國(guó)際貿(mào)易精簡(jiǎn)版翻譯ppt

InternationalTrade:TheoriesandApplications

ZhangBin，Ph.D.Departmentof

Economics&TradeSchoolofBusiness&ManagementDonghuaUniversity1/15/20231Chapter1IntroductionI.WhatisInternationalTrade

什么是國(guó)際貿(mào)易1.DefinitionofinternationaltradeInternationaltradeisanexchangeofcommoditiesandservicesbetweendifferentnations.Itisthereflectionofinternationaldivisionoflabor(or:internationalproductionspecialization).

國(guó)際貿(mào)易是不同國(guó)家之間的商品和服務(wù)的交換。它是國(guó)際分工的反射（或：國(guó)際生產(chǎn)分工）。1/15/20232Chapter1Introduction2.CharacteristicsofInternationalTrade國(guó)際貿(mào)易的特點(diǎn)MorecomplicatedMoredifficultriskier更復(fù)雜的更難風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1/15/20233Chapter1IntroductionII.ResearchSubjectsandCoverageofInternationalTradeTheories國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論的研究對(duì)象和范圍1.Subjectsproductioncapitalinternationalinvestmentmoneycapitalinternationalfinancecommoditycapitalinternationaltrade

生產(chǎn)資本

國(guó)際投資

貨幣資本

國(guó)際金融

商品資本

國(guó)際貿(mào)易2.Coverage(seenextpage)1/15/20234Chapter1Introduction

Microeconomics

EconomicsMacroeconomicsTheoriesInternationalPoliciesTradeRelationsInstitutionsInternationalPracticeEconomicsInternationalTheoriesMonetaryRelationsPoliciesInstitutionsPractice1/15/20235Chapter1IntroductionIII.ClassificationofInternationalTrade

分類1.Criterion1:thecommodity/objecttradedvisiblecommoditytradeingoods可見(jiàn)的商品Invisiblecommoditytradeinservices

不可見(jiàn)的tradeintechnology2.Criterion2:thedirectionofcommoditymovement

商品運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向Import,export,transittrade,[re-export],reimport3.Criterion3:thenumberofparticipants

參與者Bilateral,regional,multilateral,global雙邊，多邊，區(qū)域，全球4.Criterion4:thewaythetradeisconducted

貿(mào)易的進(jìn)行方式Directtrade,indirecttrade,entrepottrade間接貿(mào)易，直接貿(mào)易，轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易1/15/20236國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易內(nèi)涵WTO將服務(wù)部門(mén)分為12大類160個(gè)項(xiàng)目：１。商業(yè)服務(wù)BUSINESS

SERVICES

２。通信服務(wù)COMMUNICATION

SERVICES

３。建筑及有關(guān)工程服務(wù)CONSTRUCTION

AND

RELATED

ENGINEERING

SERVICES

４。銷售服務(wù)DISTRIBUTION

SERVICES

５。教育服務(wù)EDUCATIONAL

SERVICES

６。環(huán)境服務(wù)ENVIRONMENTAL

SERVICES

７。金融服務(wù)FINANCIAL

SERVICES

８。健康與社會(huì)服務(wù)HEALTH

RELATED

ANDSOCIALSERVICES

９。與旅游有關(guān)的服務(wù)TOURISMANDTRAVELRELATEDSERVICES

１０。娛樂(lè)、文化與體育服務(wù)RECREATIONAL,CULTURALANDSPORTINGSERVICES

１１。運(yùn)輸服務(wù)TRANSPORT

SERVICES

１２。別處未包含的服務(wù)OTHER

SERVICES

NOT

INCLUDED

ELSEWHERE

1/15/20237圖：商品貿(mào)易、服務(wù)貿(mào)易與技術(shù)貿(mào)易

硬件技術(shù)設(shè)備貿(mào)易技術(shù)貿(mào)易安裝、調(diào)試、培訓(xùn)，技術(shù)訣竅、專利等軟技術(shù)貿(mào)易

商品貿(mào)易服務(wù)貿(mào)易服務(wù)貿(mào)易商品貿(mào)易技術(shù)貿(mào)易1/15/20238Chapter1IntroductionIV.BasicConceptsandTerms1.Valueofforeigntrade對(duì)外貿(mào)易值Thetotalamountofthemoneyvalueoftheexportsandimportsofacountryduringagivenperiod在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)的出口和進(jìn)口的國(guó)家的貨幣價(jià)值總額Valueofexport:FOBvalueValueofimport:CIFvalueValueofworldtrade:thetotalamountofthemoneyvalueoftheexportsofallthenationsandregionsintheworldduringagivenperiod.

出口額：離岸價(jià)格價(jià)值

進(jìn)口：CIF價(jià)值的價(jià)值

世界貿(mào)易的價(jià)值：一個(gè)給定的期間內(nèi)，在世界上所有的國(guó)家和地區(qū)的出口價(jià)值總額。1/15/20239Chapter1Introduction2.Quantum/VolumeofForeignTrade對(duì)外貿(mào)易額thequantityofimportsand/orexportsduringagivenperiodQuantum/VolumeofForeignTrade=Valueofforeigntrade/priceindexofimpand/orexp在給定時(shí)間內(nèi)的進(jìn)口和/或出口量量子/對(duì)外貿(mào)易額=對(duì)外貿(mào)易價(jià)值/價(jià)格IMP和/或口指數(shù)3.NetExportandNetImportIfnetexport>0,tradesurplusIfnetexport<0,tradedeficit凈出口，凈進(jìn)口如果凈出口＞0，貿(mào)易順差如果凈出口＜0，貿(mào)易赤字1/15/202310Chapter1IntroductionDegreeofDependenceonforeigntrade(DFT)對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度DegreeofDependenceonexport(DE)出口依賴程度DegreeofDependenceonimport(DI)進(jìn)口依賴程度DFT=valueofforeigntrade/GDP（DegreeofOpenness）DE=valueofexports/GDPDI=valueofimport/GDP5.Termsoftrade(TOT)

Therelativepricesofexportsandimports進(jìn)口和出口的相對(duì)價(jià)格TOT=(exportpriceindex/importpriceindex)*100%1/15/202311Chapter1Introduction6.Compositionofforeigntrade(or:foreigntradebycommodity)Anation’sexports/importsofacategory(or:aitem)ofcommodityasapercentageoitstotalvalueofexports/imports國(guó)家的出口/進(jìn)口該類商品，其總出口/進(jìn)口值7.Directionofforeigntrade(or:foreigntradebyregion)Theimportsfrom(orexportsto,ortotalvalueofforeigntradewith)atradepartnerasapercentageofanation’stotalimports(ortotalexports,ortotalvalueforeigntrade)就全球而言，對(duì)外貿(mào)易的地理方向/地區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)即各地區(qū)、各國(guó)在全球貿(mào)易中的份額1/15/202312Chapter1:Introduction8.ImportsubstitutionandExport-ledgrowth進(jìn)口替代和出口導(dǎo)向型增長(zhǎng)A.Importsubstitution進(jìn)口替代a.Definition:aninward-lookingstrategy,inwhichindustriesareestablishedlargelytosupplythedomesticmarketandforeigntradeisassignednegligibleimportanceb.Measure:tradebarrier,protectingdomesticindustries措施：貿(mào)易壁壘，保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)1/15/202313Chapter1:IntroductionB.Export-ledgrowth出口導(dǎo)向型增長(zhǎng)a.Definition:anoutward-lookingstrategyofencouragingthedevelopmentofindustriesinwhichthecountryenjoyscomparativeadvantage,withheavyrelianceonforeignnationsaspurchasersoftheincreasedproductionofexportablegoods.一個(gè)鼓勵(lì)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展形式，在該國(guó)享有優(yōu)勢(shì)，對(duì)外國(guó)國(guó)家的出口商品的生產(chǎn)增加買(mǎi)家的依賴。b.Measures:lesstradecontrol,exportpromotion,exportsubsidies措施：減少貿(mào)易管制，促進(jìn)出口，出口補(bǔ)貼1/15/202314Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory

現(xiàn)代貿(mào)易理論的基礎(chǔ)I.Introduction:threebasicquestionsofmoderntradetheory簡(jiǎn)介：現(xiàn)代貿(mào)易理論的三個(gè)基本問(wèn)題II.HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory現(xiàn)代貿(mào)易理論的歷史發(fā)展Themercantilism重商主義Absoluteadvantage絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)Comparativeadvantage比較優(yōu)勢(shì)1/15/202315Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory1.Mercantilism(1)Definition:apoliticaldoctrineemphasizingtheimportanceofbalance-of-paymentssurplusesasdevicetoaccumulategold,advocatingtightgovernmentcontrolofeconomicpolicies,andbelievingthatlaissez-fairepoliciesmightleadtoalossofgold.(2)Twostagesandpolicies:①Bullionism(15thmid-16thcentury)②Doctrineofmerchandisebalance(late16thlate17th)1/15/202316Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheoryA.Mainideaofbullionism金銀貨幣是唯一財(cái)富，物品不是財(cái)富；若本國(guó)缺少金銀礦藏，只能通過(guò)對(duì)外貿(mào)易獲得金銀；外貿(mào)是一國(guó)財(cái)富增殖的源泉；政策主張：少買(mǎi)多賣(mài)，即：積累貨幣，限制進(jìn)口，防止貨幣外流，不允許任何一筆貿(mào)易的逆差。B.Mainideaofthedoctrineofmerchandisebalance外貿(mào)是一國(guó)財(cái)富增殖的源泉；政策主張：賤買(mǎi)貴賣(mài)，即：鼓勵(lì)原料進(jìn)口，輸出深加工產(chǎn)品，總體上保持貿(mào)順差。1/15/202317Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory(3)Limitations①Price-specie-flowdoctrine(1752)Tradesurplusinflowofgoldincreaseofmoneysupplyriseinpricelevelimportrisetradedeficittradebalance②Staticview③Zero-sumgameorwin-wingame1/15/202318Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory2.Absoluteadvantage(1)MainideaNaturaladvantages+acquiredadvantagesabsolutedifferencesinproductivitiesoffactorinputsAbsolutecostdifferencesInternationaldivisionoflabor(productionspecialization)Internationaltradegrowthofwealthofnations(2)Naturaladvantages(3)Acquiredadvantages1/15/202319Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory3.Comparativeadvantage(1)MainideaNaturaladvantages+acquiredadvantagesComparativedifferencesinproductivitiesoffactorinputsComparativecostdifferencesInternationaldivisionoflabor(productionspecialization)Internationaltradegrowthofwealthofnations1/15/202320Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory(2)Theoreticalassumption2x2x1modelLaboristheonlyinputandisfullyemployedandhomogenousFreemovementoflaborwithinanationFixedleveloftechnologyEconomicefficiencyobjectiveZerotransportationcostsNotradebarrier(3)Arithmeticexample(seenextpage)1/15/202321Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheoryIII.Neo-classicTradeTheory新古典貿(mào)易理論1.ProductionPossibilitiesScheduleLimitationsoftheRicardianTheory定義：在兩國(guó)技術(shù)水平相等的前提下，產(chǎn)生比較成本的差異有兩個(gè)原因：一是兩國(guó)間的要素充裕度不同；二是商品生產(chǎn)的要素密集度不同。Marginalrateoftransformation(MRT)邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率transformationcurve轉(zhuǎn)變曲線MRTproductionpossibilitiescurveopportunitycost

生產(chǎn)可能性曲線

1/15/202322Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory2.Tradingunderconstant-costconditions

恒定的條件下，交易成本(1)Constantcosts固定成本Implications影響Reasonsforconstantcosts固定成本的原因Thefactorsofproductionareperfectsubstitutesforeachother.生產(chǎn)要素都是彼此的完美的替代品。Allunitsofagivenfactorareofthesamequality.所有單位的一個(gè)給定的因素是相同的質(zhì)量。1/15/202323Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory(2)Thebasisfortradeanddirectionoftrade（2）對(duì)貿(mào)易和方向的依據(jù)(3)Gainsfromtrade（3）從貿(mào)易中獲益A.Productiongainsfromspecialization

專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)收益B.Consumptiongainsfromtrade

消耗從貿(mào)易中獲益a.Termsoftrade貿(mào)易條款b.Tradetriangle貿(mào)易三角c.Completespecialization完整的專業(yè)化C.Distributingthegainsfromtrade從貿(mào)易的收益分配1/15/202324Chapter2FoundationsofModernTradeTheory(4)TheEquilibriumTermsofTrade平衡的貿(mào)易條款A(yù).Theequilibriumtermsoftradeunderconstantcostconditions平衡條件下成本貿(mào)易條件a.Theregionofmutuallybeneficialtrade互惠貿(mào)易區(qū)1/15/202325Chapter2FoundationsofModernTradeTheoryb.Theoryofreciprocaldemand相互需求理論①Theequationofinternationaldemandax=bya/b=y/x②ConclusionsTheequilibriumtermsoftradedependsontherelativestrengthofeachnation’sdemandfortheothernation’sproduct.貿(mào)易平衡方面，取決于每個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)其他國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品需求的相對(duì)強(qiáng)度。Theimportanceofbeingunimportant

重要性變得不不再重要1/15/202326Chapter2FoundationsofModernTradeTheory(5)Termsoftradeestimates貿(mào)易條件的估計(jì)A.TheformulaanditsimplicationB.Theimplicationsof2improvementsofTOTIncreaseintheforeigndemandexportpricesexportrevenueProductivityexportvolumeexportpricesexportrevenuePriceinelastic1/15/202327Chapter2FoundationsofModernTradeTheoryC.EconomicgrowthandthetermsoftradeExportproductivityFactorinputsexportpricesexportrevenue

immiserizinggrowth

★Priceelasticityofdemand=(⊿Q/Q)／(⊿P/P)exportvolumePriceinelastic1/15/202328Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory(6)ChangingcomparativeadvantageChangeintechnologychangeinproductivityshiftoftransformationschedulechangeincomparativecostchangeinthebasisfortradeandthedirectionoftrade1/15/202329Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory3.TradingunderIncreasing-CostConditions 增加成本的條件下的交易(1)IncreasingcostsImplicationReasonsThefactorsofproductionareimperfectsubstitutesforeachother.Theprincipleofdiminishingmarginalproductivity(seenextpage)1/15/202330Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory(2)Increasing-costtradingcaseInternationaltermsoftradeProductiongainsandconsumptiongainsTradetriangles(3)Partialspecialization1/15/202331

IndifferenceCurves

無(wú)差異曲線1.無(wú)差異曲線是西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的一個(gè)概念，它是指這樣一條曲線，在它上面的每一點(diǎn)，商品的組合是不同的，但是，它表示人們從中得到的滿足程度卻是相同的.2.Featuresoftheindifferencecurves(特征)NegativelyslopedConvextotheorigin(marginalrateofsubstitution&lawofdiminishingmarginalutility)Highercurvesrepresentinghigherlevelsofsatisfaction3.Communityindifferencecurves1/15/202332Chapter2

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory4.ComparativeAdvantageExtendedtoManyProductsandCountriesThecutoffpointisdeterminedbythestrengthofdemandandsupplyofthetwocountries.UScomparativeadvantageJapanesecomparativeadvantageChemicalsPlanesComputersAutosSteelSemiconductors1/15/202333Chapter3

SourcesofComparativeAdvantage

比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的來(lái)源I.Factor-EndowmentTheory(H-OTheory)1.QuestionstobeansweredWhatdeterminescomparativeadvantage?Whateffectdoesinternationaltradehaveontheearningsofvariousfactorsofproduction?2.ThreebasicconceptsFactorendowment:totalsupplyofeconomicresourceswithinanationCapital/laborratio1/15/202334(3)Factorintensity:theshareofeconomicresourcesinaproducte.g.Labor-intensiveandcapital-intensiveForproductXIfKx/Lx＞1,thenXiscapital-intensiveproduct.ForproductsXandY,IfKx/Lx＞Ky/LythenXiscapital-intensiveproduct,whileYislabor-intensive.KLXYChapter3SourcesofComparativeAdvantage1/15/202335Chapter3SourcesofComparativeAdvantage3.Factor-endowmenttheory(1)MainideaDifferentrelativeendowmentsoffactorinputsDifferentrelativefactorrequirementsinproductionDifferentproductioncostsdifferentcommoditypricesinternationaldivisionoflaborandinternationaltradeequalizationofcommodityprice1/15/202336Chapter3(2)H-Otheory’ssimplifyingassumptionsA.Factorinputsareofuniformqualityandimmobilebetweennations.B.Nationsusethefixedtechnology.C.Nationshavesimilartastesandpreferences.1/15/202337Chapter34.Factor-Priceequalization(H-O-STheorem)(1)MainideaTradefreeflowofcommodityImportingcomparativedisadvantagecommoditiesExportingcomparativeadvantagecommoditiesRiseinthepriceoftheabundantfactorandfallinthepriceofthescarcefactorfactorpriceequalizationbetweennationsConclusion:即使生產(chǎn)要素在國(guó)際間不可流動(dòng)，只要商品的自由貿(mào)易得到充分發(fā)展，進(jìn)出口國(guó)家間同種生產(chǎn)要素的相對(duì)價(jià)格和絕對(duì)價(jià)格會(huì)趨于相等。1/15/202338Chapter3(2)ReasonsforunequalfactorpricesintherealworldHeterogeneousfactorsofproductionDifferenttechnologiesImperfectlycompetitivemarketsTransportationcostsandtradebarriers1/15/202339Chapter35.TradeandtheDistributionofIncomeStolper-SamuelsonTheorem自由貿(mào)易在兩國(guó)均不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)完全專業(yè)化前提下，貿(mào)易國(guó)內(nèi)部各要素所有者的貿(mào)易利益不均等。TradepricesoftheabundantfactorspricesofthescarcefactorsthereturntoabundantfactorsthereturntoscarcefactorsinequalityinwageswithinanationTheoreticaldeduction:int’ltradeaggravatesincomeinequality1/15/202340Chapter3(2)Doestrademakethepoorevenpoorer?WagedispersionisacombinationofdifferentfactorsTechnologicalprogress(45%)InternationalTrade(11%)Weakeningofthetradeunionandthedecreaseoftherealvalueoftheminimumwage(<10%)Immigrationofunskilledlabor(<10%)Relocationoffactoriesreductionofworkers’bargainingpower(Appleyard著國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)p.151）1/15/202341Chapter3II.AreActualTradePatternsExplainedbytheFactor-EndowmentTheory:1.LeontiefParadoxUSexportswerelesscapital-intensivethanimport-competinggoods,whichcontradictedthepredictionsofthefactor-endowmenttheory.2.ExplainingLeontiefParadox(1)Skilledlabortheoryandhumancapitaltheory(2)TheoryofTechnologicalGap(3)Factor-intensityreversal1/15/202342傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論小結(jié)（古典）比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易原因的揭示建立在勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論之上。認(rèn)為：1。勞動(dòng)是唯一的生產(chǎn)要素；2。各國(guó)勞動(dòng)無(wú)質(zhì)的差異，只有量的差異；3。勞動(dòng)在國(guó)內(nèi)完全流動(dòng)，在國(guó)際間完全不流動(dòng)；4。比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的唯一原因是同一產(chǎn)品投入勞動(dòng)量的差異，即勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的差異。（新古典）國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論：對(duì)勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論提出質(zhì)疑，以機(jī)會(huì)成本代替勞動(dòng)成本，認(rèn)為：各種要素成本都會(huì)影響產(chǎn)品成本，以勞動(dòng)作為生產(chǎn)成本的唯一決定因素過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單1/15/202343傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論小結(jié)要素稟賦理論比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)生受到以下兩個(gè)比例相互作用的影響：1。不同生產(chǎn)要素在不同國(guó)家的資源總供給量中所占的比例，即要素供給的相對(duì)充裕程度；2。不同生產(chǎn)要素在不同產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)投入中所占的比例，即要素需求的相對(duì)密集程度1/15/202344Chapter3傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論的基本假設(shè)前提：1。生產(chǎn)要素在國(guó)際間不可流動(dòng)，在國(guó)內(nèi)完全可流動(dòng)；2。各國(guó)偏好相同，因而不考慮需求因素；3。技術(shù)水平不變；4。規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變或遞減，即成本不變或遞增；5。完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。放松上述假設(shè)，出現(xiàn)了一系列新理論，解釋發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家間、制成品、產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)、公司內(nèi)貿(mào)易：1。要素不可流動(dòng)專用要素理論；2?？紤]需求因素重疊需求理論；3。技術(shù)差異技術(shù)差距論和產(chǎn)品生命周期理論；4。規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)理論和協(xié)議分工理論；5。不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)+規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易理論1/15/202345Chapter3III.SpecificFactorsTheory:tradeanddistributionofincomeintheshortrun1.Specificfactorstheory:ashort-runversionoffactorpriceequalizationtheory要素價(jià)格均等化理論的短期版本在特定的條件下，生產(chǎn)要素價(jià)格均等不僅僅是一種趨勢(shì)，國(guó)際貿(mào)易將使不同國(guó)家間同質(zhì)生產(chǎn)要素的相對(duì)和絕對(duì)收益必然相等。AnalysisEffects2.Howdoestradeaffecttheincomedistribution?Thegainoftheincomeofworkersismixed.Ownersoffactorsspecifictoexportindustriestendtogain,whileownerstofactorsspecifictoimport-competingindustriessuffer.1/15/202346Chapter3IV.IncreasingReturntoScaleandComparativeAdvantage1.Economiesofscale:adecreasinglong-runaveragecost2.Internaleconomiesofscale3.TradingundereconomiesofscaleEconomiesofscalereductionofaveragecosttradecompletespecialization在壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行業(yè)中，廠商和消費(fèi)者均有擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)規(guī)模的內(nèi)在沖動(dòng)，因而內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)本身可以成為貿(mào)易發(fā)生的原因。1/15/2023474.規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與協(xié)議性國(guó)際分工協(xié)議性國(guó)際分工的前提分工主體：經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展程度相似分工客體：具有規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)分工利益：大致對(duì)等結(jié)論：協(xié)議性國(guó)際分工是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)分工。1/15/202348Chapter3V.ExternalEconomiesofScaleandComparativeAdvantage1/15/202349Chapter3VI.TheoryofOverlappingDemands:anexplainfromdemandside1.ThelimitationofH-Otheory2.MainideaDomesticdemandsupplyexporttoforeignmarketswithsimilardemand(tastesandpreference)Incomedeterminesthedemandsimilarity①出口產(chǎn)品的可能性取決于國(guó)內(nèi)需求；②兩國(guó)需求越相似，貿(mào)易量越大；③平均收入水平是影響需求結(jié)構(gòu)的主要原因1/15/202350Chapter3VII.IntraindustryTradeThelimitationsofRicardiananH-OTheoriesThenewdevelopmentofspecializationandtradeinindustrializednations:intraindustryspecializationandintradustrytradeDefinitionofintraindustrytrade:flowsofgoodswithsimilarfactorrequirementsCharacteristics:AmongindustrialcountriesAmongoligarchiesHomogeneousaswellasdifferentiatedproducts1/15/202351Chapter33.Reasonsforintraindustrytrade(1)ProductsaredifferentiatedA.Oligopolisticcompetition產(chǎn)品壟斷：廠商生產(chǎn)差異產(chǎn)品，是其特有產(chǎn)品的唯一生產(chǎn)者；價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)：不同廠商的差異產(chǎn)品具有可替代性，對(duì)特定廠商產(chǎn)品的需求受其他相似產(chǎn)品數(shù)量和價(jià)格的影響B(tài).IgnoranceofminorityconsumersC.Overlappingdemand(2)Economiesofscale4.Theeffectofintraindustryspecializationonresourceallocation1/15/202352Chapter3VIII.ProductLifeCycleTheory:TechnologyasaSourceofComparativeAdvantage產(chǎn)品生命周期理論：技術(shù)作為比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的來(lái)源Limitationsofexistingtheories:staticexplanation現(xiàn)有理論的局限性：靜態(tài)的解釋缺點(diǎn)產(chǎn)品生命周期理論的缺點(diǎn)是：1、產(chǎn)品生命周期各階段的起止點(diǎn)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不易確認(rèn)。2、并非所有的產(chǎn)品生命周期曲線都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的S型，還有很多特殊的產(chǎn)品生命周期曲線。3、無(wú)法確定產(chǎn)品生命周期曲線到底適合單一產(chǎn)品項(xiàng)目層次還是一個(gè)產(chǎn)品集合層次。4、該曲線只考慮銷售和時(shí)間的關(guān)系，未涉及成本及價(jià)格等其它影響銷售的變數(shù)。5、易造成“營(yíng)銷近視癥”，認(rèn)為產(chǎn)品已到衰退期而過(guò)早將仍有市場(chǎng)價(jià)值的好產(chǎn)品剔除出了產(chǎn)品線。6、產(chǎn)品衰退并不表示無(wú)法再生。如通過(guò)合適的改進(jìn)策略，公司可能再創(chuàng)產(chǎn)品新的生命周期。Mainideaofthetheory產(chǎn)品生命周期（productlifecycle），簡(jiǎn)稱PLC，是產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)壽命，即一種新產(chǎn)品從開(kāi)始進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)到被市場(chǎng)淘汰的整個(gè)過(guò)程。弗農(nóng)認(rèn)為：產(chǎn)品生命是指市上的營(yíng)銷生命，產(chǎn)品和人的生命一樣，要經(jīng)歷形成、成長(zhǎng)、成熟、衰退這樣的周期。就產(chǎn)品而言，也就是要經(jīng)歷一個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)、引進(jìn)、成長(zhǎng)、成熟、衰退的階段。而這個(gè)周期在不同的技術(shù)水平的國(guó)家里，發(fā)生的時(shí)間和過(guò)程是不一樣的，期間存在一個(gè)較大的差距和時(shí)差，正是這一時(shí)差，表現(xiàn)為不同國(guó)家在技術(shù)上的差距，它反映了同一產(chǎn)品在不同國(guó)家市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地位的差異，從而決定了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)際投資的變化。1/15/202353Chapter3XI.TransportationCosts

運(yùn)輸成本1.Whataretransportationcosts?2.Tradeeffectsoftransportationcosts運(yùn)輸成本的貿(mào)易效應(yīng)Analysis(fig.3.5)ConclusionReducingthetradevolume減少貿(mào)易量Stoppingtheprocessofcommodity-andfactor-priceequalization停止商品的過(guò)程和要素價(jià)格均等化1/15/202354Chapter3XII.TheoryofcompetitiveadvantageA.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的區(qū)別比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論認(rèn)為,一國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力來(lái)源于物質(zhì)要素的投入,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論認(rèn)為,國(guó)家財(cái)富增長(zhǎng)的源泉在于要素投入的效率和升級(jí)換代。

一國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不再是由先天繼承的自然條件所決定的,如果一國(guó)選擇了有利于生產(chǎn)率增長(zhǎng)的政策、法律和制度，如升級(jí)本國(guó)國(guó)民的能力、對(duì)各種專業(yè)化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施進(jìn)行投資、使商業(yè)運(yùn)行更有效率等等，那么，它就選擇了繁榮。B.鉆石理論C.集群與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力D.政府的角色定位1/15/202355Chapter3XIII.Tradein(Business)Services1.DefinitionofService（1）服務(wù)的三性定義：可以買(mǎi)賣(mài)卻具有無(wú)形性、不可運(yùn)輸性和不可儲(chǔ)存性的一切。（2）IMF的定義：

Servicesaretheeconomicoutputofintangiblecommoditiesthatmaybeproduced,transferredandconsumedatthesametime.

(3)希爾的“變化定義”：服務(wù)是隸屬于某一經(jīng)濟(jì)單位的個(gè)人或物品狀況的變化，這種變化是事先經(jīng)過(guò)該個(gè)人或該經(jīng)濟(jì)單位同意后由其他經(jīng)濟(jì)單位實(shí)施的。1/15/202356Chapter32.TheCharacteristicsofService（1）服務(wù)是在兩個(gè)個(gè)體單位之間發(fā)生的（2）服務(wù)的無(wú)形性、不可儲(chǔ)存性和不可運(yùn)輸性（3）服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)同時(shí)進(jìn)行（4）服務(wù)具有異質(zhì)性（5）服務(wù)是不包括所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓的特殊形式的交易活動(dòng)1/15/202357Chapter33.Typesofservices●distributiveservices:transporting,retailing,wholesaling;●producerservices:banking,financing,insurance,telecom,accounting,law,consulting,advertising,marketing;●personalservices:hotel,restaurant,tourism,entertainment;●Socialservices:healthcare,education,postalservice,religion,etc.1/15/202358Chapter34.Definitionoftradeinservices指國(guó)與國(guó)之間互相提供服務(wù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)交換活動(dòng)。服務(wù)貿(mào)易有廣義與狹義之分，狹義的服務(wù)貿(mào)易是指一國(guó)以提供直接服務(wù)活動(dòng)形式滿足另一國(guó)某種需要以取得報(bào)酬的活動(dòng)。廣義的服務(wù)貿(mào)易既包括有形的活動(dòng)，也包括服務(wù)提供者與使用者在沒(méi)有直接接觸下交易的無(wú)形活動(dòng)。服務(wù)貿(mào)易一般情況下都是指廣義的。1/15/202359Chapter3(１)服務(wù)交易對(duì)策矩陣和服務(wù)交易形式服務(wù)提供者

不移動(dòng)移動(dòng)服務(wù)消費(fèi)者不移動(dòng)

移動(dòng)被分離的服務(wù)Ａ：越境服務(wù)貿(mào)易（狹義服務(wù)貿(mào)易）被分離的要素Ｂ：要素收益貿(mào)易（國(guó)外收益服務(wù)貿(mào)易）Ｃ：當(dāng)?shù)刭Q(mào)易（國(guó)內(nèi)機(jī)構(gòu)服務(wù)貿(mào)易）Ｄ：第三國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易ＡＢＣＤ1/15/202360Chapter3（２）服務(wù)貿(mào)易定義GATS將國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易定義為４種形式：A。過(guò)境交付（cross-bordersupply)ThesupplyofaservicefromtheterritoryofoneMemberintotheterritoryofanyotherMember從一成員方境內(nèi)向任何其他成員方境內(nèi)提供服務(wù)1/15/202361圖：4種服務(wù)貿(mào)易形式圖解:過(guò)境交付ServiceconsumerServicesupplierDemandingcountrySupplyingcountry1/15/202362Chapter3B。境外消費(fèi)(consumptionabroad)ThesupplyofaserviceintheterritoryofoneMembertotheserviceconsumerofanyotherMember從一成員方境內(nèi)向任何其他成員方服務(wù)消費(fèi)者提供服務(wù)1/15/202363圖：4種服務(wù)貿(mào)易形式圖解:境外消費(fèi)ServiceconsumerServicesupplierDemandingcountrySupplyingcountryServiceconsumer1/15/202364Chapter3C。商業(yè)存在(commercialpresence)ThesupplyofaservicebyaservicesupplierofoneMemberthroughcommercialpresenceintheterritoryofanyotherMember一成員方服務(wù)提供者在任何其他成員方境內(nèi)以商業(yè)存在提供服務(wù)1/15/202365圖：4種服務(wù)貿(mào)易形式圖解:商業(yè)存在ServiceconsumerServicesupplierDemandingcountrySupplyingcountryCommercialpresence1/15/202366Chapter3D。自然人流動(dòng)(movementofpersonnel)ThesupplyofaservicebyaservicesupplierofoneMemberthroughpresenceofnaturalpersonsofaMemberintheterritoryofanyotherMember一成員方服務(wù)提供者在任何其他成員方境內(nèi)以自然人的存在提供服務(wù)1/15/202367圖：4種服務(wù)貿(mào)易形式圖解:自然人流動(dòng)ServiceconsumerServicesupplierDemandingcountrySupplyingcountryNaturalpersonNaturalperson1/15/202368Chapter35.ClassificationofTradeinServicesWTO將服務(wù)部門(mén)分為12大類160個(gè)項(xiàng)目：１。商業(yè)服務(wù)２。通信服務(wù)３。建筑及有關(guān)工程服務(wù)４。銷售服務(wù)５。教育服務(wù)６。環(huán)境服務(wù)７。金融服務(wù)８。健康與社會(huì)服務(wù)９。與旅游有關(guān)的服務(wù)１０。娛樂(lè)、文化與體育服務(wù)１１。運(yùn)輸服務(wù)１２。別處未包含的服務(wù)1/15/202369Chapter36.CharacteristicsofTradeinServices（１）貿(mào)易方式不同（２）管理與限制的方法不同1/15/202370Chapter37.Doescomparativeadvantageapplytotradeinservices?8.Determinantsunderlyinganation’scompetitivenessinservices一個(gè)國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決定因素相關(guān)服務(wù)A.

NaturalresourcesB.Labour(unskilled)C.Humancapital(skilledlabour)D.Physicalcapital1/15/202371Chapter39。國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易發(fā)展的特征（１）發(fā)展迅猛A.總量規(guī)模擴(kuò)大B.與貨物貿(mào)易共同增長(zhǎng)C.在全球貿(mào)易中的份額趨于上升（２）范圍拓寬，結(jié)構(gòu)改善（３）商業(yè)存在是主要方式（４）地區(qū)發(fā)展不均衡，但呈多元化（5）貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義盛行1/15/202372Chapter4Tariffs:TradeProtectionTheoriesandPoliciesI.TheTariffConcept1.Definition進(jìn)出口商品經(jīng)過(guò)一國(guó)關(guān)境是由海關(guān)所征收的稅收。2.Typesoftariffs(seenextpage)3.Meritsanddefectsofspecific,advalorem,andcompoundtariffs1/15/202373Chapter4Tariffs:TradeProtectionTheoriesandPolicies2.Typesoftariffs關(guān)稅分類importtariff

進(jìn)口稅exporttariff

出口稅protectivetariff

保護(hù)稅revenue

所得稅

specifictariff從量稅

Methodologyoftaxcalculationadvaloremtariff從價(jià)稅

稅收計(jì)算方法compoundtariff復(fù)合關(guān)稅ordinarytariff普通關(guān)稅MFNtariff最惠國(guó)關(guān)稅

GSPtariff普惠制關(guān)稅稅率preferentialtariff優(yōu)惠關(guān)稅Directionofgoodsmovement貨物方向Purposeoftaxlevy目的性稅收Taxrate1/15/202374Chapter4Tariffs:TradeProtectionTheoriesandPolicies4.關(guān)稅水平的計(jì)算(1)簡(jiǎn)單平均法:稅則中所有稅目稅率之和/稅則中所有稅目之和(2)加權(quán)算術(shù)平均法:A.全部商品加權(quán)平均(進(jìn)口關(guān)稅總額/進(jìn)口商品總額)X100%B.有稅商品加權(quán)平均(進(jìn)口關(guān)稅總額/有稅進(jìn)口商品總額)X100%C.代表性商品加權(quán)平均(進(jìn)口關(guān)稅總額/代表性進(jìn)口商品總額)X100%1/15/202375Chapter4Tariffs:TradeProtectionTheoriesandPoliciesII.TheDegreeofTariffProtection:nominaltariffrateandeffectivetariffrate1.nominalrateofprotection定義：由于保護(hù)引起的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格超過(guò)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的部分與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的百分比計(jì)算公式：NRP=(Pt-Pf)/Pf*100%1/15/202376Chapter4Tariffs:TradeProtectionTheoriesandPolicies2.Effectiverateofprotection定義：衡量一經(jīng)濟(jì)保護(hù)附加價(jià)值的指標(biāo)計(jì)算公式推導(dǎo)：設(shè)P1為最終產(chǎn)品j的自由貿(mào)易價(jià)格，若對(duì)商品征收進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，稅率為t1，則其進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格為(1+t1)P1；

若進(jìn)口國(guó)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品時(shí)需要進(jìn)口中間產(chǎn)品i，i的國(guó)際價(jià)格為P0，進(jìn)口關(guān)稅為t0，則進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格為(1+t0)P0;再設(shè)為單位j產(chǎn)品所需i的投入量a，則關(guān)稅為0時(shí)，單位最終產(chǎn)品的附加值為V=P1-aP0，征收上述關(guān)稅時(shí),V’=(1+t1)P1-a(1+t0)P0則：ERP=[(V’-V)/V]*100%1/15/202377Chapter4Tariffs:TradeProtectionTheoriesandPolicies計(jì)算公式推導(dǎo)：設(shè)P1為最終產(chǎn)品j的自由貿(mào)易價(jià)格，若對(duì)商品征收進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，稅率為t1，則其進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格為(1+t1)P1；

若進(jìn)口國(guó)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品時(shí)需要進(jìn)口中間產(chǎn)品i，i的國(guó)際價(jià)格為P0，進(jìn)口關(guān)稅為t0，則進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格為(1+t0)P0;再設(shè)為單位j產(chǎn)品所需i的投入量a，則關(guān)稅為0時(shí)，單位最終產(chǎn)品的附加值為V=P1-aP0，征收上述關(guān)稅時(shí),V’=(1+t1)P1-a(1+t0)P0則：ERP=[(V’-V)/V]*100%=（P1+t1P1-aP0-at0P0-P1+aP0）/（P1-aP0）=（t1-at0P0/P1）/（1-aP0/P1）當(dāng)t1=t0時(shí)：ERP=t1=t0

當(dāng)t1>t0時(shí)：ERP=[t1–a（t1-x）P0/P1）]/（1-aP0/P1）當(dāng)t1<t0時(shí)：ERP=[t1–a（t1+x）P0/P1）]/（1-aP0/P1）1/15/202378Chapter4Tariffs:TradeProtectionTheoriesandPolicies2.Effectiverateofprotection(con.)例：在未征收關(guān)稅時(shí)，進(jìn)口替代商品摩托車的單價(jià)為1000美元，如果其中500美元是自由進(jìn)口的組裝件，其余的500美元為國(guó)內(nèi)組裝摩托車的附加價(jià)值?，F(xiàn)假定對(duì)摩托車和組裝件分別征收20%的從價(jià)稅；再假定進(jìn)口摩托車和組裝件的價(jià)格上漲幅度同進(jìn)口稅額相等。則V’=1000*120%-500*120%=600V=1000-500=500ERP=[(V’-V)/V]*100%=20%1/15/202379Chapt