初中英語語法-現(xiàn)在完成時講解以及練習(xí)題講義

現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)語法講解和習(xí)題鞏固1.構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時是由助動詞have(has)+動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動詞have(has)表明事情發(fā)生于現(xiàn)在。它和主語的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過去分詞在句子中做謂語，說明句子的含義。用法(1)動作發(fā)生在過去某個不確定的時間，但對現(xiàn)在有某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet等副詞修飾。如：Haveyouhadlunchyet?-Yes,Ihave.I'vejusthadit.你(已經(jīng))吃午飯了嗎？我剛剛吃過。(現(xiàn)在我不餓了表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。這個動作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。如：Hehastaughtheresince2011.他自2011年就在這兒教書。(可能還要繼續(xù)教)Ihave'tseenherforfouryears.我有四年沒見到她了。since和for的區(qū)別since后接時間點，如8:00，lastterm,yesterday,3daysagofor后接一段時間，表示“長達多久”，如oneyear,twodays,alongtime等。Exercise:用since和for填空1.JimhasbeeninIrelandMonday.2.JillhasbeeninIrelandthreedays.HisaunthaslivedinAustralia5days.4.Maryisinheroffice.Shehasbeenthere7o'clock.Indiahasbeenanindependentcountry1974.Thebusislate.They'vebeenwaiting20minutes.Nobodylivesinthosehouses.Theyhavebeenemptymanyyears.Mikehasbeenillalongtime.HehasbeeninhospitalOctober.表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗，一般譯為漢語“過”，常帶有twice,ever,never,threetimes等時間狀語。如：IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.我去過北京二次?，F(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語(1)現(xiàn)在完成時屬于現(xiàn)在時范圍，故不能和過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday,lastSunday,in1990,threeyearsago等。但是，在強調(diào)動作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時，可以和一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用。a.用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑問句中。如：Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。Theyhaven'tfinishedtheirhomeworkyet他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。用ever和never。多用于否定或疑問句中，表示噌經(jīng)”或“從未“等。如：-HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall?你曾經(jīng)去過長城嗎？-IhaveneverbeentotheGreatWall.我從未去過長城。用表示到說話為止的過去時間狀語，如just,before,thepastfewyears等。例如：Ihaveseenherbefore,butIcannotrememberwhere.我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。Hehasbeentherethreetimesthelastfewdays.近幾年他去過那里三次了。用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時間狀語，如：now,today,thismorning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Haveyoumethimtoday?-No,Ihaven't.今天你見過他嗎？我沒有。Howmanytimeshaveyoubeentherethisyear?今年你去過那里多少次？(2)現(xiàn)在完成時可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時間”的狀語連用，表示動作或狀態(tài)從某一時刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如:Ihaven'tseenhimfortwoyears.Shehasworkedinthefactoryfor5year.但是，像come,arrive,buy等終止性動詞不能與表示“一段時間”的狀語連用。要用，必須改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞來表述。

表示短暫意義的動詞如arrive,leave,borrow,buy,begin,start,die等,在完成時當(dāng)中不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用,因為它們表示的動作不可能持續(xù)。因此，不能說：Hehascomeherefor2weeks.xTheoldmanhasdiedfor4years.xTheyhaveleftonlyfor5minutes.x以上三句話可以改為：Hehasbeenherefor2weeks.Theoldmanhasfor4years.Theyhaveonlyfor5minutes.現(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動詞到延續(xù)性動詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：直接用延續(xù)性動詞buy—have；catch(get)acold—haveacold；borrow—keep；become—be；puton--wear2?轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞jointhearmy—beasoldier；jointheParty-beaPartymember；gotoschool-beastudent3轉(zhuǎn)換成be+形容詞或副詞die—bedead；finish-beover；begin—beon；leave—beaway；fallsleep-beasleepclose—beclosedcometo/goto/arriveat(in)+某地一bein(at)+某地finishfbeoveropenfbeopen4?轉(zhuǎn)換成be+介詞短語gotoschool—beinschool；getup_beup；如：Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears.他參軍三年了。Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父親去世二年了。Thefilm,hasbeenonfortenminutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。Wehavealreadystudied一Englishforthreeyears.我們已經(jīng)學(xué)英語三年了。4?現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時都表示在過去完成的動作。但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等,而一般過去時只表示動作在過去某一時刻發(fā)生,不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較：Ihavelostmynewbook.我把新書丟了。(現(xiàn)在還未找到)Ilostmynewbookyesterday.我昨天把新書丟了。(昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否沒說明)5?幾點注意事項havebeen(to)與havegone(to)的區(qū)別：havebeen(to)表示“去過某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了)”，可用于各人稱；havegone(to)表示“去某地了(說話時某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once,never,manytimes等連用，后者則不能。如:TheyhavebeentoBeijingtwice.他們曾去過北京兩次。HehasgonetoBeijing.他已經(jīng)去北京了。如單純表示一段時間，或強調(diào)一段時間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時。如:Itistwoyearssincehisfatherdied.=Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears他父親去世已有三年了。一、單項選擇C.beeninC.fiveyearsagoC.hadhadD.joinedinD.fiveyearsbeforeD.hasborrowedD.askedalreadyD.sinceaweekagoC.studiedC.beeninC.fiveyearsagoC.hadhadD.joinedinD.fiveyearsbeforeD.hasborrowedD.askedalreadyD.sinceaweekagoC.studiedD.havestudiedWehavebeenfriendssince.A.childrenB.fiveyearsMikethestoryforamonth.A.hasboughtB.hashadYouthatquestionthreetimes.A.alreadyaskedB.havealreadyaskedC.alreadyhaveaskedThoseforeignfriendsleftGuangzhou.A.sincelastweekB.aweekagoC.foraweekIatthisschoolfortwoyears.A.amstudyingB.study7.Theyinthecitysincelastsummer.A.liveB.didn'tliveC.havelivedD.live8.Mrs.WanghaslivedinHaikou1992.A.since9.Mr.BlackChinasincethesummerof1998.A.hasbeentoB.hasbeeninC.hascometoB.fromC.afterD.cametoD.inC.diedD.diesD.didn'tgo,seesHisfatherforyears.A.hasdiedB.hasbeendeadC.diedD.diesD.didn'tgo,seesMarytoseethefilmsbecausesheittwice.A.won'tgo,sawB.won'tgo,willseeC.won'tgo,hasseenyouEngland?Yes,itabeautifulcountry.A.Will,goneto,wasB.Have,beento,isC.Had,beento,isD.Have,goneto,isyoutoBeijing?No,I.Ithereearlynextmonth.A.Have,been,haven't,amgoingB.Had,been,hadn't,amgoingC.Have,gone,haven't,wasgoingD.Did,go,didn't,wasgoing---YousistertoLondontostudyEnglish.Isthattrue?---Yes,she___therefortwomonths.A.hasbeen,hasbeenB.willgo,hasgoneC.gone,willbeD.hasgone,hasbeen42.Hissisterherhometownforthreeyears.She'llreturnnextyear．A．leftB．hasleftC．hasbeenawayD．hasbeenawayfrom以適當(dāng)形式填空Ialready(see)thefilm.I(see)itlastweek.he(finish)hisworktoday?Notyet.you(be)toHongKong?Yes,I(be)theretwice.youever(eat)chocolatesundaes?No,never.Myfatherjust(come)backfromwork.Heistirednow.Where'sLiMing?He(go)totheteacher'soffice.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(每空一詞)。IhavebeentoMacaubefore.(改為否定句)IbeentoMacaubefore.Hehasn'tcometoschoolbecausehe'sill(就劃線部分提問)hecometoschool?3.HehaslearnedEnglishfor5years.(就劃線部分提問)learnedEnglish?WebegantolearnEnglishthreeyearsago.(改為同義句)WeEnglishthreeyearsHehaslivedheresince1999.(就劃線部分提問)hehere?Theyhavealreadyfinishedthework.(否定)Theythework.Myfathergottheretwodaysago.(同義句)Myfatherfortwodays.Mr.LibegantoteachEnglishinthisschoolin1999.（同義句）Mr.LiEnglishinthisschoolsince1999.Thefactoryopenedtenyearsago.（同義句）Thefactoryfortenyears.Theyhavecleanedtheroomtwicethisweek.（就劃線部分提問）theytheclassroomthisweek?MyfatherwenttoEnglandin2003and2005.（同義句）MyfatherEngland.JohnleftBeijingthreeyearsago.（同義句）JohnBeijingthreeyears.Hiscompanyopenedin2013.（同義句）Hiscompany2013.Myfatherboughtthecarhalfayearago.（同義句）Myfatherthecarhalfayear.Wegottoknoweachotherforabout15years.（同義句）Weeachotherabout15years.Thefilmbegantenminutesago.（同義句）Thefilmfortenminutes.