andSeaking如何寫說服性短文和進行演講

EffectivePersuasioninWritingandSpeaking

LearningObjectivesAfterthissession,youshouldbeableto…Distinguishbetweenpersuasivewritingandotherwritingtypessuchasexposition.Useasetofpersuasivedevicesandevaluateothers’writingandspeakingcriticallyinlightofsuchdevices.Speakandwritereasonablyandlogicallythrougheffectivepersuasion.Persuasivelyargueabouttopicsrelevanttodailylife,academicpursuit,careerandothercontexts.Writeapersuasivepoemforpublic-serviceannouncements.ModesofWritingExposition1Persuasion/Argumentation2Description3Narration4Communicationsmaybedividedintofour

modes(types).Theyarethebasicwritingtypes.Toexplainorinform

ToconvinceorpersuadeTocreateinwordsapictureofaperson,place,object,orfeelingTotellastoryorrecountaneventWhatisPersuasiveWriting?Definition:Inapersuasiveessay,…

youmusttakeapositioneitherfororagainstsomething;Youarewritingtoconvinceyourreadertobelieveordosomething;Inotherwords,therewillbeacalltoactioninapersuasiveessay.

Significanceofpersuasion"Menarenotgovernedbyjustice,butbylaworpersuasion.Whentheyrefusetobegovernedbylaworpersuasion,theyhavetobegovernedbyforceorfraud,orboth."

-BernardShawLead-inTask1(1minute)

WhentoPersuadeanAudienceDirections:Canyouthinkofotherpersuasivecontexts?Workingroups.Findoutasmanysituationsasyoucanwhereyouneedtopersuadeothers.

E.g.Youpersuadeyourteachernevertogivehomeworkagain.Youpersuadeyourmomtoletyouwearahairstyleshedoesn’tlike.Youpersuadeyourfriendtojoinanassociationwithyou.OutlineofaPersuasiveEssay

IntroductionBodyparagraphs

Opposingviewandcounterargument

Developoneparagraphtoaccuratelyexplainthemostsignificantopposingviewandthenrefuteit,beforeorafterpresentingyoursupportingpoints.Conclusion-Creativelyrestateyourmainidea.

PersuasiveStrategies

inSpeakingandWriting1.UnderstandyourAudience2.Buildcommonground3.Predicttheopposingviewsandcreateastrongcounterargumenttorefutethem4.SupportyourperspectivewithreliablesourcesUnderstandYourAudienceRelateyouraudiencetoyourtopic.Appealtotheirheartsaswellastheirminds.Useanecdoteswhenappropriate.PaintyourtopicinwithplentyofdetailsappealtoreasonappealtoemotionEstablishcommongroundwithyouraudienceE.g.PointofOpposition:Youmightsupportawar,whereasyouraudiencemightnot.Commonground:Bothsideswanttoseetheirtroopscomehome.E.g.Tofavortuitionincreaseintheuniversity––anunpopularviewpointwiththeaudience.Asweallknow,therearemanydifferencesamongthepeopleinthisuniversity.Butregardlessofage,major,background,orgoals,weallshareonethingincommon––weareallconcernedwiththequalityofeducationinuniversity.Andthatqualityisclearlyindanger.Becauseofbudgetreductions,facultysalarieshavefallenbelowthoseatcomparableuniversities,libraryhourshavebeencutback,andmoreandmorestudentsarebeingcrowdedoutofclassestheyneedtotake.Whetherwelikeitornot,wehaveaproblem––aproblemthataffectseachofus.Iwouldliketodiscusswhetherthisproblemcanbesolvedbyanincreaseintuition.PredictopposingviewsYoumustbeawareofothersidesandbefairtothem;dismissingthemcompletelywillweakenyourownargument.Example:YourArgument:Organicproduce(有機農(nóng)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品)fromlocalFarmers’’Marketsisbetterthanstore-boughtproduce.TheOpposition:Organicproduceistooexpensive.CreateaStrongCounterargument:Organicproduceishigherinnutritionalvaluethanstore-boughtproduceandisalsofreeofpesticides,makingitabettervalue.Also,store-boughtproducetravelsthousandsofmiles,andthecostofgasolineaffectsthepricesoffoodonsupermarketshelves.UsingtransitionstoacknowledgeoppositionUsetransitionalwordsorphrasestomakeconcessionbeforerefutingtheopposingview:Certainly/Ofcourse/Nodoubt/TobesureAdmittedly,Granted,althoughit'struetosaythatwhileit'sfairtosaywhileIagreethatAdmittedly,itisdifficult,butitisn’timpossible.Granted,it'snotapleasantjob,butithastobedone.Followedbywhatyouagreewith,thenwhatyoudon'tagreewith,oracontrastingidea)SupportYourPerspectivewithReliableSourcesBuildcredibility/Ethos(Aristotle’’sterm)Useevidence(logos)fromcrediblesourcesEsp.statisticsandreputablestudies-Appealtotheaudience’’sreasonQuestion:Whichoneofthefollowingstatements(imaginary)ismorecredible?“Withintenyears,changesintechnologywillmaketoday’’spersonalcomputersseemhopelesslyold-fashioned.””(BillGates)“Personalcomputersarenotlikelytobemuchdifferentintenyearsthantheyaretoday.”(ZhangYimou)“Despitechangesinaudiencevalues,therewillalwaysbeamarketforwell-madekungfufilms.”(ZhangYimou)“Thereisnolongerasignificantmarketforkungfufilms.”(BillGates)17Evidenceinclude:personalexperience(narration,anecdote)hypotheticalexamplesresearchandstudiesstatisticspeertestimonyexperttestimonyDifferenttypesofevidenceCiteReliableSourcesWhichpersonwouldareaderbemorelikelytobelieve?--JoeSmithfromFortWayne,IN--Dr.SusanWorth,Prof.ofCriminology(犯罪學學)atPurdueUniversityOrganizingpersuasivespeechesFourspecialpatternstoorganizepersuasivespeeches:1)Problem-solutionorder2)Problem-cause-solutionorder3)Comparativeadvantagesorder4)MotivatedsequenceItistailor-madeforpersuasivespeechesthatseekimmediateaction.MotivatedSequence––FiveStepsAttention:Gaintheattentionofyouraudience.Need:Maketheaudiencefeelaneedforchange.Satisfaction:Satisfytheneedbyprovidingasolutiontotheproblem.Visualization:Showvividlyhowmuchbetterconditionswillbeonceyourplanisadopted.Action:Callforaction(whattodo,andhowtodoit).ORGANDONATION(Samplepersuasiveessay)InputreadingLadiesandgentlemen,todayIamheretosharewithyoumyviewsonorgandonation,inthehopethatyouwilltakethemonboard(接受)andgivesomeonetheultimategiftafteryouhaveleftthisearth-thegiftoflife.thesisstatementidentifyyouraudienceattentionLadiesandgentlemen,atthismomentintheUSthereare79,000U.Spatientsonthetransplant(移植)waitinglist.Threethousandamonthareaddedtothistotal.Notalotyoumaysaywhenthepopulationisclosetothreehundredmillion,butnowaddtwentytothirtyfamilyandfriendstoeachpatient,andthenumberincreasesvastly(極大地).usestatisticspredictopposingviewscreateastrongcounterargumentAppealtothereaders’heartsneedEverydaybetween16and17peoplediewhilst(=while)waitingforatransplant.Againyoumaysaynotalot-butintheaveragemans’lifetimethedeathtoll(死亡人數(shù)））is1,980,160-almosttwomillionpeople.Ladiesandgentlemenyoucanhelp.Bydonatingyourvitalorgansafteryouhavepassedaway(去世)youcansavelives.Forthemoresentimentalofyou,ofthe79,000patientswaitingforatransplant,over10percentofthesearechildrenunder18yearsofage.appealtothereaders’heartsusestatisticsrelateyouraudiencetoyourtopicpredictopposingviewscreateastrongcounterargumentSo,howcanyouhelp?Allyouhavetodoisgetintouchwithyourlocaldoctorandhewilltellyouallyouneedtoknow.Youfilloutoneform,andreceiveacard;itreallyisthateasy.Then,onceyouhavepassedawayinmanyyearstocome,yourorganswillberemovedandwillgivesomebodyelsethechanceoflife.Afteratransplantofavitalorgan,theaveragesurvivalrate（存活率））isover80%.Amassiveincreasefromthe20%thatwouldlivewithoutthesurgery.usestatisticsrelateyouraudiencetoyourtopicsatisfactionvisualizationSomepeopleworry.Willtheybeleftopenafterthesurgeryastheyarealreadydead,orwilltheystillbeabletohaveanopencasket(棺材)funeral?Theanswerstothesearesimple.Youwillbetreatedwiththeupmost(最大的)respectinthesurgeryandthesameproceduresapplyto(適用于)thebodyasalivingbody.Andyes,youwillbeabletohaveanopencasketfuneralifyouwishto.predictopposingviewscreateastrongcounterargumentparadoxLadiesandgentlemen-thegiftoflifeisthemostamazinggiftanybodycangive.HowIseethings,andwhatmademebecomeadonor(捐贈人),isthatafterIamgoneIwillhavenouseformyorgans.SowhyshouldIdeprive（剝奪）someoneelsefromusingthem.PleaseconsiderwhatIhavesaidtoday.Thankyou!conclusionso-whatactionTask3–Makingaspeechinthemotivatedsequence(10minutes)Directions:1)Workinpairs.2)Preparefor2minute.3)Taketurnstomakeatwo-minutespeechononeofthefollowingtopics.Organizeyourspeechaccordingtothemotivatedsequence.AttentionNeedSatisfactionVisualizationActionTopic1:Persuadeyourclassmatetodoregularexercise.Topic2:Persuadethecitizenstodonateblood.Topic3:Persuadetheschooladministratorstoimprovethecurrentmixeddormitorysystem.RecapThepurposeofargumentation/persuasionisto___________________,whilethepurposeofexpositionisto___________________.PersuasivestrategiesinspeakingandwritingUnderstandyourAudienceBuildcommongroundPredicttheopposingviewsandcreateastrongcounterargumentSupportyourperspectivewithreliablesourcesAppealstomakepersuasionappealto__________appealto__________emotionreasonconvinceorpersuadeexplainorinformRecapMotivatedsequencetomakepersuasionthatcallsforimmediateaction.__________________________________________Differenttypesofevidencepersonalexperience(narration,anecdote)hypotheticalexamplesresearchandstudiesstatisticspeertestimonyexperttestimonyattentionneedsatisfactionvisualizationactionIndividualHomeworkWritten:Writeapersuasiveessayonyourchosentopic.Itshoulddealwithanarguableandcurrentissue.Length:300words,or3minutesinlengthwhenpresentedinspeech.Oral:Rehearsedeliveringaspeechbasedonthepersuasiveessayyouwrite.*Nexttime,youwillhaveaspeechcontestinyourgroupbasedonthispersuasiveessay,andwillcritiqueeachother’sperformance.Prewritingactivities-BrainstormingDirections:Sitingroupstobrainstormtopicsthatmightbeusedforthepersuasiveessayyouaregoingtowrite.*Whilebrainstorming,evaluatetheeffectivenessofyourpartner’stopic.Isthetopicarguable,current,fresh,relevantandinteresting?(Avoidoutdatedandoverusedtopics.)Enrichmentpractice––ListeningandviewingView““CulturalProgramsandthe2008OlympicGames.”*Noticeandcritiquehowthespeakerutilizesthestrategiesofpersuasioninappealingtotheintendedaudience.GroupWork-WritingapersuasivepoemRational:“Logicandgrammarareimportant.ButforstudentstotrulyowntheEnglishlanguage,theyneedtoreadandwritepoems.””-DorotheaLaskyUnleashyourpoetselfThereisapoetinsideallofus…InvitepoetryintoyourheartSetfreeyourinnerpoetFuelyoursoulbywritingpoetry.Task––Writingapersuasivepoem(10minutes)Directions:Workingroups.Writeapersuasivepoemforpublic-serviceadvertisementsononeofthefollowingtopics.-Followt