職稱英語考試第四部分閱讀理解

第4部分：閱讀理解(第31-45題，每題3分，共45分)考查考生對文章主旨和細(xì)節(jié)信息的理解能力。本部分為3篇文章，每篇300-450詞，每篇文章后有5道題。要求考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，從每題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案。閱讀理解解題技巧：重點(diǎn)要把握文章主旨，答題順序是先快速瀏覽題目，了解題目的問題有哪些，再帶著問題去文中，一邊理解文章，一邊找尋答案，在答案可能存在的地方要重點(diǎn)理解。題目的問題答案全部找到了，則閱讀完成，剩余的文章內(nèi)容大致掃讀一下即可。若有多余時(shí)間可第二遍讀完文章全部，確保第一遍意思理解的是正確的，題目的答案是正確的。

重點(diǎn)RealWorldRobots現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的機(jī)器人

Whenyouthinkofarobot,doyouenvisionashiny,metallicdevicehavingthesamegeneralshapeasahumanbeing,performinghumanlikefunctions,andrespondingtoyourquestionsinamonotonevoiceaccentuatedbyhigh-pitchedtonesandbeeps?Thisisthewaymanyofusimaginearobot,butintherealworld,arobotisnothumanoidatall.Insteadarobotoftenisavoiceless,box-shapedmachinethatefficientlycarriesoutrepetitiveordangerousfunctionsusuallyperformedbyhumans.Today’srobotismorethananautomaticmachinethatperformsonetaskagainandagain.Amodernrobotisprogrammedwithvaryingdegreesofartificialintelligence—thatis,arobotcontainsacomputerprogramthattellsithowtoperformtasksassociatedwithhumanintelligence,suchasreasoning,drawingconclusions,andlearningfrompastexperience.

Arobotdoesnotpossessahumanshapeforthesimplereasonthatatwo-leggedrobothasgreatdifficultyremainingbalanced.Arobotdoes,however,movefromplacetoplaceonwheelsandaxlesthatrollandrotate.Arobotevenhaslimbsthatswivelandmoveincombinationwithjointsandmotors.Tofinditswayinitssurroundings1,arobotutilizesvariousbuilt-insensors.Antennaeattachedtotherobot’sbasedetectanythingtheybumpinto.Iftherobotstartstoteeterasitmovesonanincline,agyroscopeorapenduluminsideitsensestheverticaldifferential.Todetermineitsdistancefromanobjectandhowquicklyitwillreachtheobject，therobotbouncesbeamsoflaserlightandultrasonicsoundwavesoffobstructionsinitspath2.Theseandothersensorsconstantlyfeedinformationtothecomputer,whichthenanalyzestheinformationandcorrectsoradjuststherobot’sactions.Asscienceandtechnologyadvance,therobottoowillprogressinitsfunctionsanduseofartificial-intelligenceprograms.

詞匯：

envision

v.

想象，預(yù)想device

n.

裝置accentuate

v.

強(qiáng)調(diào)，重讀artificialintelligence

n.

人工智能limb

n.

臂antennae

n.

天線incline

v.

傾斜pendulum

n.

鐘擺ultrasonic

adj.

超聲的metallic

adj.

金屬的monotone

n.

單調(diào)的humanoid

adj.

像人的axle

n.

輪軸rotate

v.

旋轉(zhuǎn)swivel

n.

旋轉(zhuǎn)teeter

v.

搖晃gyroscope

n.

陀螺儀，回轉(zhuǎn)儀vertical

n.

直立的

注釋：

1．Tofinditswayinitssurroundings...：為了在周圍找到路……

2．therobotbouncesbeamsoflaserlightandultrasonicsoundwavesoffobstructionsinitspath：機(jī)器人發(fā)射激光束和超聲波，反射到障礙物上（以此來探知路徑）。

練習(xí)：

1．Anothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe

ARobots:TakingthePlaceofHumans.

BArtificialIntelligencePrograms.

CToday’sRobotsandHowTheyFunction.

DModern-DaySensors.

2．Artificialintelligenceis

Atheunnaturalwayinwhichrobotsmove.

Bavoiceless,box-shapedmachinethatperformsrepetitivetasks.

Csensorssuchasantennaeandagyroscope.

Dacomputerprogramthatimitateshumanintellectualprocesses.

3．Thelastparagraphsuggeststhatfuturerobotswillbe

Amorehumanlikeinbehaviorandactions.

Bmorelikeautomaticmachines.

Cbetterabletomoveoninclines.

Dbetterequippedwithlaserlightsensors.

4．Thewriterbeginsthepassagebycomparing

Atheshapeofahumanbeingwithabox.

Bamodemrobotwithafictionalrobot.

Canimaginarymachinewithahuman.

Dacomputerprogramwithartificialintelligence.

5．Thewordhumanoidmeans

Alackinghumancharacteristics.

Banythinghavingtheappearanceofahumanoid.

Cbeingvoidorvacant.

Dhavingahumanformorcharacteristics.

答案與題解：

1．C從文中得知，文章主要介紹了機(jī)器人和它們的運(yùn)行方式，因此選擇C選項(xiàng)。

2．DArtificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外從文中得知，機(jī)器人使用artificialintelligence能夠進(jìn)行與人類類似的推理分析等活動(dòng)，因此可知它是一種類似人類智能的計(jì)算機(jī)程序。

3．A最后一段講機(jī)器人的發(fā)展方向是更加智能，能夠自己判斷并修正行為，而不僅僅是完成重復(fù)性的工作。

4．B文章開頭的時(shí)候作者讓讀者描述他們腦海中的機(jī)器人概念，并隨后介紹了實(shí)際的機(jī)器人是怎樣的，因此選擇B選項(xiàng)。

5．D從humanoid的詞根human可看出這個(gè)詞是形容與人類有關(guān)的特征。另外根據(jù)文章對這個(gè)詞的描述可以得出這個(gè)詞是表示和人類類似的特征，不管是外形上，還是行為方式上。1.聽覺儀器提供早期山崩預(yù)警ListeningDeviceProvidesLandslideEarlyWarningAdevicethatprovidesearlywarningofalandslidebymonitoringvibrationsinsoilisbeingtestedbyUKresearchers.Thedevicecouldsavethousandsofliveseachyearbywarningwhenanareashouldbeevacuated,thescientistssay.Suchnaturaldisastersarccommonincountriesthatexperiencesudden,heavyrainfall,andcanalsobetriggeredbyearthquakesandevenwatererosion.Landslidesstartwhenafewparticlesofsoilorrockwithinaslopestarttomove,buttheearlystagescanbehardtospot.Followingthisinitialmovement,"slopescanbecomeunstableinamatterofhoursorminutes,"saysNellDixonatSouthboroughUniversity1,UK.Hesaysawarningsystemthatmonitorsthismovement"mightbeenoughtoevacuateablockofflatsorcleararoad,andsavelives."Themostcommonwaytomonitoraslopeforsignsofanimminentlandslideistowatchforchangesinitsshape.Surveyorscandothisbymeasuringasidedirectly,orsensorssunkintoboreholesorfixedabovegroundcanbeusedtomonitortheshapeofaslope.Slopescan.however,changeshapewithouttriggeringalandslide,soeithermethodispronetocausingfalsealarms.NowDixon'steamhasdevelopedadevicethatlistensforthevibrations'causedwhenparticlesbeginmovingwithinaslope.Thedevicetakestheformofasteelpipedroppedintoaboreholeinaslope.Theboreholeisfilledinwithgravelaroundthepipetohelptransmithigh-frequencyvibrationsgeneratedbyparticleswithintheslope.Thesevibrationspassupthetubeandarepickedupbyasensoronthesurface.Softwareanalysesthevibrationsignaltodeterminewhetheralandslidemaybeimminent.Thedeviceiscurrentlybeingtestedina6-metre-tallartificialclayembankmentinNewcastle2,UK.Earlyresultssuggestitshouldprovidefewerfalsepositivesthanexistingsystems.Onceithasbeencarefullyandthoroughlytested,thedevicecouldbeusedtocreateacompleteearly-warningsystemfordangerousSlopes."Locationswithasignificantriskoflandslidescoulddefinitelybenefitfromamachinelikethis,"saysAdamPoulter,anexpertattheBritishRedCross."Aslongasitdoesn'tcosttoomuch,"But,Poulteraddsthatanearly-warningsystemmaynotbeenoughonitsown."Youneedtohavethehumancommunication,"hesays."Makingsystemsthatgetwarningstothosewhoneedthemcanbedifficult."41.Whatdoes"Suchnaturaldisasters"inthefirstparagraphreferto?ASudden,heavyrainfall.BEarthquakes.CWatererosion.DLandslides.42.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoflandslides?ATheinitialmovementishardtospot.BTheystartwithamovementofafewparticlesofsoilorrock.CTheycanbedestructiveinamatterofhoursorminutes.DAlloftheabove.43.Whydoresearchersdevelopanewdevicetomonitorsignsoflandsides?ABecausethenewdevicecanmeasurethesitedirectly.BBecausethenewdevicecanbesunkintoboreholesorfixedaboveground.CBecausethecommonmethods.cancausefalsealarms.DBecausethecommonmethodsareuseless.44.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofthedevice,accordingtoParagraph4?AItisfilledinwithgravel.BItconsistsofasteelpipe.CItisdroppedintoaboreholefilledinwithgravel.DItisconnectedtoasensoronthesurface.45.Accordingtothecontext,whatdoestheword"positives"inthefifthparagraphmean?APositiveelectriccharges.BEvidences.CWarnings.DPredictions.答案與題解:1.D短文第一段的第一句告訴我們，英國研究人員正在測試一種儀器，這種儀器可以通過監(jiān)測土攘的振動(dòng)來預(yù)警山崩。該段昀后一句說，這種災(zāi)難經(jīng)常在一些遭受自然災(zāi)害的國家發(fā)生，這些自然災(zāi)害包括suddenheavyrainfall和earthquakes以及watererosion。所以D是正確選擇。2.DA、B、C的內(nèi)容都可在第二段中找到。所以D是正確答案。3.C第三段的第一和第二句告訴我們，昀為普通的監(jiān)測山崩方法是對山披形狀變化的觀察，有兩種觀察方式：第三句說，因?yàn)樯狡滦螤畹淖兓灰欢▽?dǎo)致山崩，所以兩種方法都會(huì)有虛假的預(yù)警。因此，C是正確答案。4.AB、C、D所述內(nèi)容都可在第四段中找到。Theboreholeisfilledinwithgravelaroundthepipe.在被鑿出的洞里填充沙礫，圍在鋼管四周。不是在鋼管里填充沙礫。所以A是錯(cuò)誤的說法，是正確的選擇。5.Bpositives在此用作名詞，意思是：被證實(shí)的因素或特點(diǎn)，可以理解為證據(jù)。譯文：聽覺儀器提供早期山崩預(yù)警英國研究者們正在測試一種儀器，它可以通過監(jiān)測土壤振動(dòng)提供早期山崩預(yù)告?？茖W(xué)家們說，這種儀器通過警報(bào)某處有險(xiǎn)情需要撤離，每年可以拯救成千上萬的生命。經(jīng)歷過驟降大耐，地震甚至土壤侵蝕的國家，山崩這樣的自然災(zāi)害是很常見的。當(dāng)同一個(gè)山坡上的一些土壤或石塊開始移動(dòng)時(shí)，山崩就開始了，但早期很難發(fā)現(xiàn)。接著這個(gè)初始運(yùn)動(dòng)，“山坡在數(shù)分鐘或數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)變得不穩(wěn)定，”英國拉夫堡大學(xué)尼爾·迪克森說。他說，一個(gè)監(jiān)控這種運(yùn)動(dòng)的警報(bào)系統(tǒng)“足以疏散一個(gè)，街區(qū)的人或清出一條馬路，拯救生命”。監(jiān)視迫近的山崩，最常見的辦法就是觀察這座山形狀的變化。研究者們可以直接測量，也可以在鉆孔中或者地表面上探測山坡形狀的變化?？墒?，山坡改變形狀也未必就導(dǎo)致山崩。所以任何一種方法都可能導(dǎo)致誤警?，F(xiàn)在，迪克森的團(tuán)隊(duì)已發(fā)明了一種儀器，它在一個(gè)山坡內(nèi)的顆粒開始移動(dòng)時(shí)可以接收到振動(dòng)。這個(gè)儀器是鋼管形狀，探人山坡上的一個(gè)鉆孔中。鉆孔中儀器的四周填滿沙礫，有助于傳導(dǎo)山坡內(nèi)顆粒產(chǎn)生的高頻振動(dòng)波。振動(dòng)波順著鋼管上傳，被地表傳感器接收。通過軟件分析振動(dòng)信號，判斷是否馬上要發(fā)生山崩。目前這種儀器正在英國紐卡斯?fàn)栆蛔?米高人造石灰大壩中接受測試。先期結(jié)果顯示它比現(xiàn)有的儀器提供較少的判斷誤差。一旦這種儀器通過了認(rèn)真徹底的檢測，它將成為—個(gè)完善的山崩早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)?！笆苌奖绹?yán)重威脅的地區(qū)—一定會(huì)從這樣的儀器中得益，”英國紅十字會(huì)的專家艾登·保特說，“只要它不是太貴?！钡牵Ｌ赜终f一個(gè)早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)本身并不足以防災(zāi)，“你需要建立人際交流，”他說，“使系統(tǒng)發(fā)射的預(yù)警送達(dá)到需要的人群是不容易的事?！?.病毒電池Whatdochickenpox，thecommoncold,theflu，andAIDShaveincommon?They’realldiseasecausedbyviruses，tinymicroorganismsthatcanpassfrompersontoperson．It'snowonder1thatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses,findingwayst0steerclearof2virusesiswhat'sonpeople'sminds．Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarders,though3．InCambridge,Massachusetts4,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomevirusescanbehelpfulinanunusualway．Theyareputtingvirusestowork,teachingthemtobuildsomeoftheworld'ssmallestrechargeablebatteries．Virusesandbatteriesmayseemlikeanunusualpair，butthey'renotsostrangeforengineerAngelaBelcher，whofirstcameupwith5theidea．AttheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge,sheandhercollaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways．Inthecaseofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowaboutbiology,technologyandproductiontechniques．Belcher'steamincludesPaulaHammond，whohelpsputtogetherthetinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang，anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery．“We’reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon’tassociatewithnature．”saysHammond．Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall．YoucanholdA．CandDbatteries6inyourhand．Thecoin—likebatteriesthatpowerwatchesareoftensmallerthanapenny．However。everyyear，newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayersorcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore．Asthesedevicesshrink,ordinarybatterieswon'tbesmallenoughtofitinside．Theidealbatterywillstorealotofenergyinasmallpackage．Rightnow，Belcher'smodelbattery，ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses，lookslikearegularwatchbattery．Butinside，itscomponentsareverysmall—sotinyyoucanonlyseethemwithapowerfulmicroscope．Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?Togetsomeideaofthesize，pluckonehairfromyourhead．Placeyourhaironapieceofwhitepaperandtrytoseehowwideyourhairis—prettythin，right?Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shairisabitdifferent，youcouldprobablyfitaboutloofthesevirus—builtbatteryparts，sidetoside，acrossonehair．Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses7．詞匯：chickenpox水痘microorganismn．微生物metallicadj．金屬的collaboratorn．合作者，協(xié)作者pluckv．拔，摘，采注釋：1．nowonder：不足為奇的，難怪2．steerclearof：避開，繞開3．though：意思為“然而，可是”。在句中使用時(shí)通常放在句末。4．Cambridge，Massachusetts：馬薩諸塞州的劍橋市。本文第三段提到的theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge即指坐落于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院。麻省理工學(xué)院于1861年由著名自然科學(xué)家威廉?巴羅吉杰斯創(chuàng)立。這是美國的一所私立研究型大學(xué)，培養(yǎng)高級科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科為主的、世界一流的綜合性大學(xué)。5．cameupwith：提出6．A，CandDbatteries：A、C、D均為電池型號。7．Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses：這些微型電池可能會(huì)改變我們看待病毒的方式。作者想表達(dá)的意思是：人們一直認(rèn)為病毒有害無益，現(xiàn)在病毒可用來制作電池，人們對病毒的看法可能會(huì)因此而發(fā)生變化。練習(xí)：1．Accordingtothefirstparagraph，peopletrytoA．killmicroorganismsrelatedtochickenpox，theflu，etc．B．keepthemselvesawayfromvirusesbecausetheyareinvisible．C．stayawayfromvirusesbecausetheyarecausesofvariousdiseases．D．curethemselvesofvirus—relateddiseasesbytakingmedicines．2．WhatisBelcher'steamdoingatpresent?A．Itisfindingwaystogetridofviruses．．B．Itismass—producingmicrobatteries．C．Itismakingbatterieswithviruses．D．Itisanalyzingvirusgenes．3．Whatexpressionbelowisoppositeinmeaningtotheword"shrink"appearinginparagraph5？A．Broaden．B．Spread．C．Extend．D．Expand：4.WhichofthefollowingistrueofBelcher'sbatterymentionedinparagraph6？A．Itismadeofmetal．B．Itisakindofwatchbattery．C．Itcanonlybeseenwithamicroscope．D．Itisametallicdiskwithvirusesinsideit．5.Howtinyisonebatterypart?A．Itswidthisonetenthofahair．B．Itequalsthewidthofahair．C．Itisasthinasapieceofpaper．D．Itswidthistootinytomeasure．答案與題解：1．C短文第一段的大致意思是，許多疾病都由病毒引起，諸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人們想盡辦法躲避病毒。這是C所表達(dá)的意思。A不是正確選擇，因?yàn)槲恼虏]有說人們想方設(shè)法去殺死病毒。B的后半句的內(nèi)容(病毒肉眼看不見)和D的內(nèi)容(吃藥治療病毒引起的疾病)文中沒有提到.2．C短文的第二段明確提供了答案。3．D根據(jù)上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收縮”，即“縮小”。所以，它的反義詞是expand(增大，擴(kuò)張)。C不是正確選擇，因?yàn)閑xtend的意思是becomelonger，即“延伸”或“加長”。A的意思是“加寬”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展開”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反義詞，但在第五段這個(gè)語境里，B不是最佳選擇。4．D第六段第二句中提到的metallicdisk是指“金屬圓盤”，它是微型電池的外形，其內(nèi)部是由病毒構(gòu)成的電池部件。微型電池不是由金屬組成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，這種電池lookslikearegularwatchbattery，與手表里電池外形相似，但并不等同手表電池，所以B也不是正確選擇。文章只是說電池的部件(但并沒有說整個(gè)電池)小到只能用顯微鏡才能看到，所以C也不是正確的選擇。D才是第六段所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，因此是答案。5．A短文最后一段的第四句(“youcouldprobablyfitaboutloofthesevirus-builtbatteryparts，sidetoside，acrossonehair”)提供了本題的答案。病毒電池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之處呢？這些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能夠在人與人之間傳染的微生物。難怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。然而，并不是每個(gè)人都躲避這些病毒攜帶者。在馬薩諸塞州劍橋市，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些病毒能起到非同尋常的作用。他們使病毒開始工作，使病毒構(gòu)成世界上最小的充電電池。病毒和電池的搭檔似乎并不常見，但這對于工程師安吉拉·貝爾徹來說卻并不陌生。安吉拉·貝爾徹最早產(chǎn)生了這一想法。在位于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。在由病毒構(gòu)成的電池里，科學(xué)家融合了他們在生物、技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)工藝方面的知識(shí)。貝爾徹的團(tuán)隊(duì)包括幫助組裝微型電池的寶拉·哈蒙德和以電池形式存儲(chǔ)能量的專家蔣業(yè)明。哈蒙德說，“我們現(xiàn)在從事的行業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)中不會(huì)想到的。”許多電池已經(jīng)很小了。A型、C型和D型電池都可以握在手里。硬幣形狀的手表電池通常比分幣還小。然而，個(gè)人音樂播放器和手機(jī)等新型電子設(shè)備變得越來越小。這些設(shè)備變小了，普通電池就無法安裝進(jìn)去了。理想的電池應(yīng)當(dāng)體積小、儲(chǔ)能多。，貝爾徹的電池模型是完全由病毒構(gòu)成的金屬圓盤，看起來就像普通手表電池。但里面的部件卻非常小——小到用高倍望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能看到。這些電池部件到底有多小呢？從頭上拔一根頭發(fā)，把它放到白紙上，看看頭發(fā)的寬度——是不是很細(xì)呢？盡管每個(gè)人的頭發(fā)寬度不同，每個(gè)頭發(fā)上可以并列排放大約10個(gè)病毒電池部件。這些為電池能會(huì)改變我們對病毒的看法。3.不要在就餐時(shí)間以外飲酒有了新含義“Don’tDrinkAlone”GetsNewMeaningInwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubs,anEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantlyhigherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibationswithfood.LuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1,500patientsfromfourcancerstudiesandanother3,500adultswhohadneverhadcancer.Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumed,theyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmealsfacedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoralcavity,pharynx,andesophagus,whencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngealcancer.“Roughly95percentofcancersatthesefoursitestracedtoosmokingordrinkingbystudyvolunteers,”DalMasosays.Thediscouragingnewshisteamreports,isthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn’teliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites.Fortheirnewanalysis,theEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroups,basedonhowmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek.Thelowest-intakegroupincludedpeoplewhoaveragedupto20drinksaweek.Thehighestgroupreporteddowningatleast56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.Cancerrisksforthemouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonlywithmeals.Forinstance,comparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroup,participantswhodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesotherthanthelarynx.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemeals,thoseinthehigherconsumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalcavityandesophagealcancers.Peopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskoforalcancer,7timestheriskofpharyngealcancer,and16timestheriskofesophagealcancercomparedwiththosewhoaveraged20orfewerdrinksaweekwithmeals.Incontrast,laryngealcancerriskthehigh-intake,with-meals-onlygroupwasonlytriplethatinthelow-intakeconsumerswhodrankwithmeals.“Alcoholcaninflametissues.Overtime,thatinflammationcantriggercancer.”DalMasosays.Hesuspectsthatfoodreducedcancerriskeitherbypartiallycoatingdigestive-tracttissuesorbyscrubbingalcoholoffthosetissues.Hespeculatesthatthereasonlaryngealrisksweredramaticallylowerforallstudyparticipantstracestothetissue’slowerexposuretoalcohol.“Don'tDrinkAlone”GetsNewMeaning課文講解（1）～（2）題1.ResearchershavefoundthattheriskofcancerinthemouthandneckishigherwithpeopleA.whodrinkalcoholoutsideofmeals.B.whodrinkalcoholatmeals.C.whoneverdrinkalcohol.D.whodrinkalcoholatbarsandpubs.「答案」：A“Don'tDrinkAlone”GetsNewMeaningInwhatmaybebadnewsforbarsandpubs,anEuropeanresearchgrouphasfoundthatpeopledrinkingalcoholoutsideofmealshaveasignificantly（=considerably）higherriskofcancerinthemouthandneckthandothosetakingtheirlibations（飲酒）withfood.2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheconclusionmadebytheresearchersabout“drinkingwithmeals”?A.Ithasalowerriskofcancerthandrinkingwithoutfood.B.Itmayalsobeacauseofcancer.C.Itincreasesby20percentthepossibilityofcancerinallsites.D.Itdoesnoteliminatecancerriskatanyofthesites.「答案」：CLuiginoDalMasoandhiscolleaguesstudiedthedrinkingpatternsof1,500patientsfromfourcancerstudiesandanother3,500adultswhohadneverhadcancer.Aftertheresearchersaccountedfortheamountofalcoholconsumed,theyfoundthatindividualswhodownedasignificantshareoftheiralcoholoutsideofmealsfacedatleasta50to80percentriskofcancerintheoralcavity（口腔）,pharynx（咽）,andesophagus（食道）,whencomparedwithpeoplewhodrankonlyatmeals.Consumingalcoholwithoutfoodalsoincreasedbyatleast20percentthelikelihoodoflaryngealcancer（喉癌）.“Roughly（=about/approximately）95percentofcancersatthesefoursitestracedtosmokingordrinkingbythestudyvolunteers,”DalMasosays.Thediscouragingnews,histeamreports,isthatdrinkingwithmealsdidn'teliminate（=getridof）cancerriskatanyofthesites.accountfor:explain解釋discourage:frustrate課文講解（3）～（4）題3.Approximatelyhowmanydrinksdothelowest-intakegroupaverageperday?Fortheirnewanalysis,theEuropeanscientistsdividedpeopleinthestudyintofourgroups,basedonhowmanydrinkstheyreportedhavinginanaverageweek.Thelowest-intakegroupincludedpeoplewhoaveragedupto20drinksaweek.3.Approximatelyhowmanydrinksdothelowest-intakegroupaverageperday?A.3drinks.B.8drinks.C.20drinks.D.50drinks.「答案」：A4.Whichcancerriskisthelowestamongallthefourkindsofcancermentionedinthepassage?Thehighestgroupreporteddowningatleast56servingsofalcoholweeklyforanaverageofeightormoreperday.Cancerrisksforthemouthandnecksitesrosesteadilywithconsumptionevenforpeoplewhoreporteddrinkingonlywithmeals.Forinstance,comparedwithpeopleinthelowest-consumptiongroup,participantswhodrank21to34alcoholservingsaweekatleastdoubledtheircancerriskforallsitesotherthanthelarynx（喉癌）.Ifpeopleintheseconsumptiongroupstooksomeofthosedrinksoutsidemeals,thoseinthehigherconsumptiongroupatleastquadrupledtheirriskfororalcavity（口腔）andesophagealcancers（食道）.Peopleinthehighest-consumptiongroupwhodrankonlywithmealshad10timestheriskoforalcancer,7timestheriskofpharyngealcancer（咽癌）,and16timestheriskofesophagealcancer（食道癌）comparedwiththosewhoaveraged20orfewerdrinksaweekwithmeals.Incontrast,laryngealcancer（喉癌）riskinthehigh-intake,with-meals-onlygroupwasonlytriplethatinthelow-intakeconsumptionwhodrankwithmeals.4.Whichcancerriskisthelowestamongallthefourkindsofcancermentionedinthepassage?A.OralcancerB.LaryngealcancerC.PharyngealcancerD.Esophagealcancer「答案」：B課文講解（5）題5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,tissue'slowerexposuretoalcohol“Alcoholcaninflametissues（組織）.Overtime,thatinflammationcantriggercancer.”DalMasosays.Hesuspectsthatfoodreducedcancerriskeitherbypartiallycoatingdigestive-tracttissuesorbyscrubbingalcoholoffthosetissues.Hespeculatesthatthereasonlaryngealrisks（喉癌）weredramaticallylowerforallstudyparticipantstracestothetissue'slowerexposuretoalcohol.5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,tissue'slowerexposuretoalcoholA.explainswhyinflammationtriggerscancer.B.accountsforwhyfoodcancoatdigestive-tracttissues.C.isthereasonwhyfoodcanscrubalcoholofftissues.D.reducestheriskoflaryngealcancer.「答案」：D譯文：不要在就餐時(shí)間以外飲酒有了新含義一定程度上，這對酒吧可能是一個(gè)壞消息，歐洲的一個(gè)研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)人們在就餐時(shí)間以外飲酒會(huì)使患口腔和頸部癌癥的機(jī)率比就餐時(shí)飲酒更高。LuiginoDalMaso和他的同事們研究了取自四項(xiàng)癌癥研究的1,500個(gè)病例的飲酒習(xí)慣模式和另外3,500個(gè)從沒患癌癥的成年人的飲酒習(xí)慣模式。在研究者分析了飲酒的總量后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)和只在就餐時(shí)飲酒的人相比，在就餐時(shí)間以外灌下大量烈酒的人面臨至少50%~80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危險(xiǎn)。在就餐時(shí)間外飲酒也會(huì)使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情況說明大約95%患以上四種癌癥的原因就是抽煙或飲酒?！盌alMaso說。他的研究小組提供的報(bào)告令人沮喪的消息是就餐時(shí)飲酒不會(huì)消除患以上任何一種癌癥的危險(xiǎn)。為了進(jìn)行新的頒，歐洲科學(xué)家根據(jù)每星期平均飲酒量將被研究者分為4組。飲酒量最少的一組包括每周平均飲酒量達(dá)20杯的人，飲酒量最高的一組每周飲酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上?；伎谇话┖秃戆┑奈ｋU(xiǎn)隨著飲酒量而穩(wěn)定上升，即使是那些只在就餐時(shí)飲酒的人。例如，和低飲酒量的人相比，每周飲酒21~34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌癥的危險(xiǎn)增加了一倍。如果這幾組中的人在就餐時(shí)間以外飲酒，那些屬于高飲酒量組的人會(huì)使他們患口腔癌和食道癌的危險(xiǎn)至少增加3倍。和每周只在就餐時(shí)平均飲酒至多20杯的人相比，高飲酒量組的人在就餐時(shí)間飲酒患口腔癌的危險(xiǎn)是低飲酒量組的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高攝入且僅在就餐時(shí)飲酒的人患喉癌的危險(xiǎn)是酒精低攝入且僅在就餐時(shí)飲酒的人的3倍?！熬凭苁菇M織發(fā)炎，一段時(shí)間后，炎癥可引發(fā)癌癥?！盌alMaso說。他認(rèn)為食物降低了患癌癥的危險(xiǎn)，或是通過覆蓋在消化道組織上或是通過將酒精從那些組織上擦牛。他推測所有被研究者患喉癌的機(jī)率比其他癌癥低很多的原因是組織被酒精侵害到的部分少。4.全球變暖“缺油”TooLittleforGlobalWarmingOilandgaswillrunouttoofastfordoomsdayglobalwarmingscenariostomaterialize,accordingtoacontroversialnewanalysispresentedthisweekattheUniversityofUppsalainSweden.Theauthorswarnthatallthefuelwillbeburntbeforethereisenoughcarbondioxideintheatmospheretorealizepredictionsofmeltingicecapsandsearingtemperatures.Defendingtheirpredictions,scientistsfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangesaytheyconsideredarangeofestimatesofoilandgasreserves,andpointoutthatcoal-burningcouldeasilymakeuptheshortfall.Butallagreethatburningcoalwouldbeevenworsefortheplanet.TheIPCC’spredictionsofglobalmeltdownpushedforwardthe1997KyotoProtocol,anagreementobligingsignatorynationstocutCO2emissions.TheIPCCconsideredarangeoffuturescenarios,fromunlimitedburningoffossil-fuelstoafasttransitiontowardsgreenerenergysources.ButgeologistsAndersSivertsson,KjellAleklettandColinCampbellofUppsalaAlthoughestimatesofoilandgasreservesvarywidely,theresearchersarepartofagrowinggroupofexpertswhobelievethatoilsupplieswillpeakassoonas2010,andgassoonafter.Theiranalysissuggeststhatoilandgasreservescombinedabouttotheequivalentofabout3,500billionbarrelsofoilconsiderablylessthanthe5,000billionbarrelsestimatedinthemostoptimisticmodelenvisagedbytheIPCC.Eventheaverageforecastofabout8,000billionbarrelsismorethantwicetheSwedishestimateoftheworld’sremainingreserves.NebojsaNakicenovic,anenergyeconomistattheUniversityofVienna,Austriawhoheadedthe80-strongIPCCteamthatproducedtheforecasts,saysthepanel’sworkstillstands.Hesaystheyfactoredinamuchbroaderandinternationallyacceptedrangeofoilandgasestimatesthanthe“conservative”Swedes.Evenifoilandgasrunout,“there’sahugeamountofcoalundergroundthatcouldbeexploited”,hesaysthatburningcoalcouldmaketheIPCCscenarioscometrue,butpointsoutthatsuchaswitchwouldbedisastrous.CoalisdirtierthanoilandgasandproducesmoreCO2foreachunitofenergy,aswellasreleasinglargeamountsofparticulates.Hesaysthelatestanalysisisa“shotacrossthebows”forpolicymakers.1.WhatdotheauthorsofthenewanalysispresentedattheUniversityofA．theburningofcoalwillacceleratethearrivalofEarth’sdoomsday.B．TheoilreservesarebigenoughtomaterializethedoomsdayscenariosC．MeltingicecapsandsearingtemperaturesexistonlyinsciencefictionD．OilandgaswillrunoutsofastthatEarth’sdoomsdaywillnevermaterialize.2.NationsthatsignedtheKyotoProtocolagreetoA.payattentiontoglobalmeltdownB.cutCO2emissionsC.usemoregreenenergyD.stopusingfossilfuels3.Whataretheestimatesoftheworld’soilandgasreserves?A.4,000billionbarrelsbytheaverageforecastB.8,000billionbarrelsestimatedbytheSwedesC.3,500barrelsenvisagedbyIPCCD.3,500billionbyagrowingnumberofscientists4.WhichofthefollowingaboutNebojsaNakicenovicistrue?A．hethinksfossilfuelsareasdirtyasoilandgasB．hethinksgreenfuelswillreplaceoilandgaseventuallyC．hethinksIPCC’sviewontheworld’sreservesistoooptimisticD．hethinksthatIPCC’sestimatesaremoreoptimisticthantheSwedes5.WhichofthefollowingisthenearexplanationofNakicenovic’sassertionthat“..suchaswitchwouldbedisastrous..?A.TheIPCCscenarioswouldcometruebecauseburningcoalwillemitlargeramountsofCO2”B.AswitchtoburningcoalwouldproducedisastrousenvironmentalproblemsC.OilandgastoreplacecoalasfuelwouldspeeduptheprocessofglobalwarmingD.AswitchfromtheIPCCscenariostothepolicymakers’oneswouldbedisastrous注釋:1.runout:被用完2.doomsdayglobalwarmingscenarios:全球變曖這一世界求末的場景。scenarios:指“預(yù)料或期望的一系列事件的模式”，在戲劇中指“一場，一景”。3.IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC):政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)4.makeup:彌補(bǔ)5.pushforward:抓緊進(jìn)行，推進(jìn)6.Kyoto:京都（日本本州中西部一峻市）。KyotoProtocol:京都議定書（京都議定書是《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》的約定俗成的稱呼。京都議定書規(guī)定，到2010年，所有發(fā)達(dá)國家排放的二氧化碳等六種溫室氣體的數(shù)量，要比1990年減少52%。)7.cometopass:happen,occur(發(fā)使)8.thepanel’sworkstillstands委員會(huì)的工作結(jié)果(即對世界燃料的存量估算)仍然站得住腳。9.factorin:包括，把……計(jì)算在內(nèi)，如:Theyfactoredsickdaysandvacationsinwhentheypreparedtheworkschedule.當(dāng)他們準(zhǔn)備工作時(shí)間表時(shí)，他們把病假和假期都包括在內(nèi)。10.shotacrossthebows:潑冷水，使……打消計(jì)劃和念頭譯文：全球變暖“缺油”根據(jù)本周在瑞典烏普薩拉大學(xué)新發(fā)表的一個(gè)具有爭議性的分析，石油和天然氣會(huì)在全球變暖這一世界末日的場景到來之前耗盡。作者警告說，在使大氣中含有足夠的二氧化碳造成冰冠融化和溫度升高等場景出現(xiàn)之前，石化燃料會(huì)先消耗殆盡。來自政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)（IPCC）的專家為自己的預(yù)測變化說,他們是根據(jù)一系列的石油及天然氣存量來預(yù)測，并指出燃煤可減輕填補(bǔ)不足的差額。不過所有人都同意燃煤將會(huì)對地球造成更糟的影響。IPCC的全球冰雪融化預(yù)測推動(dòng)了1997年京都協(xié)議書的簽訂，簽署國同意將縮減二氧化碳的總排放量。IPCC預(yù)測了一系列包含從無節(jié)制的使用石化燃料至快速過度到較環(huán)保能源所將產(chǎn)生的未來場景。但是烏普薩拉大學(xué)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家AndersSivertsson,KjellAleklett和ColinCampbell表示，即使是IP