中英醫(yī)療制度對比 英文版

盛雪20110100137ComparisonofHealthcareSystembetweentheUKandChinaInBritain’shealthcaresystem,NationalHealthService(NHS)issosignificantaexistencetobeignored.Ityouhappentohavewatchedtheopenceremonyof2012LondonOlympics,youmaystillrememberonesplendidperformance,whichaimstopaytributetothosenursesfromNHSwhohavebeenworkinghardforthenation ’shealthsince1944.AsregardsChina,anationwithamuchharderlife,itshealthcaresystemisnotthatmatureorexcellent.ButthewholenationhavewitnessedChina’sprogressinmodifyingitsmedical-caresystem.TheNewRuralCooperativeMedicalCareSystem,asa2005initiativetooverhaulthehealthcaresystem,isastrongevidenceforChina’sgoodjobinpromotingitsmedicalcaresystem.IwillcomparethehealthcaresystemintheUKandChinainthreeaspectsasfollows:operatingideas,operatingpatternsandchallenges.Operatingideas:Britain:NHS’scoreideaistoprovideuniversalhealthcaretoallthelegalresidentsinUK.Itisprimarilyfundedthroughthegeneraltaxationsystem.AnditisbelievedinBritainthathealthcaresystemshallbecomprisedofthreesub-systems:localprimaryservice,regionaltreatmentserviceandcentralhospitalservice.China:CooperativeMedicalSystem(CMS)isestablishedtoofferbasicmedicalsecurityforalltheworkersbothincitiesandintowns.Medicalexpenditureofeachindividualissharedproportionallybythecountry,enterpriseandtheemployeehimself.BesidesHowmuchtheemployeewouldbenefitfromthesystemdependsproperlyonhowmuchhecontributestothenation.Furthermore,itisrequiredinChinathatlocaladministrations,enterprisesandagenciesshallanticipateinlocalSocialMedicalInsurance,tostandardizetheamountofmoneypeopleshallpayandhelpimplementrelatedpolicies.Comparison:Threemajordifferencescanbeconcludedfromtheiroperatingideas.ComparedwiththeideasofChina,Britain5svisionhasawidercoverage.NHSmanagestoserveallthepeopleintheUK,includingfarmers,peoplewithoutabilitytoworkaswellasdisadvantagedgroups,someofwhichareneglectedbyChina’shealthcaresystem.Secondly,NHShasvariousmedicalservices,likeprimarycare,in-patientcare,long-termhealthcare,ophthalmology,anddentistry.Astochina,onlybasicmedicalinsuranceisavailableinsteadofactualtreatmentservices.Atlast,fundingforeachsystemisobviousnotalike,whichwillbediscussedfurther.Operatingpatterns:Britain:NHSconsistsoforganizationsatalllevels:publichospitals,allsortsofclinics,CommunityMedicalCenterandNursingHomeetc.TheseorganizationsworkforBritishpeople,concerningwithdailymedicalservices,withboththeconsultationandreservationfeenotrequired.Morespecifically,everybodyinBritaincanregisterwithalocalGP,namelyGeneralPractitioner,whoiswell-trainedinmedicalandcangiveadviceandtreatbasicillnesses.GPsarepaidbythegovernmentaccordingtohowmanytheirpatientstheyhave.Theirservicescomefreeofcharge.InBritain,SocialSecurityTax,asanincomeforgovernment,isleviedexclusivelyforNHS.82%ofNHSfundingcomesfromgovernmentfiscalallocation,12%fromNationalInsurancecontributions.OtherlesssignificantsourcesofincomeincludechargingoverseasvisitorsandtheirinsurersforthecostofNHStreatment,chargestopatientsforprescriptionsanddentaltreatment,hospitalcarparking,patienttelephoneservices,etc.China:TheBasicMedicalInsuranceFundisimplementedbythecombinationofunifiedsocialadjustmentandindividualaccount,meantimecollectedinprinciplebyprefecture-leveldepartment.AllemployersandemployeesincitesandtownsareobligedtopayfortheBasicMedicalInsuranceFund.Atpresent,theemployerswillpayforemployees5insurancebyextracting6%fromemployees5salary,andemployeespayforthemselvesby2%,whichwillbedepositedintoindividualaccount.While,themoneypaidbytheemployerswillbedividedintotwoparts:poolingfundandindividualaccount.Poolingfundhasastandardminimumandacostlimitation,mainlyfunctioningforhospitalizationexpensesandsomeofthechronic-diseasetreatmentfees.Individualaccountisresponsibleforgeneralout-patientexpenses.Comparison:PeopleintheUKcanreceiveequalmedicalcareinregardlessofpeople’ssocialstatuesorhowmuchmoneytheyhave.Inthisrespect,BritishhealthcaresystemisfarmorefairthanChina.But,thedrawbacksarecleartoo,inthatpublicsectorsoperatewitharelativelylowefficiency.Asaresult,peopleoftenhavetowaitforalongtimetoreceivetreatment.Atthesametime,medical-carepersonneldonotgetpaymentsequaltotheirlabor,mostofthetime,whichreducestheiractivityandenthusiasm.China’swayofoperating,insomeway,avoidstheseaforementionedproblems,buthaveotherbigissues:regionalimbalanceintermsofhealthcaredevelopment,insurancefundmalapportionedsoonandsoforth.Challenges:Britain:Primarily,TocontrolthefundinginanefficientwayisverydifficultforNHS.Over-supplywouldproduceaheavyburdenforthegovernment,whichisnotgoodforthesustainabilityofthesystem.Funding-deficiencywoulddamagethequalityoftheservices,whichwouldinducecomplainsfromcitizens.Atthemoment,UKisquiteascroogeinfunding,producinganumberofquiteexpectedtroubles,suchascanceledoperationsandpoornursingcare.Errorsbydoctorswhoareeithertoopressedfortimeorinadequatelyfundedarealsoagrowingproblem.Studiesindicateupto15percentofallpatientsinBritainarediagnosedincorrectlyorhaveailmentsthatareoverlooked.Finally,thequalityofcareisuneven,becauselocalauthoritiesdecidewhichmedicationsortreatmentsareavailable.China:Whatkindofhealthcareonewouldreceiverelatestohisprofession,wherehewasbornandwhatkindofofficeheisworkingfor:state-ownedorprivate.Inmyopinion,thisisnotasfairasBritain.Ican’tagreeanymorethatpeopleshallreceiveasmuchastheygive.But,inaworldeveryoneisseekingforhumanity,wealthypeopleshouldpaymoreandreceivethesameasthepoor.Thisisaindirectbutpositivewayfortherichtohelpthepoor.IthinkitisabigchallengeforChinatominimizetheclassifyingsectioninhealthcaresystem.Anotherbigchallengeliesinputting-cartbefore-the-horsephenomenoninthefunctionofadministrationsandenterprises.Enterpriseshavetoundertaketheiremployees’healthcareprocedures,whichshouldbehandledbytheadministrations.Asaresult,thedevelopmentoftheseenterprisesslowsdowngradually.Lastbutnotleast,distributionofhealthcareresourcesisunreasonable,soiscostburdenforeachperson.Thus,remoteareascannotenjoyaqualifiedmedicalservicemostofthetime.ThereisnojustificationtorankthesetwosystemsbecauseIamsurethateachhealthcaresystemisformulatedaccordingtoothersocialpatterns,l