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EnglishWritingCollectingInformation
I.Exploringdata
Allresearchesarebasedondata.Accordingtothesourceofdata,researchescanbeclassifiedintoprimaryresearchandsecondaryresearch.Primaryresearchisoftencalledempiricalresearchorfieldresearch.Itisthebasicmeansofexploringandgatheringinformation.Byprimaryresearch,thedataarecollecteddirectlyfromtheresearcher’sexperienceorexperiments.Thesedatahavenotexistedinanydocumentsbefore.Secondaryresearchisoftencalleddocumentaryorlibraryresearch.Itisakindofstudywhichmakesuseofdataindocuments,booksandjournals.Thesedatahavebeencollectedbyotherpeoplefortheirownpurposes.Primaryresearchandsecondaryresearchoftenwalkhandinhand.Infact,neitherofthemcanbeconductedinisolation.Secondaryresearchcanonlyexistbasedonprimaryresearch,whileprimaryresearchmuststartsecondaryresearch.Usingthelibrary
Atthisstage,youhavetovisitthelibrarymanytimestofamiliarizeyourselfwiththelocationofthebooksrelevanttoyourresearch,andtoborrowandreadthem.Ofthetensofthousandsofbooksinthelibrary,eachhasatitlecard,anauthorcardandoneormoresubjectcardsinthecardcataloguedrawers.Youcaneasilyfindthebooksyouneed,iftheyareavailable,accordingtothelastnamesoftheauthorsorthefirstwords(disregardingthebeginningA,AnorThe)ofthetitlesofbooks,whichareallarrangedalphabetically.Youcanalsogotothesubjectcataloguetofindoutwhathasbeenwrittenonyourtopic,oratleastfindsometitleswhichseemtoberelatedtoyourtopic.GuidestoreferencebooksWhateveryourinterestis,youcanprobablyfinditinoneofthefollowingguides.Becausetheseguideslistotherreferencebooksorarticles,afewminuteswiththemcanbeashortcuttothebooksorarticlesthatmatchyourinterestsandpurposes.Encyclopedias:Forgeneralbackgroundonasubject,encyclopediasareagoodplacetobegin,particularlybecausemanyincludebibliographiesthatcouldleadyoutovaluablesources.Biographicaldictionariesandindexes.Bookindexes.Periodicalindexes.Computerdatabases.Internetsources:II.TakingnotesAfteryouhavedecidedthatasourceisuseful,youwillneedtotakecarefulnotesonit.Doingsomostefficientlycallsforapproachingasourcewithsomegeneralquestionsinmind:WhatdoIexpecttolearnaboutthetopic?Whatcanthesourcehelpmedemonstrate?Towhatpartofmyresearchisthesourcemostrelevant?Nobodyhassuchagoodmemorythatherememberseverythinghehasread,andnobodycanwriteagoodresearchpaperwithouttakinggoodnotes.
Note-takingmethods
Note-takingmethodsvarygreatlyfromoneresearchtoanother.Whatevermethodyouadopt,yourgoalswillinclude(1)gettingdownenoughinformationtohelpyourecallthemajorpointsofthesource,(2)gettingdowntheinformationintheforminwhichyouaremostlikelytowanttoincorporateitintoyouressay,and(3)gettingdownalltheinformationyouwillneedtocitethesourceaccurately.Originalpassage:ForalongtimeIneverlikedtolookachimpanzeestraightintheeye---Iassumedthat,asisthecasewithmostprimates,thiswouldbeinterpretedasathreatoratleastabreachofgoodmanners.Notso.Aslongasonelookswithgentleness,withoutarrogance,achimpanzeewillunderstandandmayevenreturnthelook.Inaccuratesummary:Goodalllearnedfromherexperienceswithchimpanzeesthattheyreactpositivelytodirectlooksfromhumans.Accuratesummary:Goodallreportsthatwhenhumanslookdirectlybutgentlyintochimpanzee’seye,thechimpsarenotthreatenedandmay
evenreturnthelook.1)
KindsofnotesBasically,therearethreemajorkindsofnotes:thedirectquotation,theparaphrase,andthesummary.Example:AdjustinggrammarwhenusingquotationsApassagecontainingaquotationmustfollowalltherulesofgrammaticalsentencestructure.Example:Unclear:InSandCountyAlmanac,AldoLeopoldfollowsvariousanimals,includingaskunkandarabbit,throughfreshsnow.Hewonders,“Whatgothimoutofbed?”Clear:InSandCountyAlmanac,AldoLeopoldfollowsvariousanimals,includingaskunkandarabbit,throughfreshsnow.Hewonders,“Whatgot[theskunk]outofbed?”1)
QuotationofsourcesIfyoudoquoteyoursource,youmustbecertainthatyouputquotationmarksaroundthematerialyoutake.Itmaybeamonthormorebetweenthetimeyoutakethenoteandthetimeyouwriteyourpaper,andyoudonotwantanyuncertaintyaboutwhichwordsareyoursandwhicharethoseoftheoriginalauthor.Youmustalsobecertainthatyoucopythequotationexactlyasitappearsintheoriginal.Youmayuseellipsesifyouwanttowriteonlypartsofanentirepassageorifyouomitthebeginningofasentenceoromittheendofasentence.1)
ArrangementofnotesWhenyoufeelhavecollectedenoughmaterialtostartplanningyourpaper,andwhenyoufindthatadditionalreferencesaremerelyrepeatingtheinformationyoualreadyhave,itistimetostopreadingawhileandputyournotesinorder.Rereadyournotestorefreshyourmemoryandatthesametimeputthemintogroupsunderdifferentheadings.Anotecardforyourreference:P309III.References權(quán)威資料范圍擬定好后,下一步就是一項(xiàng)非常務(wù)實(shí)的工作---收集資料論文就是站在人家的肩膀上“登高望遠(yuǎn)”。正因?yàn)槿绱耍覀兙捅仨氄加匈Y料,而且多多益善。收集資料與建立卡片是論文寫作過程中時(shí)間持續(xù)最長(zhǎng)、花費(fèi)精力最多的實(shí)質(zhì)性工作,是事關(guān)論文質(zhì)量好壞的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)?,F(xiàn)將撰寫各類論文常用的一些資料分列如下:●語(yǔ)言類1.湖南教育出版社出版的《語(yǔ)言學(xué)系列教材》(共11部)2.上海外語(yǔ)出版社出版的《現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)叢書》(15種)3.李延福主編,英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)讀本,山東大學(xué)出版社,19998.劉宓慶,漢英對(duì)比研究與翻譯,江西教育出版社9.劉重德,渾金璞玉集,中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,199410.劉重德,文學(xué)翻譯十講,中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,199411.張今,文學(xué)翻譯原理,河南大學(xué)出版社,198712.許鈞,文學(xué)翻譯批評(píng)研究,南京出版社,199213.蕭立明,翻譯新探,臺(tái)北書林出版有限公司14.毛榮貴,英譯漢技巧新編,
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