2022年高考英語真題試卷（全國乙卷）

2022年高考英語真題試卷（全國乙卷）一、閱讀理解第一節(jié)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）（2022·全國乙卷）閱讀理解HenryRaeburn（1756-1823）TheExhibitionThisexhibitionofsomesixtymasterpiecescelebratingthelifeandworkofScotland'sbestlovedpainter,SirHenryRaeburn,comestoLondon.Selectedfromcollectionsthroughouttheworld,itisthefirstmajorexhibitionofhisworktobeheldinoverfortyyears.LectureSeriesScottishNationalPortrait（肖像畫）Gallerypresentsaseriesoflecturesforthegeneralpublic.TheyareheldintheLectureRoom.Admissiontolecturesisfree.AnIntroductiontoRaeburnSunday26Oct.,15.00DUNCANTHOMSONRaeburn'sEnglishContemporariesThursday30Oct.,13.10JUDYEGERTONCharactersandCharacterisationinRaeburn'sPortraitsThursday6Nov.,13.10NICHOLASPHILLIPSONRaeburnandArtist'sTraininginthe18thCenturyThursday13Nov.,13.10MARTINPOSTLEExhibitionTimesMonday-Saturday10.00—17.45Sunday12.00—17.45Lastadmissiontotheexhibition:17.15.Thereisnore-admission.Closed:24—26Decemberand1January.Admission￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree.SchoolsandCollegesAspeciallowentrancechargeof￡2perpersonisavailabletoallinfull-timeeducation,uptoandincludingthoseatfirstdegreelevel,inorganisedgroupswithteachers.1．WhatistherighttimeforattendingRaeburn'sEnglishContemporaries?A．Sun.26Oct. B．Thurs.30Oct.C．Thurs.6Nov. D．Thurs.13Nov.2．Howmuchwouldacouplewithtwochildrenunder12payforadmission?A．￡4. B．￡8. C．￡12. D．￡16.3．Howcanfull-timestudentsgetgroupdiscounts?A．TheyshouldgoonSundaymornings.B．Theyshouldcomefromartschools.C．Theymustbeledbyteachers.D．TheymusthaveIDcardswiththem.（2022·全國乙卷）閱讀理解的In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff'sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygothen?Well,theywantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon,however,theyrealizedwhattheyhadundertaken.Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden'sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed（牽涉）drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy'sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism（堅忍）ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWoodruff,onherhorse,lookingdownfromahilltop:"Whenthesunslippedbehindthemountains,itshedarosyglowallaroundthem.Thenafullmoonrose.Thesnowwasmarkedonlybysmallanimals:foxes,coyotes,mice,andvaryinghares,whichturnedwhiteinthewinter."4．WhydidDorothyandRosamondgototheRockyMountains?A．Toteachinaschool. B．TostudyAmericanhistory.C．Towriteabook. D．Todosightseeing.5．Whatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3?A．Theyenjoyedmuchrespect. B．Theyhadaroomwithabathtub.C．Theylivedwiththelocalkids. D．Theysufferedseverehardships.6．WhichpartofWickenden'swritingishair-raising?A．TheextremeclimateofAuburn.B．ThelivingconditionsinElkhead.C．TherailroadbuildingintheRockies.D．ThenaturalbeautyoftheWest.7．Whatisthetext?A．Anewsreport. B．Abookreview.C．Achildren'sstory. D．Adiaryentry.（2022·全國乙卷）閱讀理解Canasmallgroupofdrones（無人機）guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's"eyesinthesky"technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure（基礎設施）worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient（高效）acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.8．Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A．Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B．Drones'abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C．Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D．Drones'reliableperformanceinremoteareas.9．Whatdoes"maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?A．Personnelsafety. B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair. D．Constructionofinfrastructure.10．Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A．Toprovideearlywarning. B．Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C．Toearnprofitsforthecrews. D．Toacceleratetransportation.11．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways（2022·全國乙卷）閱讀理解TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake￡520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（設施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.12．Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A．Tocollectmoneyforschools. B．Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C．Toprotectchildren'shealth. D．Toencourageresearchineducation.13．Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A．Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B．Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C．Theycutdownontheirproduction.D．Theyreducedtheirproducts'sugarcontent.14．Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A．Mostalcoholicdrinks. B．Milk-baseddrinks.C．Fruitjuices. D．ClassicCoke.15．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A．Itisashort-sighteddecision. B．Itisasuccessstory.C．Itbenefitsmanufacturers. D．Itupsetscustomers.二、閱讀理解第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，滿分10分）（2022·全國乙卷）根據(jù)短文內容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Friendshipneedscareandattentiontokeepitingoodhealth.Herearefivewaystosustain（保持）long-distancefriendships.●SetaregulardateLong-lastingfriendshipssharethecharacteristicthatbothsidesequallycontact（聯(lián)系）andsharewithoneanother.Withbusyschedules,squeezinginphonecallscanbeachallenge.16．●Moreisn'talwaysmerrierMakesureyouhavecommunicatedwithyourfriendabouthowfrequentlyeachofyouwantstobecontactedandwhatmethodworksbestforyouboth.17．.Therearealternativestoconstantwrittencommunication,suchasleavingvoicemessagesorhavingagroupchat.●Practiseempathy（共情）18．.Thefriendwhoisremainingneedstobesensitivetoalltheadditionaltimedemandsplacedonthefriendwhohasmoved.Theoneinthenewenvironmentshouldbesympathetictothefactthatyourfriendmayfeelabandoned.●19．Anniversariesandbirthdayscarryevenmoreweightinlong-distancefriendships.Althoughtechnologymightmakeday-to-daycommunicationpossible,extraeffortgoesalongwayonspecialdays.Simplykeepingadiarythatkeepstrackoffriends'birthdaysandotherimportantdateswillmakesurenothingslipsbyyou.●Don'trelyontechnologyalone20．,butlong-distancefriendships-evencloseones-mayrequiremoreconsciousefforttosustain.Trytoseekoutchancestorenewfriendships.Howtodoit?Justspendface-to-facetimetogetherwheneverpossible.A.RememberimportantdatesB.CompensatebywritinglettersC.ItisalsohelpfulforyoutobeafriendshipkeeperD.TrytofindatimethatworksforbothofyouandsticktoitE.FriendsneedtotalkabouttheirpreferredmethodsofcommunicationF.ItiseasytohaveasenseofconnectednessthroughsocialmediaG.Youmaybethefriendwholeftortheonewhowasleftbehind三、語言知識運用第一節(jié)（共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分）（2022·全國乙卷）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。Youngchildrenacrosstheglobeenjoyplayinggamesofhideandseek.Forthem,there'ssomethinghighlyexcitingabout21．someoneelse'sglanceandmakingoneselfunabletobeseen.However,weallwitnessthatpreschoolchildrenareremarkably22．athiding.Theyoftencoveronlytheireyeswiththeirhands,leavingtherestoftheirbodies23．.Foralongtime,thisineffectivehidingmethodwas24．asevidencethatchildrenarehopelessly"egocentric"（自我中心的）creatures.Butour25．researchresultsinchilddevelopmentalpsychology26．thatidea.Webroughtyoungchildrenaged2-4intoourMindsinDevelopmentLabatUSC.Each27．satdownwithanadultwhocoveredherowneyesor28．.Wethenaskedthechildifshecould29．orheartheadult.Surprisingly,childrenrepliedthattheycouldn't.Thesame30．happenedwhentheadultcoveredherownmouth:31．childrensaidthattheycouldn't32．toher.Anumberof33．ruledoutthatthechildrenmisunderstoodwhattheywerebeingasked.Theresultswereclear:Ouryoungsubjects34．thequestionsandknew35．whatwasaskedofthem.Their36．tothequestionsreflectedtheirtrue37．that"Icanseeyouonlyifyoucanseeme,too."Theysimply38．mutual（相互的）recognitionandregard.Our39．suggestwhenachild"hides"byputtingablanketoverherhead,itisnotaresultofegocentrism.Infact,childrenconsiderthismethod40．whenothersuseit.21．A．following B．taking C．escaping D．directing22．A．clever B．bad C．scared D．quick23．A．exposed B．examined C．untouched D．imbalanced24．A．supported B．guaranteed C．imagined D．interpreted25．A．disappointing B．mixed C．surprising D．desired26．A．explained B．confirmed C．contradicted D．tested27．A．parent B．child C．researcher D．doctor28．A．feet B．nose C．hands D．ears29．A．see B．help C．reach D．fool30．A．event B．thing C．action D．accident31．A．Yet B．Now C．Soon D．Once32．A．speak B．listen C．tum D．wave33．A．instructions B．descriptions C．experiments D．assumptions34．A．comprehended B．predicted C．explored D．ignored35．A．partly B．honestly C．vaguely D．exactly36．A．responses B．approaches C．contribution D．sensitivity37．A．ability B．belief C．identity D．purpose38．A．holdback B．relateto C．insiston D．makeup39．A．limitations B．requirements C．theories D．findings40．A．tentative B．impressive C．creative D．effective四、語言知識運用第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）（2022·全國乙卷）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內單詞的正確形式。May21stthisyearmarksthefirstInternationalTeaDay,whichwasnamedofficially41．theUnitedNationsonNovember27th,2019.Tocelebrate42．festival,anumberofeventstookplaceattheChineseBusinessmanMuseuminBeijingonThursday.ThechairmanoftheChinaCulturePromotionSociety43．（address）theopeningceremony."AsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandthe44．（large）tea-producingcountry,Chinahasa45．（responsible）toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.Itcanhelptobuildacommunitywitha46．（share）futureformankind,"hesaid.The"FirstInternationalTeaDayTeaRoadCooperativeInitiative"issued（發(fā)布）attheceremonycallsforpeopleworkingintheteaindustrytocometogethertopromoteinternationalcooperation47．culturalexchanges.Afour-yearteapromotion—TeaRoadCooperativePlan—wasalsoissuedinaccordancewiththeinitiative.48．（strengthen）theconnectionwithyoungpeople,theeventincludedanumberofpublicpromotionalactivitiesonsocialmedia,49．（invite）twenty-nineteaprofessionalsfromaroundtheworldtohavethirty-sixhoursofuninterruptedlivebroadcasts.TheChineseAncientTeaMuseumwasofficiallyunveiled（揭幕）attheceremony,opening50．（it）firstexhibition:TheAvenueofTruth—ASpecialExhibitionofPu'erTea.五、寫作第一節(jié)短文改錯（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）51．（2022·全國乙卷）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（^），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1）每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2）只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。Weallknowthatcyclingisagreatlyexercise.Adoctortellsmepeoplewholivesthelongestaredancersandcyclists.Maybeitisbecausethecombinationoffreshair,smoothmovementandexercise.Whetheryourideabicycle,youdon'tusepetrol.Sotheyarenotproducingcarbondioxideandnotcauseairpollution.Justseehowcarshavebeentakenoverourcities.Theyoftenrunathighspeeds,whatmayputourlivesindanger.Andthereweretrafficjams,too.Ourcitieswillbebetterplacesifwereplacecarswithbicycle.六、寫作第二節(jié)書面表達（滿分25分）52．（2022·全國乙卷）學校英文報正在開展以LearningEnglishBeyondtheClassroom為題的討論。請使用圖表中的調查結果寫一篇短文投稿，內容包括：1）學習活動狀況描述：2）簡單評論；3）你的建議。注意：1）詞數(shù)100左右；2）短文的題目和首句已為你寫好。

答案解析部分【答案】1．B2．B3．C【知識點】細節(jié)理解題；數(shù)字計算題；時文廣告類【解析】【分析】本文是一篇應用文，介紹了為紀念蘇格蘭最受歡迎的畫家HenryRaeburn而舉行的展覽的相關情況?！军c評】考查閱讀理解，包含細節(jié)理解題、數(shù)字計算題，是一篇介紹類閱讀，注意先略讀文章，掌握文章大意，再分析題干及選項，到文中找到相關內容并進行理解。1．考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Raeburn'sEnglishContemporaries一欄中的“Thursday30Oct.”10月30日星期四”可知，在10月30日星期四可以去參加Raeburn'sEnglishContemporaries。故選B。2．考查數(shù)字計算。根據(jù)Admission部分中的“￡4.Childrenunder12yearsaccompaniedbyanadultareadmittedfree.”4英鎊。12歲以下兒童在一位成人陪同下免費入場?？芍粚Ψ驄D應付￡4x2=￡8，兩個12歲以下的兒童在成人陪同下免費，即入場費為8英鎊。故選B。3．考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)SchoolsandColleges部分中的“Aspeciallowentrancechargeof￡2perpersonisavailabletoallinfull-timeeducation,uptoandincludingthoseatfirstdegreelevel,inorganisedgroupswithteachers.”所有全日制教育的學生，高至并包括那些學士學位水平的學生，在有教師的組織團體中，均可享受每人2英鎊的特別低入場費。可知，全日制學生在有教師的組織團體中，可以獲得折扣，即他們必須由教師帶領。故選C?！敬鸢浮?．A5．D6．C7．B【知識點】推理判斷題；細節(jié)理解題；時文廣告類【解析】【分析】本文是一篇書評，介紹了DorothyWickenden的書籍并對其進行了評價?！军c評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇書評，要求考生在捕捉細節(jié)信息的基礎上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關系，進行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。4．考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.-DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood-traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.”1916年，來自Auburn,N.Y.的兩個富裕家庭的女孩——DorothyWoodruff和RosamondUnderwood——來到落基山脈的一個定居點，在一間只有一個房間的學校教書?？芍?，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脈是為了去學校里教書。故選A。5．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段“Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,andlikethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.”他們和一個當?shù)丶彝?，哈里森一家一起搬進去，和他們一樣，幾乎沒有隱私，很少洗澡，早上醒來時被子上覆蓋著一層雪；以及“Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.”在春天，雪被泥替代覆蓋在冰上?？芍?，女孩們的生活條件非常艱苦，她們飽受磨難。故選D。6．考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentaileddrillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.”令人毛骨悚然的一段與鐵路建設有關，這涉及到在令人眩目的暴風雪中鉆穿落基山脈?？芍琖ickenden的作品中涉及落基山脈的鐵路建設這一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故選C。7．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy'sreturntoAuburn.”這本書以Rosamond和Dorothy回到Auburn結束；以及最后一段中的“Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicismofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.”Wickenden是個很好的講故事的人。大地的遼闊和人們的堅忍使她創(chuàng)作出了一些美麗的作品?？芍?，本文介紹了Wickenden的書籍內容，并對其進行了評價，所以說文本是一篇書評。故選B。【答案】8．B9．C10．A11．D【知識點】主旨大意題；推理判斷題；詞義猜測題；科普環(huán)保類；說明文【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，應用今天的“空中之眼”的技術，無人機能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時又能幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元?！军c評】本題考點涉及推理判斷，詞義猜測和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇科技類閱讀，通讀全文，理解文章大意，閱讀題目后返回原文閱讀并找出與題目相對應的內容，仔細核對，選擇符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次閱讀并檢查。8．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.”無人機已經被用于檢查高壓電線。他們完全可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線路和鐵路基礎設施的其他重要方面，如鐵路軌道和換乘點的正確位置?？赏浦?，無人機在高空工作的能力使無人機應用于鐵路線路成為可能。故選B。9．考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第三段中的“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.”據(jù)統(tǒng)計，僅歐洲鐵路公司每年在鐵路維護上的花費就約為200億歐元，其中包括經常在夜間派遣維修人員檢查和維修鐵路基礎設施?？芍ㄔ跈z修上的費用是用于檢查和維修鐵路基礎設施，可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety”是指大幅節(jié)省檢修成本和更好地保護鐵路人員安全，maintenance應是“檢修”之意。故選C。10．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.”帶有先進傳感器和人工智能的非常小的無人機可以像副駕駛一樣在火車前面行駛。憑借他們的預見能力，他們可以發(fā)出任何問題的信號，以便快速行駛的火車能夠及時做出反應?？芍獙τ跓o人機期待的功能是提前發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。故選A。11．考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段“Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's'eyesinthesky'technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometersofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎設施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.”一小群無人機能否在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時，幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元?這很可能是應用今天的“空中之眼”技術的未來，以確保全球數(shù)百萬公里的鐵路軌道和基礎設施全天候安全運行；第二段講到了使用無人機檢查電力線路使無人機應用于鐵路線路成為可能；第三段講到了使用無人機大幅節(jié)省維護成本和更好地保護鐵路人員安全；第四段講到了通過使用最新的技術，無人機還可以開始為鐵路提供更高的價值，可知本文介紹了無人機將如何改變鐵路的未來，“無人機將如何改變鐵路的未來?！狈衔恼轮行乃枷耄m合作為本文的最佳標題。故選D?！敬鸢浮?2．C13．D14．D15．B【知識點】推理判斷題；細節(jié)理解題；新聞報道類【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新聞報道，報道了英國政府對軟飲料征收的糖稅來解決兒童以及青少年的健康問題，同時該收入用于學校體育?！军c評】考查閱讀理解，包含細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題，是一篇新聞報道，注意先略讀文章，掌握文章大意，再分析題干及選項，到文中找到相關內容并進行理解。12．考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.”該稅于2016年4月首次宣布，適用于每100毫升含糖超過5g的軟飲料，旨在幫助減少兒童肥胖?？芍魇仗嵌惖哪康氖菐椭鷥和瘻p少肥胖，保護兒童健康。故選C。13．考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.”此前，制造商已經降低了商店中銷售的超過一半的軟飲料的含糖量，以避免納稅，可知，一些飲料公司通過降低了產品的含糖量來避稅。故選D。14．考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第五段“However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.”然而，一些高糖品牌，如經典可口可樂，已經接受了糖稅，并拒絕改變，因為擔心會惹惱消費者。果汁、以牛奶為原料的飲料和大多數(shù)酒精飲料是免稅的，每年生產不到100萬升的小公司也是免稅的?？芍嵌愔饕獊碜越浀淇煽诳蓸愤@些高糖品牌。故選D。15．考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.”根據(jù)一位政府官員的說法，今天的數(shù)據(jù)顯示了糖稅的積極影響，它為學校的體育設施和健康飲食籌集了數(shù)百萬英鎊?？赏茢啵嵌愓叩膶嵤┦且粋€成功的政策。故選B?！敬鸢浮?6．D；17．E；18．G；19．A；20．F【知識點】七選五【解析】【分析】本文是一篇應用文，介紹了五種維系異地友誼的方法。

【點評】考查七選五，本文是一篇生活類閱讀，要求在理解細節(jié)信息的基礎上，著重考查對上下文的理解和推理判斷能力。16．根據(jù)空前“Withbusyschedules,squeezinginphonecallscanbeachallenge.”平日繁忙，很難抽出時間打電話?？芍p方都很忙碌，很難有時間給對方打電話，D.Trytofindatimethatworksforbothofyouandsticktoit“盡量找個雙方都有空的時間去打電話，并堅持下去”給出了解決沒時間打電話這個問題的方法，符合語境。故選D。17．根據(jù)空前“Makesureyouhavecommunicatedwithyourfriendabouthowfrequentlyeachofyouwantstobecontactedandwhatmethodworksbestforyouboth.”確保你已經和你的朋友溝通過，了解你們想要聯(lián)系的頻率，以及哪種方法對你們雙方都最有效。介紹了異地朋友之間要商量溝通方式，E.Friendsneedtotalkabouttheirpreferredmethodsofcommunication“朋友需要談論他們喜歡的交流方式”承接上文，進一步提出對交流的方法的溝通；且空后“Therearealternativestoconstantwrittencommunication,suchasleavingvoicemessagesorhavingagroupchat.”除了持續(xù)的文字交流，還有其他選擇，比如留下語音信息或進行群聊。對E項中的“methodsofcommunication”進行了舉例說明，上下文語意連貫。故選E。18．根據(jù)空后“Thefriendwhoisremaining”留下來的朋友；以及“Theoneinthenewenvironment”在新環(huán)境中的那個。介紹了朋友的兩個不同處境，G.Youmaybethefriendwholeftortheonewhowasleftbehind“你可能是朋友中離開的那一方，也可能是被留下的那一方”指出了異地友誼中分為離開的一方和留下的一方，其中“thefriendwholeft”和“theonewhowasleftbehind”分別對應下文“Theoneinthenewenvironment”和“Thefriendwhoisremaining”，故選G。19．根據(jù)空后“Anniversariesandbirthdayscarryevenmoreweightinlong-distancefriendships.”周年紀念日和生日對于異地友誼而言是非常重要的。介紹了諸如周年紀念日和生日等重要的日子對于維系異地友誼是非常重要的，可推知，這段對應的維系異地友誼的方法是A.Rememberimportantdates“記得重要的日子”，符合語境。故選A。20．根據(jù)空后“butlong-distancefriendships—evencloseones—mayrequiremoreconsciousefforttosustain.”但是異地友誼——甚至是關系親密的友誼——可能需要更加自覺地去維系。介紹了我們要更加自覺地維系異地友誼，其中“but”說明后半句與設空處形成轉折，F(xiàn).Itiseasytohaveasenseofconnectednessthroughsocialmedia“朋友之間很容易通過社交媒體產生一種聯(lián)結感”介紹了可以通過社交媒體這種方式很容易與朋友產生聯(lián)結，與后半句“requiremoreconsciousefforttosustain”形成轉折，而且其中的“socialmedia”呼應了該段的小標題“Don’trelyontechnologyalone”不要僅僅依賴技術，故選F?！敬鸢浮?1．C；22．B；23．A；24．D；25．C；26．C；27．B；28．D；29．A；30．B；31．B；32．A；33．C；34．A；35．D；36．A；37．B；38．C；39．D；40．D【知識點】說明文；日常生活類【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，通過實驗證明孩子們捉迷藏時，只遮住自己的眼睛并不是自我中心主義的結果，而是孩子們堅持相互承認和尊重。

【點評】考查完形填空，本題考點涉及動詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞，固定短語等多個知識點的考查，是一篇生活類閱讀，要求考生在理解細節(jié)信息的基礎上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關系，進行分析推理，從而選出正確答案。21．句意：對他們來說，避開別人的目光，讓自己無法被別人看到，這是一件非常令人興奮的事情。A.following“跟隨”；B.taking“取走”；C.escaping“避開”；D.directing“指導”。根據(jù)上文“Youngchildrenacrosstheglobeenjoyplayinggamesofhideandseek.”可知，兒童喜歡玩捉迷藏，避開別人的目光。故選C。22．句意：然而，我們都看到學齡前兒童非常不善于隱藏。A.clever“聰明的”；B.bad“不擅長的”；C.scared“害怕的”；D.quick“快的”。根據(jù)下文“Theyoftencoveronlytheireyeswiththeirhands,leavingtherestoftheirbodies”可知，兒童不擅長隱藏，bebadatsth.固定短語，“不擅長某事”。故選B。23．句意：他們通常只用手遮住眼睛，其余的身體暴露在外。A.exposed“無遮蔽的，暴露的”；B.examined“已檢查過的”；C.untouched“未受影響的”；D.imbalanced“失衡的”。根據(jù)空前“Theyoftencoveronlytheireyeswiththeirhands,leavingtherestoftheirbodies”可知，兒童只是用手遮住了眼睛，身體的其余部分無遮蔽，是暴露在外的。故選A。24．句意：長期以來，這種無效的隱藏方法被解釋為兒童是無可救藥的“自我中心”生物的證據(jù)。A.supported“支持”；B.guaranteed“保證”；C.imagined“想象”；D.interpreted“解釋”。根據(jù)空后“asevidencethatchildrenarehopelessly‘egocentric（自我中心的）’creatures.”可知，此處表示這種無效的隱藏方法被解釋為證據(jù)，證明兒童是以自我為中心的。故選D。25．句意：但我們在兒童發(fā)展心理學方面令人驚訝的研究結果與這一觀點相矛盾。A.disappointing“令人失望的”；B.mixed“混合的”；C.surprising“令人驚訝的”；D.desired“渴望的”。根據(jù)空后“researchresultsinchilddevelopmentalpsychology6thatidea.”；以及下文“Our19suggestwhenachild‘hides’byputtingablanketoverherhead,itisnotaresultofegocentrism.”可知，研究結果與之前的觀點相矛盾，所以研究結果是令人驚訝的。故選C。26．句意：但我們在兒童發(fā)展心理學方面令人驚訝的研究結果與這一觀點相矛盾。A.explained“解釋”；B.confirmed“證實”；C.contradicted“相矛盾”；D.tested“測試”。根據(jù)下文“Our19suggestwhenachild‘hides’byputtingablanketoverherhead,itisnotaresultofegocentrism.Infact,childrenconsiderthismethod20whenothersuseit.”可知，研究結果與之前的觀點是相矛盾的。故選C。27．句意：每個兒童都和一個成年人坐在一起，成年人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。A.parent“父（母）親”；B.child“兒童”；C.researcher“研究員”；D.doctor“醫(yī)生”。根據(jù)上文“Webroughtyoungchildrenaged2-4intoourMindsinDevelopmentLabatUSC.”可知，兒童參加實驗，此處表示每個兒童和一個成年人坐在一起。故選B。28．句意：每個兒童都和一個成年人坐在一起，成年人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。A.feet“腳”；B.nose“鼻子”；C.hands“手”；D.ears“耳朵”。根據(jù)下文“orheartheadult”可知，實驗中，兒童被詢問是否能聽到成年人的聲音，所以此處表示成年人遮住了自己的耳朵。故選D。29．句意：然后我們問兒童是否能看到或聽到成年人的聲音。A.see“看見”；B.help“幫助”；C.reach“到達”；D.fool“欺騙”。根據(jù)上文“anadultwhocoveredherowneyes”可知，成年人遮住了自己的眼睛，所以此處兒童被詢問是否能看見成年人。故選A。30．句意：當成年人捂住她自己的嘴時，同樣的事情發(fā)生了：此刻孩子們說他們不能和她說話。A.event“大事，事件”；B.thing“事情”；C.action“行動”；D.accident“事故”。根據(jù)下文“childrensaidthattheycouldn't12toher.”可知，此處表示同樣的事情發(fā)生了，孩子們表示不能和捂住嘴的成年人說話了。故選B。31．句意：當成年人捂住她自己的嘴時，同樣的事情發(fā)生了：此刻孩子們說他們不能和她說話。A.Yet“然而”；B.Now“此刻，現(xiàn)在”；C.Soon“很快，不久”；D.Once“一次，曾經”。根據(jù)語境，此處表示當成年人捂住自己的嘴時，這時孩子們說不能和成年人說話了。故選B。32．句意：當成年人捂住她自己的嘴時，同樣的事情發(fā)生了：此刻孩子們說他們不能和她說話。A.speak“說”；B.listen“聽”；C.turn“轉”；D.wave“揮手”。根據(jù)上文“whentheadultcoveredherownmouth”可知，此處孩子們表示他們不能和成年人說話了。故選A。33．句意：許多實驗排除了孩子們誤解了他們被問到的問題。A.instructions“命令”；B.descriptions“說明”；C.experiments“實驗”；D.assumptions“假設”。根據(jù)語境，此處表示上文中的許多實驗排除了孩子們會誤解問題這一情況。故選C。34．句意：結果很清楚：我們的年輕受試者理解了這些問題，并且確切地知道他們被問到了什么。A.comprehended“理解”；B.predicted“預測”；C.explored“探索”；D.ignored“忽略”。根據(jù)空后“the