《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論》配套練習(xí)題(二)(判斷題)

《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論》配套練習(xí)題（二（判斷題）Chapter1 AnIntroductiontoLinguisticsDualityisoneofthecharateristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseittellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage.Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,thelatterismoreimportantforus.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalsituationalconstraints.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Appliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheorieslanguageteachingandlearning.Chapter2 PhonologyOfthethreephoneticsbranches,thelongestestablishedone,anduntilrecentlymosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics.Sound[p]intheword“spit”isanunaspiratedstop.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificaitonacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.[p]isvoicedbilabialstop.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Whenpureormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbeintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Chapter3 MorphologyPhonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofwordthatremainswhenallinfletionalaffixesremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangeword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofconversion.Theword,whimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomapoeia.BackformationisaproductivewayofformingnounsinModernEnglish.Allrootsarefreeandallaffixesarebound.Chapter4 SyntaxApplicationofthetransformationalrulesyieldsdeepstrucutre.Move-aruleitselfcanruleoutungrammaticalformsandresultingrammaticalstrings.Numberandgenderarecategoriesofnounandpronounn.Aconstituentwhichisnotatthesametimeaconstructionisamorpheme,andconstructionwhichisnotatthesametimeaconstituentisasentence.ICanalysiscanbeusedtoanalyzeallkindsofambiguousstructures.Asentencecontainsapointofdepartureandagoalofdiacourse.SyntacticcategoryreferstoallphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNP,VP,andandword-levelsyntacticcategoriesthatserveasheadsofphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNandS-structureisalevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.Chapter5SemanticsInterrogativeandimperativesentencesdonothavetruthvalue.Theraltionshipbetween“humanbody”and“face/nose”ishyponymy.Componentialanalysisisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcannotdissectedintomenaingcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Onemeritofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturescertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.Hyponymyisamatterofclassmembership,soitisthesameasmeronymy.“Eitheritisraininghereoritisn’traininghere”isempiricallytrue.Twosentencesusingthesamewordsmaymeanquitedifferently.LinguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesameChapter6 PragmaticsIfthecontextofuseisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareapragmatics.Alocutionaryactistheactofexpressingtheintention.Whenperforminganillocutionaryactofrepresentative,thespeakerismakingstatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Theutterancemeaningofthesentencevarieeswiththecontextinwhichituttered.WhileconversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCP,theydonotobservethesemaximsstrictly.Inviting,suggesting,warnign,orderingareinstancesofcommissives.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicationsarise.Ofthreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedintheillocutionaryactthiskindofspeechisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.Chapter7 LanguageChangePre-Indo-EuropeanlanguagesarenotattestedwhereasProto-Indo-Europeanlanguagesareattested.SomemodernwordscomefromthemorphologicalchangeoftheOldEnglish.instance,movecomesformmovementandteachcomesfromteachable.Withthesemanticbroadeningornarrowing,themeaningofawordisbeingchangedconstantly,althoughwithonegenerationsuchdifferenceisobvious.ThesentenceIhatetheenotwasconsiderednormalformofnegationinOldEnglish.BothChineseandJapanesehavealogographicwritingsystem;Englishandhaveanalphabeticwritingsystem.InOldEnglish,theaffixationoftheprefixYan-toanadjectivewouldchangewordintoacausativeverb.In1200,theofficiallanguageinEnglandwasOldEnglish.AllcaseformsofOldEnglishnounshavebeenlostinModernEnglish.InOldEnglish,averbprecedesthesubjectinsteadoffollowingit.Chapter8 LanguageandSocietyInmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesameinspeechsituationsknownasdomains.Aregionalvarietyofalanguageisintrinsicallyinferiortothestandardvarietythatlanguage.Apidginisnotanativelanguageofaparticularregion.Whenabilingualspeakerswitchesbetweenthetwolanguagesconcerned,heisconvertingonemodeofthinkingintotheother.Pidginsarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.According to the strong version of the Sapir-Shorf hypothesis, perceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.Thesentences“Hecrazy”and“Hebesickallthetime”arebothacceptibleinblackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousofblackEnglish.Therearewordsofmoreorlessthesamemenaingusedindifferentregionaldialects.Chapter10-11 LanguageAcquisitionLanguageuseisbothsystematicandnon-systematic,subjecttoexternalaswelltointernalvariation.Inlinguisticstudy,linguistsfirstworkoutatheoryaboutlanguagestructure,testitwithlanguagefacts.FormalinstructionhardlyaffectsthenaturalrouteofSLA.Iflanguagelearnersareprovidedwithsufficientandtherightkindoflanguageexposureandchancestointeractwithlanguageinput,theywillacquirethenative-likecompetenceinthetargetlanguage.Phonologicallyslowerrateofdeliveryisanexampleofconversationalmodification.grammardevelopsgraduallyuntilitbecomesexactlythegrammar.Foreingertalkisalwaysungrammatical.Learnerswithdifferentfirstlanguageswouldlearnasecondlanguageindiffernetways.Chapter12 LanguageandBrainTherightearadvantage(REA)istruenomatterwhetherpeoplehavethehemisphericdominanceforspeechorthelesscommon