美國文學(xué)選讀期末復(fù)習(xí)資料

PAGEPAGE10美國文學(xué)選讀期末復(fù)習(xí)資料TheColonialPeriodorTheEnlightenmentandRevolutionPeriodAmericanPuritanism(roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th)一、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富蘭克林作品PoorRichard'sAlmanac《格言歷書》 ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onvalueofworkandsavingsforsuccess.2TheAutobiography“美國夢(mèng)”的根源3、參與起草《獨(dú)立宣言》AmericanRomanticismTheRomanticPeriodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.浪漫主義兩大主題：愛和大自然的力量ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticism：TheyoungRepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveandapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandmassocietiesasasourceofcorruption.二EdgarAllanPoe 埃德加·愛倫·坡poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycriticpoems,70shortstories)Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof“Artforart’ssake.”Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism(心理分析批評(píng)),andthedetectivestory.詩歌的精髓就是追求美小說的主題常常是恐怖和死亡，其中還運(yùn)用了象征手法。ThePoeticPrinciple:1.Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;Beauty(therhythmicalcreationofbeauty);Melancholy憂傷(especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman).代表作：TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大廈的倒塌》Ligeia《莉蓋亞》AnnabelLee《安娜貝爾·李》TheRaven《烏鴉》TheCaskofAmontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》gothicnovel人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗圖納多Fortunato三、RalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫·華爾多·愛默生ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism（超驗(yàn)主義）Hewasadescendent（后裔）ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen（牧師）.散文家、詩人、超驗(yàn)主義的哲學(xué)的主要倡導(dǎo)者。AmericanTranscendentalismAs a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism(also known “AmericanRenaissance”)flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmersonandThoreau.TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:①TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.個(gè)體+社會(huì)③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝代表作：Nature《論自然》theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson；Self-Reliance《論自助》是表達(dá)他的超驗(yàn)主義觀點(diǎn)的最重要作品之一TheAmericanScholar《論美國學(xué)者》；TheOver-soul 《論超靈》四、NathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾·霍桑effectedby超驗(yàn)主義HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.Oneofthemostambivalent（矛盾的）writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.主要成就：美國心理分析小說的開創(chuàng)者浪漫主義小說家心理小說家代表作：MossesfromanOldManseTwice-ToldTales;TheMarbleFaun;TheHouseoftheSevenGables《帶有七個(gè)尖角閣的房子》TheScarletLetter《紅字》ManyofhisearlierstorieshadtreatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletPuritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandtrueTheScarletLetter《紅字》：HesterPrynnestrong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;Pearlinnocent,perceptive;RogerChillingworthamandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilinthestory;ArthurDimmesdaleintelligentandemotional.SymbolisminhisworksHawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition 清教徒傳統(tǒng)bequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebestsymbolists.五、HermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.代表作：WhiteJacket《白外衣》BillyBudd《畢利·,Omoo.MobyDick1851《白鯨》百科全書式性質(zhì)/海洋作品/動(dòng)物史詩（《熊》?？思{、《老人與?！泛Ｃ魍?、《白鯨》梅爾維爾）MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelvillsbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendentalistfolly.MobyDickthusrevealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:lonelinessandsuicidalindividualisminaself-styleddemocracy.(anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism)SymbolisminMobyDick：ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic. Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleoradventure,consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth尋找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintomasdeeprealityandpsychology.Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;thePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable難以理解的,malignant惡性的,andbeautifulaswell.MobyDick相關(guān)人名、地名人名：Ishmael Ahab Queequeg MobyDick地名：Pequod Jeroboam(wheretheymeetGabriel,aprophet.SamuelEnderby(whosecaptainisBoomer)TheRachel TheDelight六、HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大衛(wèi)·梭羅Asayoungman,Thoreautookamorethanusualinterestinthenaturalworld.LikeEmerson,butmorethanhim,hesawnatureasagenuinerestorative,healthyinfluenceonman’sspiritualwell-being,andregardeditasasymbolofspirit.Thoreauwasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.Itwas,inhisopinion,degradingandenslavingman.獄度過的一夜。theDutyofCivilDisobedience《論公民的不服從》Walden《瓦爾登湖》notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsandtestsThoreau’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.七、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃茲沃思·朗費(fèi)羅FeaturesofLongfellooticworksChiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.ThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.Generallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.Aboveall,thereisajoyousnessinthem,aspiritofoptimismandfaithinthegoodnessoflifewhichevokesimmediateresponseintheemotionsofhisreaders.Simplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife.19世紀(jì)美國最偉大的浪漫主義詩人之一。傳統(tǒng)派，勵(lì)志型。詩集：《夜吟》VoicesoftheNight《歌謠及其他》BalladsandOtherPoems《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline《海依華沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha詩歌：《我射出一支箭·》IShotanArrow...APsalmofLife/第一首被完整地介紹到中國的美國詩歌八、WaltWhitman 沃爾特·惠特曼自由體（FreeVersewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymeschemeThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass《草葉集》waspublishedin1855.Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.WritingfeaturesofWhitmanAsingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.Songs for himself, for the labour of common American people, natural creation, independenceofthecountry,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.Freeverse,rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.詩歌：《我歌唱自我》One'sSelfISing《噢，船長！我的船長！》OCaptain!MyCaptain!Emily世紀(jì)唯一出名的女作家DiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopforDeath.20世紀(jì)詩歌的誕生。宅女，想象力，詩歌（死亡、愛情、失敗、無標(biāo)點(diǎn)）Whitman:societyDickinson:innerlifeoftheindividualMostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageorsymbol.·》ToMakeaPrairie《最美妙的勝利感覺》SuccessIsCountedSweetest《我是無名之輩》I'mNobody!TheAgeofRealismThewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedbythetranscendentalists naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.Asaliterarymovement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivilWarItwasareactionagainst“thelie”ofRomanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewaytoModernism.Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“reality”oflifestartedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingknownasTheAgeofRealism.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJamesJameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“l(fā)ife”oftheAmericans,andHenryJameshadapparentlylaidgreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”ofman.十、MarkTwain馬克·吐溫Writing:humorandlocalcolorismThecharacteristicsoflocalcolorism:Twainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutas“l(fā)ocalcolorism”auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.LocalColorismorRegionalismfirstappearedinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.HamlinGarlanddefinedlocalcolorismashaving“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethanaTheultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenous 土產(chǎn)的littleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharactertheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.代表作：LifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上》TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《湯姆·索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克貝里·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》(MarkTwain’smostrepresentativework)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnThenoveliswritteninalanguagethatistotallydifferentfromtherhetoricallanguageusedbyEmerson,Poe,andMelville.Hischaracters,confinedtoaparticularregionandtoaparticularhistoricalmoment,speakwithastrongaccent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.TherichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.Hishumor,akindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism,isremarkable.人物：HuckleberryFinn、Jim、TomSawyer、WidowDouglasandMissWatson、PapTheDukeandDauphin(公爵和法國皇太子）十一、HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯作品：ThePortraitofaLady《一個(gè)女士的畫像》 DaisyMiller《黛西·密勒》Theinternationaltheme:themeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceandthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.LikeHawthorne,Jamesregardedevilasessentiallyofinwardcauseandrepeatedlyemphasizedmagnanimityandthebeautyofgoodness.PsychologicalRealism心理現(xiàn)實(shí)主義Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.AndHenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Hebelievedthatrealityliesintheimpressionsmadebylifeonthespectator,andnotinanyfactsofwhichthespectatorisunaware.Suchrealismisthereforemerelytheobligationthattheartistassumestorepresentlifeasheseesit.AmericanNaturalism自然主義Livinginacold,indifferent,andessentiallyGodlessworld,manwasnolongerfreeinanysense.Hewascompletelythrownuponhimselfforsurvival.Lifebecameastruggleforsurvival.BothHowellsandTwainhadwrittentheirbestworkandhadsaidwhattheyhadtosay.Apparentlytheyweretoooldandtoosetintheirwaystoreorientatethemselvesinthenewperiod.TheimpactofDarwin’sevolutionarytheory達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化論ontheAmericanthoughtandthe19thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoanotherschoolofrealism:Americannaturalism.Theemergenceofnaturalismdoesnotmarkaradicalbreakwithrealism.Itisanewandharsherrealism.Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral與道德無關(guān)的,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredity遺傳andenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivion湮沒indeath.代表作家StephenCranTheodoreDreise；JackLondoOHenry十二、StephenCrane史蒂芬·克萊恩是美國著名的文學(xué)家,自然主義手法Naturalism(Humanarecontrolledbylawsofenvironment環(huán)境andheredity遺傳)。其作品特點(diǎn)：realistic，naturalistic,impressionistic.同時(shí)其作品大多關(guān)注社會(huì)底層，但比較pessimistic.《海上扁舟》中運(yùn)用了自然主義和印象主義（光的變化）的手法作品：Maggie:AGirloftheStreets《街頭女郎麥姬》；TheRedBadgeofCourage《紅色英勇勛章》；TheBrideComestoYellowSkyTheBlueHotel《藍(lán)色旅店》TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》；人物：船長Captain,注油工Oiler（最后死了）Cook,記者CorrespondentAManSaidtotheUniverseAmansaidtotheuniverse:"Sir,Iexist!""However,"repliedtheuniverse,"ThefacthasnotcreatedinmeAsenseofobligation."StephenCraneJackLondon：TheCalloftheWild；MartinEdenO.Henry(WilliamSydneyGiftoftheMagi；TheCopandtheanthemTheodoreDreiser：TrilogyofDesire:1.TheFinancier2.TheTitan3.TheStoic；SisterJennieGerhardt；AnAmericanTheModernPeriodTheModernPeriod：The1920s-1930s(thesecondrenaissanceofAmericanliterature)又稱：TheRoaringTwenties(economically)TheJazzAge(socially)“l(fā)os”and“wastelan”(spiritually“l(fā)osGertrudeStein“wastelandT.S.EliotThehistoricandculturalbackgroundTheUSA’sparticipationinWorldWarⅠmarkedacrucialstageinthenation’sevolutiontoaworldpower.Bytheseconddecadeofthe20thcentury,theUSAhadbecomethemostpowerfulindustrializednationintheworld.Therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthefirstfewdecadesofthe20 thcenturywasdescribedasaspiritualwasteland.Therehadbeenabigflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasinbothsocialandnaturalsciences.Darwinism(Darwin),Socialism(KarlMarx),Psychoanalysis(SigmundFreud)Therehadbeenabigflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasinbothsocialandnaturalsciences.Darwinism(Darwin),Socialism(KarlMarx),Psychoanalysis(SigmundFreud)TheLostGenerationTheterm“LostGeneration”camefromGertrudeStein,whohadasaloninherhouseforEnglishandAmericanexpatriatesinParis.ThePhrasewasaremarkshemadetoamechanicinpresencethat“YouareallalostGertrudeSteinusedthetermtodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.ThetermiscommonlyappliedtoErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,JohnDosPassos,E.E.Cummingsandsomeothers.WinnersofNobelPrizeforLiteratureduringthisperiodSinclairLewis(1930)MainStreet,Babbitt);EugeneNeill(1936);PearlS.Buck(1938);T.S.Eliot(1948);WilliamFaulkner(1949);ErnestHemingway(1954);JohnSteinbeck(1962)11十三、SherwoodAnderson舍伍德·安德森代表作：Winesburg,Ohio《俄亥俄州的溫斯堡鎮(zhèn)Hands;PaperPillsWinesburg,Ohioashortstorycollectioncontainingmorethan20connectedstoriesaboutsomegrotesquepeople.Eachstoryisaboutoneormorepeoplewitharulingkindofpassionwhichdistortstheirpersonalities.Grotesquepeoplealsopossesseslove,passionandbeautynobodyknowsbecauseotherpeopleinthetownonlycareformoney.ThecollectionisabittersatireontheutilitarianismthatprevailedinAmericansociety.Vividpictureofasmalltownintransitionfromruraltoindustrial;alienation,loneliness,wantingofloveandunderstanding.十四、F.ScottFitzgerald弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德AmericanDreamIntheUnitedStateDeclarationofIndependence獨(dú)立宣,ourfoundingfathers:…h(huán)eldcertaintruthstobeself-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwith certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit ofHappiness."…….TheSideofParadise《人間天堂》TheBeautifulandtheDamned《漂亮的冤家》FlappersandPhilosophersTalesoftheJazzAge《爵士樂時(shí)代的故事》TenderistheNight《夜色溫柔》TheCrack-up《崩潰》TheLastTycoon(unfinished)TheGreatGatsbyJayGatsbyisamandrivenbygreed,ambitionand,mostofall,anunwaveringdesireforawomanhemetbeforetheGreatWar,whenhewaspoorandshewasunobtainable.AsGatsbyreinventshimselfinanattempttobuyhiswayintothesocialeliteofLongIsland'sGoldCoast,heyearnstorekindlehisromancewiththewomanwhostolehisheartyearsbefore.Butwhenthechancefinallyarrives,ashadowoftragedyiscastoverwhatGatsbylongimaginedwouldbehistriumphantmoment.主要人物：NickCarraway、JayGatsby、DaisyBuchanan、TomBuchananJordanBaker、MyrtleWilson、GeorgeWilsonPAGEPAGE18TheGreatGatsby《了不起的蓋茨比》被視為美國文學(xué)“爵士時(shí)代”的象征，AmericanDreamGatsby蓋茨比，DaisyTomNickMyrtl（湯姆的情婦Wilso（湯姆情婦的丈夫十五、WilliamFaulkner威廉·(1897-1962)1949Nobelprice:“forhispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel.”HeisparticularlyinterestedindescribingthedecayofDeepSouthaftertheCivilWar.Underhispen,thearistocraticfamiliesfailtoliveuptotheirhistoricalgreatness.HewritesaboutthehistoriesofanumberofsouthernaristocraticfamiliessuchastheCompsons,theSartorises,theSutpensandtheMcCaslins.Heseestheirinevitablefall.Faulknerisadifficultwriter.Hestructureshisstoriesinhisownoriginalfashionandproficientinemployingadistinctivenarrativemethod.Heoftenemploysstreamofconsciousnessnarrative,discardsandnotionofchronologicalorder,usesmultiplenarrations,shiftsbetweenthepresentandpasttense,andtendstowardimpossiblylongandcomplexsentences.寫作特點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容：YoknapatawphaCountry以故鄉(xiāng)為原型虛構(gòu)的，表現(xiàn)南方貴族家庭的沒落SouthernfamilyTheTownofJefferson作品: TheSoundandtheFury(1929)《喧囂與騷動(dòng)，取自莎士比亞的《麥克白》AsILayDying(1930)《我彌留之際》LightintheAugust(1932)《八月之光》Absalom,Absalom(1936)《押沙龍，押沙龍GoDownMoses(1942)《去吧，摩西》23部長篇小說，11個(gè)短篇小說，7個(gè)詩集，6個(gè)電影劇本，1個(gè)電視劇劇本十六、ErnestHemingway厄內(nèi)斯特·海明威“迷惘的一代”作家的主要人物HeisalegendaryheroinAmericanliterature.Besideshisnovels,asamanhislifeexperienceisquiteamiracle.IcebergPrinciple(Theory):冰ft法則Thedignityofmovementoftheicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.CodeheroorHemingwayheroesanoblebuttragichero;fightingwiththeoverwhelmingforce;thoughheknowsthathewillbedefeatedatlast,hedecidestoactlikeahero.InonesenseHemingwaywroteallhislifeaboutonetheme,whichisneatlysummedupinthefamousphrase“graceunderpressure.MajorWorks:TheSunAlsoRises1926(JakeBarnes)《太陽照樣升起》2.AFarewelltoArms1928(atragicstoryaboutwarandlove)(FredericHenryandCatherineBarkley)《永別了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls1940(Spanishcivilwar)(RobertJordan)于Donne的一句詩TheOldManandtheSea1952(Santiago)《老人與?！稵he20thCenturyAmericanPoets（Ⅰ）Twocharacteristicstrains：introspection自省&socialcriticismImagism意象派ApoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.thatflourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething直接處理主題”andtheeconomyofwording簡化措辭.“poetictechniquestorecordexactlythemomentaryimpressions”AnImagistpoem,therefore,oftencontainsasingledominantimage,oraquicksuccessionofrelatedimages.Itseffectismeanttoinstantaneous.Theimagistmovementdrewformavarietyofpoetictraditions.Greek,ProvencalandJapanesepoetryareamongthemanyacknowledgedsourcesofImagismandPounspoetry.ThreemainprinciplesoftheImagistMovement(1912):directtreatmentofpoeticsubjectseliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords,tousenowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation.rhythmicalcompositioninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequenceofametronome.意象派詩人：EzraPound、WallaceStevens、WilliamCarlosWilliams十七、EzraPound埃茲拉·龐德Born:Idaho愛達(dá)荷洲Education:UniversityofPennsylvania9languagesworkedfortheItaliangovernmentinWWII,engagedinsomeradiobroadcastsofanti-Semitismandpro-Fascism.代表作: Cantos《詩章;HughSelwynMauberley《休·賽爾溫·毛伯利》;InaStationoftheMetro《在一個(gè)地鐵車站》;Cathay《中國華夏集》十八、WallaceStevens華萊士·斯蒂文斯AnecdoteoftheJar《壇子的軼事》十九、WilliamCarlosWilliamsTheRedWheelbarrow《紅色手推車》E.E.Cummings:L(a;r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r二十、RobertFrost羅伯特·弗洛斯特羅伯特·204勵(lì)及榮譽(yù)，被稱之為美國文學(xué)中的桂冠詩人。被稱作“新英格蘭詩人MajorFeatures:Hisversewasterrifyingatfirst,showingthedarksideofhumanlifeandsociety.Later,filledwithsunshine.NewEnglandasthesetting;Thesubjectscomefromdailylifeofordinarylife;Ruralpoetryinpastoraltradition.(Wordsworth;Emerson)HisthemesincludelandscapeandpeopleofNewEngland,lonelinessandpovertyofisolatedfarmers,beauty,terrorandtragedyinnature.Simplelanguage,agracefulstyleandtraditionalformsofpoetry.作品：AWillNorthofBoston《波士頓的北部》NewHamphshire《新罕布什爾》CollectedPoems《詩集》AFurtherRange《又一片牧場(chǎng)》AWitnessTree《標(biāo)記樹》FireandIce《火與冰》StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening《雪夜林邊駐腳》TheRoadNotTaken《未選擇的路》二十一、LangstonHughes蘭斯頓·休斯ThefirstprominentblackwriterinAmericanliteraryhistory.PoetLaureateofHarlem哈萊姆桂冠詩人HenryofHarlemApoet,playwright,novelist,songwriter,biographer,editor,newspapercolumnist,translator,lecturer.HarlemRenaissance哈萊姆文藝復(fù)興Inthe1920sinAmerica,therewasanupsurgeofBlackliterature,popularlyknownasthe“HarlemoutofwhichsucheminentliteraryfiguresasLangstonHughesgrew.So,“HarlemRenaissance”isaburstofliteraryachievementinthe1920sbyNegroplaywrights,poetsandnovelistswhopresentednewinsightsintotheAmericanexperienceandpreparedthewayfortheemergenceofnumerousBlackwritersaftermid-twentiethcentury.TheHarlemRenaissancebeganwithaworkentitled:NewNegro:AnInterpretation(byAlainLocke).Dialect,folklore,andJazz.作品：TheWearyBlues《萎靡的布魯斯》FineClothestotheJewTheDreamKeeperandOtherPoems《夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)人》ShakespeareinHarlem《哈萊姆的莎士比亞》Dreams《夢(mèng)想》MeandtheMule《我與騾子》BorderLine《分界線》二十二、RalphWaldoEllison拉爾夫·華爾多·埃利森黑人文學(xué)作家美國文學(xué)評(píng)論家,還是20的重要開拓者之一Self-identit，自然主義naturalismsurrealism，表現(xiàn)主義expressionismsymbolism，飛去來器boomeranKeepThisRunning.作品：InvisibleMan《看不見的人》“尋找自我”主題的代表作ShadowandAct《影子與行動(dòng)》GoingtotheTerritory《走向領(lǐng)域》ThePost-WarPeriodHistoricalBackgroundColdWarMcCarthyism（persecutionof3.TheVietnamWar;TheKoreanWarCivilRightsMovementCounter-cultureMovement:political,economicalandmilitaryachievementLiteratureThisperiodistherisingperiodofpost-modernliterature.Manyformsofpost-modernfictionappeared.Thesamemoodinthisperiodisdespair,butcontinuingtosearchabsurdityofmodernlife;lonely,butsearchingforthemeaningofexistence;identity.TheBeatGenerationTheBeatGenerationisagroupofAmericanyoungwritersandartistspopularinthe1950sandearly1960s,knownespeciallyfortheiruseofnon-traditionalformsandtheirrejectionofconventionalsocialvalues.Theterm"Beat"wasreportedlycoinedbyJackKerouacinthelate1940s,quicklybecomingaslangterminAmericaafterWorldWarII,meaning"exhausted"or"beatdown"andprovidedthisgenerationwithadefinitivelabelfortheirpersonalandsocialpositionsandperspectives.TheBeatwriterswereasmallgroupofclosefriendsfirst,andamovementlater.ThecoregroupconsistedofJackKerouac,AllenGinsberg,Neal