2019年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（一）試題

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SectionIUseofEnglishdthefollowing.Choosethebests)forhnumberedkandA,,CorDoneR.(0TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones. ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodstaphone.Butphones_n,dsndiefasternwe._yougetlostwithoutaphoneora,dyou_can'tfindnorth,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate_tocivilization,oneofwhichtofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which_8_isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffresh9 ,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould__lQ_seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe 11 howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another :Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation. evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve___lLthewoods.Headtowardthese16__tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor 17 lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe 19 weleaveone.lblazes,tire,drcan_1Q_youtocivilization.[A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come[A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D]Until[A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally[A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away[A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone[A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar[A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place[A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides[A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually[A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused[A]problem [B]option [C]view [D]result[A]Aboveall [B]Incontrast [C]Onaverage [D]Forexample[A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate[A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under[A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks[A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited[A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D]Generally[A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings[A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]exposeSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.officialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecisionmaking,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations."Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism."Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.2AccordingtoParagraphonemotiveinimposingthenewruleistoenhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.[qbuildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.[D]guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate[A][B][q[D]ernments'impatienceindecision-making.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies."short-termism"ineconomic[A][B][q[D]Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbeindirect.adverse.[qminimal.[D]temporary.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustratetheobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.[qtheapproachestopromoting"long-termism".[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.[A][B][q[D]Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?Failureof[A][B][q[D]PatienceasaCorporateVirtueDecisivenessRequiredofExecutivesFrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAsaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallTheuseoflittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschoolpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."ThatisawayinsatisfiesownasForstatefundsaretiedpartlytoonasand-socan,bymeanAndanything-atendofday,are-feelgottenaforisbigforIndeed,gradeforgivenessisanotherthatuniversitiesrespondingconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.Students'indifferenceto[qColleges'neglectofGPAs.[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.2.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.[qTopreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.[D]Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.28.gtoParagraph5,essstoobtainmorefinancialsupport.boosttheirstudentenrollments.[qimprovetheirteaching[D]meetlocalgovernments'needs.9.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?Tocounterbalanceeachother.Tocomplementeachother.[qTobeidenticalwitheachother.[D]Tobecontradictorytoeachother.0.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyassessingitsfeasibility.analyzingthecausesbehindit.[qcomparingdifferentviewson[D]listingitslong-runeffects.Text3Thisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationof"Frankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,"byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.TodaythegrowthoffundamentalisorWhatmakes"Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision"todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7GooglenottoorAI"wouldcause"overallharm,"ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseitfascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.[qinvolvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.[D]hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.InEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousnesshelpsexplainartificialintelligence.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.[qinspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.[D]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehiclescanhardlyeverbefound.isstillbeyondourcapacity.[qcauseslittlepublicconcern.[D]hasarousedmuchcuriosity.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneofaffirmation.skepticism.[qcontempt.[D]respect.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsFrankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI[qTheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable[D]AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheCourt'sThursdayapairofthatstatessaidcostofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Themadeitmorefortosalestaxoncertainthecourtoverturnedifabusinessshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.AnthonyKennedythatwereflawed."EachyeartherulefurtherfromandinsignificantlossestoStates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourtofromonanrulingisavictoryforchainsapresenceinstates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision."[A][B][q[D]TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywillbetterbusinesses'relationswithstates.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.[A][B][q[D]37.Itnbedfroms2d3thatedhaveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.[qwerewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.[D]wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.3.gtoeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalerulehashinderedeconomicdevelopment.broughtprosperitytothe[qharmedfairmarketcompetition.[D]boostedgrowthinstates'revenue.9.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?Internetentrepreneurs.Big-chainowners.[qThird-partysellers.[D]Smallretailers.[A][B][q[D]0.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthorgivesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.[A][B][q[D]PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions445,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeeny.MarkyoursntheANSWERSHEET.(0points)[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdivideLeamingwhytheywithusandlearningtotalkworkwithIfweourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightortennistoathroughwealland-thenwechangetheverynatureofitmeansto''win"anargument.[BJOfcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefultoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.[qNoneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.[EJInhis19workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,Carnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.[_F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheyhelpyouwin-inoneway.[GJThereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,andIyell,neitherofusanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespectwenoforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowweunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.4.1-14.1-CIJ-14.1-14.1C1-145.PartCDirections:ReadthecarefullyandthentranslatetheintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterItowriteathejournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandth