Model Test 2,Band 4-大學英語四級模擬題

ModelTest2,Band4——大學英語四級模擬題ModelTest2,Band4——大學英語四級模擬題ModelTest2,Band4——大學英語四級模擬題xxx公司ModelTest2,Band4——大學英語四級模擬題文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設計，管理制度ModelTest2,Band4PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:CityProblems.Youshouldwriteatleast150words,followingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1．越來越多的人涌人大城市，有些問題隨之產(chǎn)生2．比較明顯的問題有……3．我對這種現(xiàn)象的想法CityProblems作文請寫在批改網(wǎng)上；用戶登錄后，點擊“\o"新建一篇新的作文"自測作文”，在彈出的頁面上操作。沒有賬戶或者忘記賬戶的同學可重新注冊PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionson.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.Paper--MorethanMeetstheEyeWearesurroundedbysomuchpaperandcardthatitiseasytoforgetjusthowcomplexitis.Therearemanyvarietiesandgradesofpapermaterials,andwhilstitisfairlyeasytospotthevarieties,itisfarmoredifficulttospotthegrades.Itneedstobeunderstoodthatmostpaperandcardismanufacturedforaspecificpurpose,sothatwhilstthecorn-flakepacketmaylooksmart,itisclearlynotsomethingdestinedforthearchives.Itismadetolookgood,butonlyneedsalimitedlifespan.Itisalsomuchcheapertomanufacturethanhighgradecard.Papercanbemadefromanalmostendlessvarietyofcellulose-basedmaterialwhichwillincludemanywoods,cottonsandgrassesorwhichpapyrusisanexampleandfromwherewegettheword"paper".Manyoftheseareveryspecialized,butthesuperiorityofpapermaterialshasbeenfromsoftwoodandcottonorrags,withthebulkbeingwood-based.PaperfromWoodInordertomakewoodintopaperitneedstobebrokendownintofinestrands.Firstlybypowerfulmachineryandthenboiledwithstrongalkaliessuchascausticsoda,untilafinepulpofcellulosefibersisproduced.Itisfromthispulpthatthefinalproductismade,relyingonthebondingtogetherofthecelluloseintolayers.That,inaverysmallnutshell,istheessenceofpapermakingfromwood.However,therealityisrathermorecomplicated.Inordertogiveusourwhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladdbleachandothermaterialssuchaschinaclayandadditionalchemicals.Afurtherproblemwithwoodisthatitcontainsamaterialthatisnotcellulose.Somethingcalledlignin.Thisisessentialforthetreesinceitholdsthecellulosefibrestogether,butifitisincorporatedintothemanufacturedpaperitpresentsarchivistswithaproblem.Lignineventuallybreaksdownandreleasesacidproductsintothepaper.Thiswillweakenthebondbetweenthecellulosefibersandthepaperwillbecomebrittleandlookratherbrownandcareworn.Wehaveallseenthisinoldnewspapersandcheappaperbackbooks.Ithasbeenestimatedthatmostpaperbackbookswillhavealifeofnotgreaterthanfiftyyears.Notwhatweneedforourarchives.Sincethelignincanberemovedfromthepaperpulpduringmanufacture,theobviousquestionis"whyisitleftinthepaper"Theanswerliesinthefactthatligninmakesupaconsiderablepartofthetree.Byleavingthelignininthepulpapapermakercanincreasehispaperyieldfromatreetosome95%.Removingitmeansayieldofonly35%.Itisclearlyuneconomictoremovetheligninformanypaperandcardapplications.Italsomeans,ofcourse,thatlignin-freepaperisgoingtobemoreexpensive,butthatisneverthelesswhatthearchivistmustlookforinhissupplies.Thereisnopointwhatsoeverincarefullyplacingourvaluableartifactsinpaperorcardthatisgoingtohastentheirdemise.Acidisparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,causingthemtofadeandissomecasessimplyvanish!So,howdowetellapieceofsuitablepaperorcardfromonethatisunsuitableYoucannotdoitbysimplylooking,andratherdisappointingly,youcannotalwaysrelyonthelabel."Acid-free"mightbetrueinasmuchasatestonthepapermayindicatethatitisaneutralmaterialatthistime.Butlignincantakeyearsbeforeitstartstheinevitableprocessofbreakingdown,andintherightconditionsitwillspeedupenormously.Addedtothis,asIhaveindicatedearlier,papermayalsocontainothermaterialsaddedduringmanufacturesuchasbleach,chinaclay,chemicalwhitenersandsize.Thislookslikeableakpicture,anditwouldbebutforthefactthattherearesupplierswhowillguaranteethematerialthattheysell.Ifyouwanttobeabsolutelysurethatyouarestoringin,orprintingon,thecorrectmaterialthenthisisprobablytheonlyway.Incidentally,acidscanmigratefrommaterialtomaterial.Liningoldshoeboxeswithgoodqualityacid-freepaperwilldolittletoguardthecontents.Theacidwillgetthereintheend.PaperfromRagPaperisalsocommonlymadefromcottonandragwaste.Thishastheadvantageofbeinglignin-free,butbecausethereismuchlesscottonandragthantrees,italsotendstobemuchmoreexpensivethanwoodpulppaper.Youwillstillneedtopurchasefromareliablesourcethough,sinceevenragpaperandcardcancontainundesirableadditives.Areliablesourceforqualityragpapersisarecognizedartstockiest.Manywatercolorartistsinsistonusingonlyfinequalityragpaperandboard.Themainlessontolearnfromthisinformationisthatyoucannotrelyonpurchasingarchivalmaterialsfromthehighstreet.Theonlysafesolutionistopurchasefromspecialistsuppliers.Itmaycostrathermore,butintheendyouwillknowthatyourimportantandvaluabledataandimageshavethebesthomepossible.1.Thecorn-flakepacketischeaperthan________.[A]highgradecard[B]middlegradecard[C]lowgradecard[D]anygradecard2.Therearealotofmaterialswhichcanbeusedformakingpaper,butthesuperiorityonesare________.[A]woods,cottonsandgrasses[B]softwoodandcotton[C]softwood,cottonandrags[D]cottonsandgrasses3.Duringthewholemanufacturingprocess,thefinalproductismadefrom________.[A]strongalkalies[B]causticsoda[C]cellulosefibres[D]apulpofcellulosefibres4.Inordertomakewhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladd________.[A]albescent[B]bleach[C]escharotic[D]lysozyme5.________isessentialforthetreebutitwillmakepapereasytobreak.[A]Acid[B]Alkali[C]Cellulosefibres[D]Liguin6.Manypaperproducerswillpreserveligninduringmanufacture,because________.[A]leavingtheligninwilldecreasehispaperyield[B]leavingtheligninwillincreasepaperyield[C]liguinisveryusefulintheprocess[D]ligninisessentialformakingpaper7.________isparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,[A]Liguin[B]Bleach[C]Acid[D]Chemicalwhiteners8.Incidentally,acidscanmigratefrommaterialto___________.9.Althoughfreeoflignin,papermadefromcottonandragwastecanalsocostmoremoneythanwoodpulppaperbecause___________.10.Whatwecanlearnfrom"PaperfromRag"isthatyouhadbetterbuyarchivalmaterialsfrom___________.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionA11.[A]Themanwasconfusedaboutthedateoftheappointment.[B]Themanwantstochangethedateoftheappointment.[C]Themanisgladhe’sgotintouchwiththedoctor.[D]Themancan’tcomefortheappointmentat4:15.12.[A]Waitforhimuntilhefinisheshisclass.[B]InviteJudietoplayinstead.[C]Cancelthegameandstayathome.[D]Gotoattendtheclasswithhim.13.[A]Shewasconsiderate. [B]Shewasunforgiving.[C]Shewasapologetic. [D]Shewassympathetic.14.[A]Itistotallydifferentthistime.[B]Ithasnothingtodowiththetextbook.[C]Mostofthequestionsaren’tfromthetextbook.[D]Halfofthequestionsareinthetextbook.15.[A]Hecan’taffordtobuytheticket.[B]Heneedsabreakfromthemathproblem.[C]Hedoesn’twanttogototheopera.[D]He’llmeetthewomanwhenhehasfinishedthemathproblem.16.[A]ProfessorHarrisondoesn’tteachwell.[B]Thewomandoesn’thavetoborrownotesfromJim.[C]Jim’snotesaregoodforthewomantoborrow.[D]Thewomanshouldn’thavebeenabsent-mindedinthelecture.17.[A]Shewouldmarktheexampapersherself.[B]Shewouldnotgiveherstudentsanexam.[C]Shewouldcollecttheexampapersherself.[D]Herteachingassistantwouldgradetheexampapers.18.[A]He’seagertostarthisnewjob.[B]Hisjobstartsearlynextweek.[C]Hebelievesthejobinterviewwentwell.[D]Hisprofessorwasmistakenaboutthejob.Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.[A]Thecountry. [B]Anothercountry.[C]Cornfield. [D]Birmingham.20.[A]Hemightgethispassport.[B]Hemightgetsomemoneyandclothes.[C]Hemightmakehimselfarmed.[D]Hemightmakeacall.21.[A]Hewillmeetherinanothercountry.[B]Theywillgotoanothercountrytogether.[C]Hewillleaveherinthecountry.[D]Hewillappearsomewherenearher.22.[A]Byair. [B]Bycar.[C]Bysea. [D]Bytrain.Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.[A]Theylefttheirpetswithneighbors.[B]Theyrentedtheirhousetoastudent.[C]Theyhiredsomeonetostayintheirhome.[D]Theyaskedtheirgardenertowatchtheirhouse.24.[A]Theylookatahousesitter’sscorereport.[B]Theyinterviewahousesitter’sfriends.[C]Theycheckahousesitter’sreferences.[D]Theyattendahousesitter’sparty.25.[A]Thehomeownerisafraidofbeingaccused.[B]Thehousesitterpleadsagainandagain.[C]Mosthouse-sittersareverypoor.[D]Thehomeownerdoesn’twanttobother.SectionBPassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.26.[A]Neutral. [B]Opposed.[C]Approving. [D]Supportive.27.[A]BecauseFDAapprovedthem.[B]Becausetheycannotreadthelabels.[C]Becausetheysupportthenewtechnique.[D]Becausetheycannottellwhichoneistheclonedfood.28.[A]Moreandmorepeopleacceptclonedmilkandmeat.[B]FDAapprovedthatclonedfoodissafeforhumanbeings.[C]Americanfarmersproducemoremilkthanthepeoplecanconsume.[D]Becausemoremilkisproducedbyclonedcows,themilkpriceisreduced.29.[A]Itmaycauseunintendedbadresultstohumanbeings.[B]Itisdevelopedwellenoughtoclonehumanbeings.[C]Itwillbringmoreunexpectedeconomicbenefits.[D]Itissupportedbyethicistsandreligiousleaders.PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30.[A]Totellushowmuchtimethenewbridgewillspend.[B]Totellushowmuchmoneythenewbridgewillcost.[C]TotellusChinahasstartedtobuildthelongestbridgeacrosstheseaintheworld.[D]TotelluswhyChinabegantobuildthelongestbridgeacrosstheseaintheworld.31.[A]120kms. [B]184kms.[C]268kms. [D]304kms.32.[A]Tomakeiteasytoenjoythebeautifulsceneofthesea.[B]ToshowChina’sgrowingeconomicpower.[C]Tohelpdevelopeconomy.[D]Todowonders.PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.[A]Askfortheirnames. [B]Namebabiesafterthem.[C]Putdowntheirnames. [D]Choosenamesforthem.34.[A]Ifthefamilytreeisfairlylimited. [B]Ifthefamilytieisstrongenough.[C]Ifthenameiscommonlyused. [D]Ifnobodyinthefamilycomplains.35.[A]Itwillshowthebeautyofitsown.[B]Itwilldevelopmoreassociations.[C]Itwilllosetheoriginalmeaning.[D]Itwillhelpformthebaby’spersonality.SectionCSixteen-year-oldMichaelViscardsiofSanDiegowonfirstprizeintheSiemensWestinghouseCompetitioninMath,ScienceandTechnology.Heshowed(36)________toanineteen-centurymathproblem.Michaelhasbeen(37)________byhismother,whohasadoctorateinneuroscience.Healsoworkedonhisprojectwithaprofessoratauniversity.TheNationalCenterforEducationStatisticsdidits(38)________researchonhome-schoolingin2003.Researchers(39)________thatmorethanonemillionAmericanstudentslearnedathome.Thatwasmorethantwopercentoftheschool-agepopulation.MichaelViscardsi,forexample,hasbeentaughtmostlyathome,butwith(40)________mathclassesatalocaluniversity.Theresearchersaskedparentswhytheyhome-schooledtheirchildren.Thirty-onepercentsaidthemostimportantreasonwas(41)________abouttheenvironmentofthelocalschools.Thirtypercentsaiditwastoprovide(42)________instruction.Sixteenpercentsaidtheywerenotsatisfiedwiththequalityofthe(43)________inthelocalschools.(44)____________________________________________________.Aneducationexpertsaidmuchofthisincreasewasincitieswithhistoriesofracialtension.Also,(45)_____________________________________________.Criticsofhome-schoolingsaychildrenneedtoattendschooltohelpthemlearnsocialskills.Theyalsosaythathome-schooledchildrendonotgetaverygoodeducation.Still,(46)________________________________________.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordfiteachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankbellowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforetruckingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinbankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscan__47__performanceatworkandschool.Cognitive(認識派的)researchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceon__48__andgiftsfromothers.Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,__49__amongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmall__50__rewardsspeakscreativityingradeschoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducements(刺激)indeed__51__inventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelatively__52__task,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasyto__53__creativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsourhighgradesfor__54__achievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsand__55__failinggrades.Inearlygrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,shows__56__inraisingeffortsandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.A)mentalB)promiseC)killD)avoidE)hopeF)especiallyG)aidH)ordinaryI)approvalJ)monetaryK)generallyL)improveM)challengingN)restoreO)excellent47.__________48.__________49.__________50.__________51.__________52.__________53.__________54.__________55.__________56.__________SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].YoushoulddecideonthebestchoicePassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.IwasintroducedtotheconceptofliteracyanimatorinOladumiArigbede’s(1994)articleonhighilliteracy（文盲）ratesamongwomenandschooldropoutratesamonggirls.AccordingtoArigbede,literacyanimatorsviewtheirroleasassistingintheself-liberatingdevelopmentofpeopleintheworldwhoarestrugglingforamoremeaningfullife.Animatorsareafamilyofdeeplyconcernedandcommittedpeoplewhosegut-levelrejectionofmasshumanpauperization(貧民)compelsthemtointerveneonthesideofthemarginalized(使處于社會邊緣).Theirmotivationisnotderivedfromaloveofliteracyasmerelyanothertechnicallifeskill,andtheyacceptthatliteracyisneverculturallyorideologicallyneutral.ArigbedewritesfromherexperiencesasananimatorworkingwithwomenandmeninNigeria.Shebelievesthatliteracyanimatorshavetomakeaclearchoiceaboutwhosecultureandwhoseideologywillbefosteredamongthosewithwhomtheywork.DoliteracyeducatorsintheUnitedStatesconsiderwhethertheinstructiontheypursueconflictswiththeirstudents’traditionalculturesorcommunity,orfostersilliteraciesinlearners’firstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?

Someapproachestoliteracyinstructionrepresentanideologyofindividualism,control,andcompetition.Consider,forexample,thedifferenceinvaluesconveyedandrepresentedwhenstudentsengageinchoralreadingversusthepracticeofhavingonestudentreadoutloudtothegroup.Toidentifyasaliteracyanimatoristochoosetheideologyof"sharing,solidarity,love,equity,co-operationwithandrespectofbothnatureandotherhumanbeings".Literacypedagogythatmatchestheanimatorideologyworksonmaintainingthelanguagesandculturesofmillionsofminoritychildrenwhoatpresentarebeingforcedtoacceptthelanguageandcultureofthedominantgroup.Itmightleadtoassessment（評估）thatexaminestheperformanceoutcomesofacommunityofliteracylearnersandthesocialsignificanceoftheirusesofliteracy,asopposedtomeasuringwhatanindividualcandoasareaderandwriteronastandardizedtest.Shor(1993)describesliteracyanimatorsasproblem-posing,community-based,dialogiceducators.Doourteacher-educationtextbooksonreadingandlanguageartspromotetheideathatteachersshouldexploreproblemsfromacommunity-baseddialogicperspective?

57.Aliteracyanimatorisonewho________.[A]strugglesforamoremeaningfullife[B]freespeoplefrompovertyandilliteracy[C]iscommittedtomarginalizetheilliterate[D]isconcernedwithwhatisbehindilliteracy58.TheauthorsuggeststhatliteracyeducatorsintheUSinaway________.[A]promotestudents’homelanguages[B]encouragestudentstoaccepttheirculture[C]teachnothingbutreadingandwriting[D]considerliteracyasofnon-neutralnature59.ArigbedeworkedwithNigeriansprobablyto________.[A]teachAmericancustomsandideology[B]makeachoiceofculturetobefostered[C]rejectthevaluesofthedominantclass[D]helpmaintainNigerianlanguageandculture60.Animatorideologyemphasizesmore________.[A]thesocialfunctionofliteracy[B]students’performanceintests[C]thedominantgroup’slanguage[D]theattainmentoflifeskills61.Itisimpliedbytheauthorthat,becauseofthekindofteachereducationintheUS,teacherstheretendtoignore________.[A]constantdevelopmentofnewteachingapproaches[B]usingtheirownwisdominproblem-solving[C]talentedperformancesofminoritystudents[D]community-basedliteracyenhancementPassageTwoQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InfraGardisagrass-rootsefforttorespondtotheneedforcooperationandcollaborationincounteringthethreatofcybercrimeandterrorismtoprivatebusinessesandthegovernment.BytheendofSeptember,therewillbeInfraGardchaptersinall50states,Callowaysaid.WithadvicefromtheFBI,eachlocalchapterwillberunbyaboardofdirectorsthatincludesmembersofprivateindustry,theacademiccommunityandpublicagencies.Banks,utilities,andotherbusinessesandgovernmentagencieswilluseasecureWebsitetoshareinformationaboutattemptstohackintotheircomputernetworks.Memberscanjointhesystemfree.Akeyfeatureofthesystemisatwo-pronged(雙管齊下的)methodofreportingattacks.A"sanitized"descriptionofahackingattemptorotherincident--onethatdoesn’trevealthenameorinformationaboutthevictim--canbesharedwiththeothermemberstospottrends.ThenamoredetaileddescriptionalsocanbesenttotheFBI’scomputercrimesunittointerfereiftherearegroundsforaninvestigation.Cybercrimehasjumpedinrecentyearsacrossthenation,particularlyinhotbedsoffinancialcommerceandtechnologylikeCharlotte."Tenyearsago,allyouneededtoprotectyourselfwasasafe,afenceandsecurityofficers,"saidChrisSwecker,whoisinchargeoftheFBI’sCharlotteoffice."Nowanybusinesswithamodemissubjecttoattack."FBIagentsinvestigatecomputerhackingthatdisruptedpopularWebsitesincludingAmazon.corn,CNNandYahoo!SeveralNorthCarolinavictimshavebeenidentifiedthisyear.TheinvestigationhasalsoidentifiedcomputersystemsinNorthCarolinausedbyhackerstocommitsuchattacks.Prosecutionsofhackershavebeenhamperedbythereluctanceofcompaniestoreportsecurityintrusions（入侵）forfearofbadpublicityandlostbusiness.Meanwhile,toomanycorporationshavemadeittooeasyforcriminalsbysacrificingsecurityforspeedandaccessibility,JackWiles,whowillleadthelocalInfraGardchapter’sboard,saidarecentreportestimated97percentofallcybercrimegoesundetected.Wiles,acomputersecurityexpert,hasafirewallonhispersonalcomputertopreventhackersfromgettingintohisfiles."Igetatleastonereportadaythatsomebodywastryingtogetintomycomputer,"hesaid,"theNetisawonderfulplace,butit’salsoadangerousone."62.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknow________.[A]InfraGardisaprotectivemeasureagainstcybercrime[B]InfraGardisameasureofcooperationandcollaboration[C]therewillbe50InfraGardchaptersinallstates[D]privatebusinessandthegovernmentarenowcommittingcybercrime63.EachlocalchapterofInfraGardwillberunbythefollowingEXCEPT________.[A]academiccommunities[B]publicagencies[C]theFBI[D]privateindustry64.Bysaying"toomanycorporations...speedandaccessibility"(Para.3),theauthormeans________.[A]toomanycorporationstakenonoticeofthesecurityproblemofcomputers[B]criminalsaresacrificingsecurityforspeedandaccessibility[C]it’sveryeasytosacrificesecurityforspeedandaccessibility[D]manycompaniessufferfromcomputerhackingbecausetheyvaluespeedandaccessibilitymorethansecurity65.AllthefollowingarereasonsfortheriseincybercrimeEXCEPT________.[A]victimswon’treportintrusionsbyhackers[B]victimshavenofirewalls[C]theuseofmodemisincreasing[D]companiesdon’tpayenoughattentiontosecurity66.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.[A]notallhackingattemptsareworthyofinvestigation[B]informationofthevictimsisinaccessible[C]InfraGardchapterswillbeineffectbytheendofSeptember[D]AwasoftendisruptedbyhackingPartVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.EveryyearmorethanhalfamillionAmericankidshavedrainage(排泄)tubessurgicallyimplantedintheirearstocombatpersistentinfections.Theprocedure,knownastympanostomy,maynotbeas67_____asthetonsillectomy(扁桃腺切除術(shù))inthe1940s,butitnow68_____asthenation’sleadingchildhood69_____andanewstudysuggestsit’sbeingvastlyoverused.In70_____morethan6,000scheduledeartubeoperations,ateamofexperts71_____byHarvardpediatricianLawrenceKleinmanfoundthatfewerthanhalfwereclearlyjustified."Eachyear",theresearcherswriteinthecurrentJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation(JAMA),"severalhundredthousandchildrenintheUnitedStatesmaybe72_____tympanostomytubesthatofferthemnodemonstrated73_____...andmayplacethematincreased74_____."Tubeplacementisn’ta75_____riskyprocedure,butitcosts$1,000to$1,500andsometimesscarstheeardrum,causingapartiallossof76_____.Studiesshowthatthebenefitsaremostlikelyto77_____therisksifachild’smiddleearhasproducedstickyfluid78_____morethanfourmonthsdespitetreatment79_____antibiotics.Forlessvirulentinfections,drugtreatmentisusuallya(n)80_____,saferalternative(thoughdrugs,too,canbeoverused).InthenewJAMAstudy,Kleinman’steamreviewedthemedicalchartsof6,429kids,allunder16,81_____doctorshadrecommendedtheprocedure.Evenmaking"generousassumptions"aboutthelikely82_____,theresearchersfoundthataquarteroftheproposedoperationswere83_____,sincelessinvasivealternativeswereavailable,84_____anotherthirdwereaslikelytoharmtherecipientsashelpthem.Parentsneedn’t85_____abouteartubesthatarealreadyinplace.Once86_____implanted,thetinydevicesprovidedrainageforsixmonthstoayear,thencomeoutbyreducinghealthcostsbyhundredsofmillionsofdollarseveryyear.67.[A]rare[B]common[C]general[D]abnormal68.[A]considers[B]altemates[C]ranges[D]ranks69.[A]operation[B]disease[C]condition[D]injection70.[A]finding[B]reviewing[C]amending[D]performing71.[A]controlled[B]conducted[C]legitimated[D]led72.[A]receiving[B]accepting[C]undertaking[D]initiating73.[A]disadvantage[B]agreement[C]advantage[D]hortcoming74.[A]bottom[B]risk[C]edge[D]extent75.[A]subtly[B]hopefully[C]merely[D]terribly76.[A]feeling[B]hearing[C]health[D]memory77.[A]outfit[B]outflow[C]outweigh[D]outgrow78.[A]for[B]on[C]in[D]to79.[A]by[B]upon[C]with[D]along80[A]expensive[B]faster[C]further[D]cheaper81.[A]which[B]whose[C]that[D]who82.[A]risks[B]dangers[C]chances[D]benefits83.[A]inappropriate[B]favorable[C]preferable[D]inadequate84.[A]where[B]when[C]wh