/1991#8890235esfornly99725340100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALLitvinov,Czech40100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALLitvinov,CzechRepublic13/08/2015#89Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)tdZwijndrecht,Antwerp,Belgium03/07/1987#9078228mn118022841100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICAL#92Priolo41100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICAL#92Priolo,Italy19/05/1985Originalpropertylossvalue(US$million)Adjustedpropertylossvalue1(US$million)byeymnseank#93Uerdingen,Germany14/02/198980218e77422542100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALAntwerp,42100largestlossesinthehydrocarbonindustryPETROCHEMICALAntwerp,Belgium07/03/1989#95O