2012年高考英語試卷解析精析-教師版

1201501卷（1-12頁）II卷（13頁13頁。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或?qū)懀ǚ沁x擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上第1 （共105分I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections：InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwo Atendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid. Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce. Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.A.Ata B.Ata C.Ata D.AtanA. B. C. D.A.Doctorand B.ShopownerandC.Secretaryand D.ReceptionistandA.Hewouldhavethrown$300 B.$300isnotenoughfortheC.Sandyshouldn'thavegiventhat D.DavemustbemadwiththeA.Shelivesclosetothe B.ShechangeshermindatC.Shewillturntoher D.Shedeclinestheman's D.A.Bothofthemdrinktoomuch B.Thewomandoesn'tLikecoffeeatC.Theyhelpeachotherstopdrinkingcoffee. D.Themanisuninterestedinthewoman'sA.Hedoesn't.mindhelthe B.HehesitateswhethertohelporC.He'llhelpifthewomandoesn't D.Hecan'thelpmovetheA.He'splanningtofindanew B.HepreferstokeephishouseinaC.He'stoobusytocleanhis D.HehasalreadycleanedhisnewA.Shedoesn'tagreewiththe B.SheisgoodatfindingaplacetoC.Shecouldhardlyfindthe D.ShehadnotravelexperienceinSectionDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedthreequestionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingA.Usethecompany's B.GiveorderstoC.Makedecisionsforthe D.ActasBigA.Employeesgainfull B. oneC.Employees'childrenare D.EmployeesenjoyworkingA.Reward. B.Safety. C.Trust. D.HonestyQuestions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassageA.Canadahadasmaller B.LandwascheaperinC.Theywantedtocontinuethe D.TheywereagainstA.TheystandardizedCanadian B.TheysettledthereaftertheC.Theyenjoyaveryhighsocialposition. D.TheymakeupasmallpartoftheA.Itisconsidereduniquetosome B.ItisgreatlyinfluencedbyC.ItismainlylinkedtoBritish D.Itdatesbacktothelate17thSectionDirections:InSectionC,youwillheartwolongerconversations.Theconversationswillbereadtwice.Afteryouheareachconversation,youarerequiredtofillinthenumberedblankswiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingCompletetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachans.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.passion,peoplewon'thavethemotivationorthejoynecessaryforcreativeA. B. C. D.【答案】【解析】考查介詞。句意：沒【解析】考查介詞。句意：沒 Ishonestythebestpolicy?We thatitiswhenweareA.will B. C.are D.willbe【答案】AsJacklefthismembershipcardathome,hewasn'tallowed intothesportsA. B.to C. D.【解析考查非謂語動詞【解析考查非謂語動詞allowsb.todo beallowedtodo ngsth.句意 Thenewlawstatesthatpeople_driveafterdrinkingA. B. C. D.Onlywiththegreatestofluck toescapefromtherisingfloodA.managed B.she C.didshe D.shedid【答案】?！窘馕觥靠疾榈寡b句。Only+。—IhearthatJasonisplanningtobuya—Iknow.Bynextmonth,he enoughforausedA.willhave B.willbe C.has D.Whenhetookhisglovesoff,Inoticed onehadhisnamewrittenA. B. C. D.【答案】eachIhaveatightbudgetforthetrip,soI'mnotgoingtofly_ theairlineslowerticketA. B. C. D.【答案】WhenPeterspeaksinpublichealwayshas _therightthingstoa.A.thinking B.tothink C.thought D.think 【答案】【解析】考查非謂語動詞。havetrouble(in) ng的結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：大庭廣眾之下 Thereismuchtruthintheidea kindnessisusuallyservedbyA. B. C. D.Haveyousentthank-younotestotherelativesfrom _youreceivedA. B. C. D.【答案】【解析考查定語從句介詞+關(guān)系代詞中只能用which或whom根據(jù)先行詞是relatives(親戚)whom。fromwhom=andfromthem。句意：你從親戚那兒收到了禮Theclub, _25yearsago,isholdingapartyforpastandpresentA. B. C.being D.tobe【答案】部正在為新老會員舉 【解析】考查非謂語動詞。founded=whichwasfounded部正在為新老會員舉 —Wasitbycuttingdown _shesavedthe—No,itwasbyimprovingworkA. B. C. D.【答案】不是只有通過裁員她才能拯不是只有通過裁員她才能拯救公 運？—不是，要通過提高工作效率來—We'veonlygotthissmallbookcase.Willthat—No, _IamlookingforissomethingmuchbiggerandA. B. C. D."Genius"isacomplicatedconcept, _manydifferent【答案】B【答案】BThemapisoneofthebesttoolsamanhas _hegoestoanewA. B. C. D.【答案】anewplaceBC選項。很顯他使用的最好的工具之一。他使用的最好的工具之一。Section Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.maintained B.serious C.indications D.figures F.concern Gcrisis H.decided I.available Filmgoersshouldbetoldhowmanycaloriesthereareinthepopcorn,icecreamandsoftdrinksthattheybuyincinemas,accordingtotheFoodStandardAgency.Smallerpopcornbucketsanddrinkcupsshouldalsobemade ,thenutritioninspectorTimSmith,chiefexecutiveoftheagency,toldTheTimesthatcinemasshouldhelptodealwiththecountry'soverweight "Thereisamisbeliefthatpopcorniscalorie-free,butthatisnotthecase.Itis tous,"hesaid."Portionsizesarealsoabigissue,andthereseemstobeincreasinglybigpacksonHespokeasanumberoffoodchainssuchasPretAManger,WimpeyandTheReal toputcaloriecountsonall scheme thatconsumersalteredtheirbuyinghabitswhentheyrealizedthenumberofcaloriesinaAconsultation(征詢意見)onthetrialendsnextmonthbutMr.SmithisalreadyplanningtheseconddriveforAmerican-stylecaloriecountsandis46towinsupportfromcinemasandotherentertainmentplaces,fromfootballgroundstoconcerthalls.ernment47suggestthattwothirdsofadultsandathirdofchildrenareoverweight.Iftrendsarenot48,thiscouldrisetoalmostnineintenadultsandtwothirdsofchildrenby2050,puttingthemat49riskofheartdisease,cancerandotherIII.ReadingComprehensionSectionA ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD. Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.PeopleonacollegecampusweremorelikelytogivemoneytotheMarchofDimesiftheywereaskedforadonationbyadisabledwomaninawheelchairthanifaskedbyanondisabledwoman.Inanother50,subwayridersinNewYorksawamancarryingastick（絆腳）andfalltothefloor.Sometimesthevictimhadalargeredbirthmarkonhis51;sometimeshedidnot.Inthissituation,thevictimwasmorelikelyto52aidifhisfacewasspotlessthanifhehadanunattractivebirthmark.In53theseandotherresearchfindings,twothemesare54:wearemorewillingtohelppeoplewelikeforsomereasonandpeoplewethink_55_assistance.Insomesituations,thosewhoarephysicallyattractivearemorelikelytoreceiveaid.56,inafieldstudyresearchersplacedacompletedapplicationtograduateschoolinaephoneboxattheairport.Theapplicationwasreadytobe57,buthadapparentlybeen"lost".Thephotoattachedtotheapplicationwassometimesthatofavery58 andsometimesthatofalessattractive .Themeasureofhelwaswhethertheindividualwhofoundtheenvelopeactuallymaileditornot.Resultsshowedthatpeopleweremorelikelyto59theapplicationifthe inthephotowasphysicallyattractive.Thedegreeof_60betweenthepotentialhelperand inneedisalsoForexample,peoplearemorelikelytohelpastrangerwhoisfromthesamecountryratherthanaforeigner.Inonestudy,shoppersonabusystreetinScotlandweremorelikelytohelpawearinga(n) wearingaT-shirtprintedwithoffensiveWhethera receiveshelpdependsinpartonthe"worth"ofthecase.Forexample,shoppersinasupermarketweremorelikelytogivesomeone62_tobuymilkratherthantobuys,probablybecausemilkisthoughtmoreessentialfor63thans.PassengersonaNewYorksubwayweremorelikelytohelpamanwhofelltothegroundifheappearedtobe64ratherthanA. B. C. D.【答案】里實在 【解析】通過上下文特別是“In53theseandotherresearchfindings里實在 A. B. C. D.【答案】【解析】通過下文“thevictimwasmorelikelyto aidifhisfacewasspotless”知道A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.【答案】A. B. C. D.【答案】A. B. C. D.【答案】A.At B.Above C.In D.For【答案】Insomesituationsthosewhoarephysicallyattractivearemorelikelytoreceiveaid.在某種情況下，那些長得漂亮的人更有可能接受到幫助”提出了觀A. B. C. D.【答案】【解析】根據(jù)下文“Themeasureofhelwaswhethertheindividualwhofoundtheenvelopeactuallymaileditornot.”可知答案。A. B.good- C. D.hard-【答案】【解析】與下文提到的“aless ”形成對比A.send B.throw C.fill D.turn【答案】（A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D.【答案】【答案】 A. B. C. D.【答案】這個話題所舉的例子。根據(jù)下文“tobuymilkratherthantobuy A. B. C. D.【答案】A. B. C. D.【答案】【答案】【解析】人們更傾向于幫 SectionDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustPhilWhitehasjustreturnedfroman18,000- ,around-the-worldbicycletrip.Whitehadtworeasonsformakingthisepicjourney.Firstofall,hewantedtousethetriptoraisemoneyforcharity,whichhedid.Heraised￡70,000fortheBritishcharity,Oxfam.White'ssecondreasonformakingthetripwastobreaktheworldrecordand ethefastest tocyclearoundtheworld.Heisstillwaitingtofindoutifhehasbrokentherecordornot.WhitesetofffromTrafalgarSquare,inLondon,on19thJune2004andwasback299later.Hespentmorethanl,300hoursinthesaddle（車座）anddestroyedfoursetsoftyresandthreebikechains.HehadtheadventureofhislifecrossingEurope,theMiddleEast,,Asia,Australia,NewZealandandtheAmericas.Amazingly,hedidallofthiswithabsoluynosupportteam.Nojeepcarryingfood,waterandmedicine.Nodoctor.Nothing!Justabikeandavery,verylongroad.Thejourneywaslonelyanddesperateattimes.Healsohadtofighthiswayacrossdeserts,throughjunglesandovermountains.Hecycledthroughheavyrainsandtemperaturesofupto45degrees,alltohelppeopleinneed.Therewereotherdangersalongtheroad.InIran,hewaschasedbyarmedrobbersandwasluckytoescapewithhislifeandthelittlemoneyhehad.TheworstthingthathappenedtohimwashavingtocycleintoaheadwindonaroadthatcrossesthesouthofAustralia.Forl,000kilometreshebattledagainstthewindthatwasconstantlypushinghim.Thispartofthetripwasslow,hardworkanddepressing,buthemadeitintheend.NowMr.Whiteisbackandintendstowriteabookabouthisadventures.WhenPhilWhitereturnedfromhistrip, broketheworld B.collectedmoneyforC.destroyedseveral D.travelledaboutl,300【答案】【解析】細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)“Heraised￡70,000fortheBritishcharityOxfam.”直接得到答Whatdoestheword"epic"inParagraphlmostprobablyVeryslowbut B.VerylongandC.Verysmoothbut D.VerylonelyandDuringhisjourneyaroundtheworld,PhilWhite foughtheroicallyagainstrobbersinIran B.experiencedtheextremesofheatandC.managedtorideagainstthewindinAustralia D.hadateamofpeoplewhotravelledwithWhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribePhilA. B. C. D.【答案】國的；謙虛的；堅定（堅決）PhilWhite終于成功完成這次漫長、艱難而又的旅程，說明他意志非常堅定。Thevalue-packed,all-inclusivesight-seeingpackagethatcombinesthebestofSydney'sharbour,city,bayandbeachASydneyPassgivesyouunlimitedandflexibletravelontheExplorerBusesthe'red'SydneyExplorershowsyouaroundourexcitingcitysightswhilethe'blue'BondiExplorervisitsSydneyHarbourbaysandfamousbeaches.Taketothewaterononeofthreemagnificentdailyharbourcruises(游船).YoucanalsotravelfreeonregularSydneyBuses,SydneyFerriesorCityRailservices(limitedarea),soyoucangotoeverycornerofthisbeautifulcity.ImaginebrowsingatDarlingHarbour,samplingthefamousseafoodatWatsonsBayorenjoyingthecitylightsonaneveningferrycruise.ThepossibilitiesandplansareendlesswithaSydneyPass.Whereveryoudecidetogo,rememberthatbookingsarenotrequiredonanyofourservicessoticketsaretreatedonafirstin,firstseatedbasis.SydneyPassesareavailablefor3,5or7daysforuseovera7calendardayperiod.Witha3or5daypassyouchooseonwhichdaysoutofthe7youwanttouseit.AllSydneyPassesincludeafreeAirportExpressinwardtripbeforestartingyour3,5or7days,andLhereturntripisvalid(育效的)for2monthsfromthefirstdayyourticketwasused.SydneyPass*Achildisdefinedasanyonefromtheagesof4yearstounder16years.Childrenunder4yearstravelfree.**Afamilyisdefinedas2adultsandanynumberofchildrenfrom4tounder16yearsofagefromthesamefamily.ASydneyPassdoesn’tofferunlimitedridestheExplorer B.theharbourC.regularSydney D.CityRail【答案】【解析】細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)“CityRailserviceslimitedarea)WithaSydneyPass,atraveller savefaresfromandtothe B.taketheSydneyExplorertoC.enjoythefamousseafoodfor D.reserveseatseasilyina【答案】If5-dayticketsweretobe mendedtoamotherwhotravelledwithhercolleagueandherchildren,aged3,6and10,whatwouldthelowestcostA. B. C. D.ResearchersinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles(UCLA)havediscoveredamajordifferenceinthewaymenandwomenrespondtostress.Thisdifferencemayexplainwhymenaremorelikelytosufferfromstress-relateddisorders.Untilnow,psychologicalresearchhasmaintainedthatbothmenandwomenhavethesame"fight-or-flight"reactiontostress.Inotherwords,individualseitherreactwithaggressivebehavior,suchasverbalorphysical("fight"),ortheyreactbywithdrawingfromthestressfulsituation("flight").However,theUCLAresearchteamfoundthatmenandwomenhavequitedifferentbiologicalandbehavioralresponsestostress.Whilemenoftenreacttostressinthefight-or-flightresponse,womenoftenhaveanotherkindofreactionwhichcouldbecalled"tendandbefriend."Thatis,theyoftenreacttostressfulconditionsbyprotectingandnurturingtheiryoung("tend"),andbylookingforsocialcontactandsupportfromothers-especiallyotherScientistshavelongknownthatinthefight-or-flightreactiontostress,animportantroleisplayedbycertainhormones(澈素)releasedbythebody.TheUCLAresearchteamsuggeststhatthefemaletend-or-befriendresponseisalsobasedonahormone.Thishormone,calledoxytocin,hasbeenstudiedinthecontextofchildbirth,butnowitisbeingstudiedforitsroleintheresponseofbothmenandwomentostress.Theprincipalinvestigator,Dr.SeyE.Taylor,explainedthat"animalsandpeoplewithhighlevelsofoxytocinarecalmer,morerelaxed,moresocial,andlessanxious."Whilemenalsosecrete(分泌)oxytocin,itseffectsarereducedbymalehormones.Intermsofeverydaybehavior,theUCLAstudyfoundthatwomenarefarmorelikelymentoseeksocialcontactwhentheyarefeelingstressed.Theymayphonerelativesorfriends,oraskdirectionsiftheyarelost.Thestudyalsoshowedhowfathersandmothersrespondeddifferentlywhentheycamehometotheirfamilyafterastressfuldayatwork.Thetypicalfatherwantedtobeleftalonetoenjoysomepeaceandquiet.Foratypicalmother,cowithabaddayatworkmeantfocusingherattentiononherchildrenandtheirneeds.Thedifferencesinrespondingtostressmayexplainthefactthatwomenhavelowerfrequencyofstress-relateddisorderssuchashighbloodpressureoraggressivebehavior.Thetend-and-befriendregulatory(調(diào)節(jié)的)systemmayprotectwomenagainststress,andthismayexplainwhywomenonaveragelivelongerthanmen.TheUCLAstudyshowsthatinresponsetostress,menaremorelikelythanwomen turntofriendsfor B.solveaC.findanescapefrom D.seekcomfortfromWhichofthefollowingistrueaboutoxytocinaccordingtotheMenhavethesamelevelofoxytocinaswomenOxytocinusedtobestudiedinbothmenandBothanimalsandpeoplehavehighlevelsofOxytocinhasmoreofaneffectonwomenthanon【答案】的影響為 所降低。由此推出答案D項的影響為 所降低。由此推出答案D項WhatcanbelearnedfromtheMalehormoneshelpbuildupthe toInafamilyamothercaresmoreaboutchildrenthanafatherBiologicaldifferencesleadtodifferentbehavioralresponsestoTheUCLAstudywasdesignedtoconfirmpreviousresearch【答案】WhichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleoftheHowmenandwomengetoverHowmenandwomensufferfromHow estressHowresearchershandlestress-relatedSectionDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandchoosethemostsuitableheadingfromA-Fforeachparagraph.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneed.WhenachildshouldlearntoWhyitisfuntoteachachildWhatifachildhasreadingHowyouprepareayoungchildforWhatisthebestwaytoteachachildadngWhetherreadingearlypromiseslaterachievementsLearningtoreadearlyhas eoneofthoseindicators-inparents'mindsatleast–thattheirchildissmart.Infact,readingearlyhasverylittletodowithwhetherachildissuccessfulacademically.Researchhasshownthatdifficultywithreadingisoftenduenottoinferiorinligencebuttodifferencesinthedevelopmentalwiringofeachindividualchild.Insomecases,thereareneurologicalproblemsanddevelopmentallagsthatcanbe ewithproper【答案】【解析】根據(jù)第二句話“Infact,readingearlyhasverylittletodowithwhetherachildisTraditionally,Americanschoolsteachchildrenatagesix,butmanyschoolsbeginteachinginformallyinkindergartenandpre-kindergarten.Ifparentsstarttooearlytoencouragereading,andachilddoesnotimmediaysucceed,theparenthasahardtimerelaxingandlettingthechildgoathisorherownpace.【答案】Overtheyears,researchhasprovedthattheuseofboththe“wholelanguage"methodandthe"phonic"methodworksbestforachildtomasterreading.Whilethewholelanguageapproach,whichincludesreadingtochildrenandgettingtheminterestedinboththeactivityofreadingandthestorytheyarereading,ishelpful,phonicsmustbetaught.Childrenmustbetaughtthatoneofthesquigglestheyseeisa"p"andanothera"b".Gettingtheprintoffthepagerequiresadifferentabilitythanbeingabletounderstandthemeaningofwhatiswritten.【答案】Youcanstartdevelotheskillsneededinreadingataveryyoungagewithoutputtinganypressureonchildren.Besidesreadingtothem,parentscanstart"eartraining"theirchildbyplayingrhymegames.Thisdevelopsthechild'sabilitytorecognizedifferentsounds.Inreadingtochildren,parentsalsocanpointtowordsastheygo,teachingthechildthatthefunnylinesonthepagearethewordsyouaresaying.Allthisshouldbeafunactivity.【答案】’Onceachildisinschool,thelearningofreadingisinevitablymoreserious.Forchildrenwhohavesomekindofreadingdifficulty,youmustgetaprofessionaldiagnosis.Whiletheteachermightsaythechildismerelydisinterestedbutwillgetoverit,disinterestorpoorperformanceinreadingcanstemfromanumberofthings,somebeingveryspecificlearningdisabilitiesthatcanbeidentifiedandworkedon.Butitisverytrickyforparentstodealwiththeirownchild'slearningSectionDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Whilecontactbetweenadolescents(betweentheagesoffifteenandnineteen)andtheirpeers(同齡人)isauniversalcharacteristicofallculturesthenatureandthedegreeofsuchcontactvaryagreatdeal.InAmericancontemporarysociety,adolescentsspendmuchmoretimewiththeirpeersthanwithyoungerchildrenoradults.Thispatternofagesegregation()inAmericansocietydidnot eusualuntilthebeginningoftheindustrializedsociety.Changesintheworkplaceseparatedchildrenfromadults,withadultsworkingandchildrenattendingschool.Thedramaticincreaseofmothersintheworkplacehasfurthercontributedtothereductionintheamountoftimeadolescentsspendwithadults.Schoolreformeffortsduringthenineteenthcentury,whichresultedinage-segregatedschoolsandgrades,havereducedtheamountoftimeadolescentsspendwithyoungerchildren.Finally,thechangesinpopulationareconsideredafactorthatmayhavecontributedtotheemergenceofadolescentpeerculture.From1955t01975,theadolescentpopulationincreaseddramatically,from11percentt020.9percent.Thisincreaseinthenumberofadolescentsmightbeacontributingfactortotheincreaseinadolescentpeercultureintermsofgrowthinsize.Researchsupportstheviewthatadolescentsspendagreatdealoftimewiththeirpeers.ReedLarsonandhiscolleaguesexaminedadolescents'dailyactivitiesandfoundthattheyspendmoretimetalkingtotheirfriendsthanengaginginanyotheractivity.Inatypicalweek,highschoolstudentswillspendtwiceasmuchtimewiththeirpeersaswithadults.Thisgradualwithdrawalfromadultsbeginsinearlyadolescence.Lnsixthgrade,adults(excludingparents)accountforonly25percentofadolescentsocialnetworks.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofadolescentpeercultureisitsincreasinglyautonomous(自治的)function.Whilechildhoodpeergroupsareconductedundertheclosesupervisionofparents,adolescentpeergroupstypicallymakeanefforttoescapeadultsupervisionandusuallysucceedinngso.(Note:Answert.hequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANEIGHT"Thispatternofagesegregation"referstothephenomenonthatadolescentssegregatethemselvesfrom【答案】youngerchildrenand【解析】根據(jù)第一段中“adolescentsspendmuchmoretimewiththeirpeersthanwithyoungerchildrenor 的時間和同齡人在一起而不是比還小的孩子或成人Besideschangesintheworkplace, aretheothertwofactorscontributingtoadolescentpeerculture.Whendoadolescentsstarttospendlesstimewith【答案】Inearly【解析】根據(jù)第三段中“Thisgradualwithdrawalfromadultsbeginsinearlyadolescence.”Howdoadolescentpeergroupsdifferfromchildhoodpeer【答案】Theyhavelessclosesupervisionofparents/Theymanagetoescapeadultsupervision/theyareincreasinglyWhilechildhoodpeergroupsareconductedundertheclosesupervisionofparents,adolescentpeergroupstypicallymakean