外語教學心理學第七講Task課件

Task-BasedLanguageLearning-AreviewTask-BasedLanguageLearning-A1WeakandstrongCLTWeakversion LearnersfirstacquirelanguageasastructuralsystemandthenlearnhowtouseitincommunicationStrongversion LanguageisacquiredthroughcommunicationWeakandstrongCLTWeakversio2RodEllis’(1990)sixcriteriaforcommunicativeactivitiesCommunicativepurpose;(informationgap)Communicativedesire;(realneed)(Focuson)Content,notform;(message)Varietyoflanguage;(notjustonelanguageform,freetoimprovise/create)Noteacherintervention;(donebySs;nocorrecting/evaluatinghowSsdoit;assessmentisbasedonthe‘product’oroncommunicativepurposeratherthanonthelanguage.)Nomaterialcontrol.

RodEllis’(1990)sixcriteria3TBLTasaStrandofCLTNunan(2004)placesTBLTfirmlywithinthetraditionofCLTAnewstrandwithinCLT.‘StrongCLT’(RichardsandRogers)Wills(2007,p.11)‘taskbasedlearningandteachingisadevelopmentonCLT’.Issometimesportrayedas‘real’CLTFocusonmeaning,ratherthanformLsacquirelanguagebyusingitinanaturalwayTBLTasaStrandofCLTNunan4Thecomponentsofatask一個任務應該包含哪些要素？TaskPurposeInputContextProcessProductThecomponentsofatask一個任務應該5apurpose:(目的)makingsurethestudentshaveareasonforundertakingthetask教師應該事先向學生介紹該任務的目的Inputdata：（輸入數(shù)據(jù)）Inputdatacanbeverbal,e.g.adialogue,readingpassage,etc.ornon-verbal,e.g.apicture,adiagram,etc.包含言語（對話、短文等）或非言語（圖片、圖表等）信息apurpose:(目的)makingsureth6acontext:（語境）thiscanbereal,simulatedorimaginary,andinvolvessociolinguisticissuessuchasthelocation,theparticipantsandtheirrelationship,thetime,andotherimportantfactors.任務應該在特定的語境下被實施，應當包含特定場所、時間、參與者間的關系等社會語言因素。acontext:（語境）thiscanberea7aprocess:（過程）gettingthestudentstouselearningstrategiessuchasproblemsolving,reasoning,inquiring,conceptualisingandcommunicating.在此過程中應激勵學生運用推理、詢問、交際等學習策略達成任務aproduct:（產出）therewillbesomeformofoutcome,eithervisible(awrittenplan,aplay,aletter,etc.)orinvisible(enjoyingastory,learningaboutanothercountry,etc.)任務產生的結果：可視（如書面計劃、信件等）或非可視（欣賞故事、了解異國風情等）形式aprocess:（過程）gettingthestu8不是任務，是什么？

Exercises,exercise-tasksandtasksTaskOne:Considerthefollowingsetsofinstructionsandtelltheirdifferences.SetAEvaluateasetofstatementsbydecidingwhethertheyare“true”or“false”.Studyawrittenpassageandcorrectthegrammaticalmistakes.Putsomequestionsandanswersintothecorrectsequencetomakeaconversation.不是任務，是什么？

Exercises,exercise-9SetBAsksomeonewhattimethenexttrainleavesforthecity.Orderabowlofnoodles.Inviteaclassmatetothemovies.SetB10TheessentialdifferencebetweentaskandexerciseTaskATaskhasanonlinguisticoutcomeExercise

Anexercisehasalinguisticoutcome

Theessentialdifferencebetwe11Exercise:ActivitiesweusetofocusSs’attentiononindividualaspectsoflanguage,suchasvocabulary,grammarorindividualskills.Exercise-task:Consistsofcontextualisedpracticeoflanguageitems(oftenaparticulargrammarpoint).Forinstance,itcouldbeanactivitythathelpstheSstomasterthepresentcontinuoustensebygettingthemtodescribewhatishappeninginapicture.（e.g.WhatwereyoudoingwhentheUFOlanded?）Task:Focusesoncompleteactofcommunication.Exercise:Activitiesweuseto12Therelationshipbetweenexercises,exercise-tasksandtasksisshowninthefollowingfigure.

FocusonindividuallanguageitemsPurposeful&contextualisedcommunicationexerciseexercise-tasktaskTherelationshipbetweenexerc13ExercisesTasksActivitiesExercisesTasksActivities14FeaturesofaLanguageLearningTask

ContextProductPurposeProcessofdoing/thinkinginEnglishSkills&knowledge情景成果目的過程語言知識語言能力FeaturesofaLanguageLearnin15DescribeananimalinapassageChooseapetReadanarticleaboutthebenefitofkeepingpetsWritealeafletforazooCompareanimalsGiveadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsIdentifythebodypartsofanimalsWritinganimalriddlesLearnthevocabularyaboutanimals:appearance,habitat,nature,sounds,movementsDiscussifdogsshouldbeallowedonpublichousingestatesAnimalsWhichoftheseareexercises?Describeananimalinapassag16ChooseapetWritealeafletforazooGiveadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsWriteanimalriddlesDiscussifdogsshouldbeallowedonpublichousingestatesAnimalsWhatarethey?Tasks?Activities?ActivitiesChooseapetWritealeafletfo17Transforming

ExercisesActivities

ActivitiesTasksTransforming

ExercisesActi18DescribingananimalFromExercisestoActivitiesIdentifyingthebodypartofanimalsExplaininghowtotakecareofapetWritinganimalriddlesWritingaleaflettodescribeanimalsChoosingapetDebating:KeepingpetsisagoodhobbyforchildrenGivingadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsReadingaboutthepros&consofkeepingpetsDiscussingifdogsshouldbebannedfrompublichousingestatesComparinganimalsWritinganessaytodiscusstheissueofbanningdogsfromhousingestatesDescribingananimalFromExerc19FromactivitiestotasksWriteananimalriddleWritealeafletaboutanimalsChooseapetGiveadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsWriteanessaytodiscusstheissueofbanningdogsfromhousingestatesDebate:KeepingpetsisgoodWriteaLost&FoundnoticeaboutadogfoundintheparkPreparesomeanimalfactsheetsforapetshoporzooWriteanemailtoadvisealonelychildtokeeppetsforcompanionWriteanadvicecolumnfortheclassmagazinetogiveadviceonpetcareWriteanjudgingcommentsondogsinapetcontestWritealetterinresponsetoanorderbanninganimalsfromone’shousingestateFromactivitiestotasksWrite20AContinuumofExercises&TasksDrawing&labellingananimalDescribing&comparinganimalsReadingaboutthepros&consofkeepingpetsDiscussingifdogsshouldbebannedfrompublichousingestatesWritinganimalriddlesWritingaleafletaboutanimals/petsSpeakingaboutthebenefitsofkeepingpetsChoosingapetGivingadvicehowtotakecareofpetsDebatingifdogsshouldbeallowedonpublichousingestatesWritingaLost&FoundnoticeaboutanastraydogintheparkPreparingsomefactsheetsforanimalsinapetshop/zooWritinganadjudicator’scommentsheetcomparingthefinalistsinabeautypageantfordogsWritinganadvicecolumnfortheclassmagazineadvisingreadershowtotakecareofpetsWritingaletterinresponsetoanorderbanninganimalsfromone’shousingestate

Skills-gettingexercisesSkills-usingactivitiesLanguageTasksAContinuumofExercises&Tas21Nowadaysmanypeopleliketokeepdogsaspet.Youcanseethemwalkingtheirdogsinthepark,onthestreetsandeveninthecorridorofthebuildingwheretheylive.Thedogsoftencausealotofproblemandinconveniencetotheneighbours.Sosomehousingestatesputoutabanondogs.Writeaone-sidedargumentativeessaytoexpressyourviewaboutthis.Isthisawritingtask?Isthisawritingtask?22Youliveinahousingestatewheredogsarebanned.RecentlyyoursisterhasgotalovelyPekineseasagift.Thismorning,however,youreceivedaletterfromtheManagementCompanyremindingyouoftheestatebanagainstdogs.DecidewhatyouwoulddoandwritearesponsetotheManagementletter.Youliveinahousingestatethatallowsnodogs.Howeveryoufindlatelythatmanyresidentshaveviolatedthebanandyesterday,youryoungbrotherwasbadlyscaredbyaviciouslookingdogintheelevator.Youareangryandworriedaboutthesituation.Writealettertothemanagementcompanytoexpressyourfeelingandconcernandsuggestwhatactionsshouldbetaken.

Arethesetasks?Youliveinahousingestatew23Youliveinahousingestatewheredogsarebanned.RecentlyyoursisterhasgotalovelyPekineseasagift.Thismorning,however,youreceivedaletterfromtheManagementCompanyremindingyouoftheestatebanagainstdogs.DecidewhatyouwoulddoandwritearesponsetotheManagementletter.contextpurposeproductprocessofthinking&doingknowledge&skillsThinking:

What’sthedecision?Reasons?Howwillyoupresentyoursituation&decisionintheletter?Knowledge:Languageforarguing/reasoningaskingforspecialfavourapologising+Couldbeatwo-sidedargumentwithintheletter?Youliveinahousingestatew24Tasks:WhatandWhyAuthenticcontextApplicationoflanguageskillsandknowledge,valuesandattitudes,etc.inanintegratedmannerUsetaskstobringreallifeintotheclassroomHelpstudentstoimaginethemselvesasthecharactersinthesituation&getthingsdone(findthemissinginformation,solveaproblem,etc)Tasks:WhatandWhyAuthenticc25ATaskoranExercise?Therearetworestaurantscloseby.Comparethemintermsoftheirmenus,prices,service

andenvironment.Discussanddecidewhichisabetterplacetohavedinner.TonyandJennyaregoingoutfordinner,buttheycan’tdecidewhichrestauranttogoto.Theyarestandingoutsidetworestaurantscomparingthemenus,prices,serviceandenvironment.Discussandmakeachoiceforthem.ATaskoranExercise?Therear26綜合語言運用能力學習策略Languagedevelopmentstrategies文化意識Culturalawareness語言知識LanguageKnowledge語言技能LanguageSkillsIntegrativelanguageuse情感態(tài)度Values&attitudes綜合語言學習策略Languagedevelopments27PPPVS.TBLT第一階段為Presentation(教師講解)：幫助學生了解某一語法規(guī)則，并將該語法規(guī)則套用在教材中。第二階段為Practice(學生練)：讓學生有機會練習使用該語法規(guī)則和形式。第三階段為Production(學生用)：學生依照前面所學知識，隨后運用在不同情境中，也就是學生的最后學習成果的呈現(xiàn)。第一階段為Pre-task：教師先講解課程內容及意義，并配合活動講授預備知識。第二階段為Taskcycle：在Taskcycle部分又分為→Task，Planning，Report。教師將學生分成若干組進行小組談論，學生可盡情討論任務內容，無需擔心犯錯；教師扮演協(xié)助者的角色。第三階段為Languagefocus：在languagefocus階段又可分為→analysis、practice。學生能夠反思所學內容和知識。PPPVS.TBLT第一階段為Presentation(28Task-BasedLanguageLearning-AreviewTask-BasedLanguageLearning-A29WeakandstrongCLTWeakversion LearnersfirstacquirelanguageasastructuralsystemandthenlearnhowtouseitincommunicationStrongversion LanguageisacquiredthroughcommunicationWeakandstrongCLTWeakversio30RodEllis’(1990)sixcriteriaforcommunicativeactivitiesCommunicativepurpose;(informationgap)Communicativedesire;(realneed)(Focuson)Content,notform;(message)Varietyoflanguage;(notjustonelanguageform,freetoimprovise/create)Noteacherintervention;(donebySs;nocorrecting/evaluatinghowSsdoit;assessmentisbasedonthe‘product’oroncommunicativepurposeratherthanonthelanguage.)Nomaterialcontrol.

RodEllis’(1990)sixcriteria31TBLTasaStrandofCLTNunan(2004)placesTBLTfirmlywithinthetraditionofCLTAnewstrandwithinCLT.‘StrongCLT’(RichardsandRogers)Wills(2007,p.11)‘taskbasedlearningandteachingisadevelopmentonCLT’.Issometimesportrayedas‘real’CLTFocusonmeaning,ratherthanformLsacquirelanguagebyusingitinanaturalwayTBLTasaStrandofCLTNunan32Thecomponentsofatask一個任務應該包含哪些要素？TaskPurposeInputContextProcessProductThecomponentsofatask一個任務應該33apurpose:(目的)makingsurethestudentshaveareasonforundertakingthetask教師應該事先向學生介紹該任務的目的Inputdata：（輸入數(shù)據(jù)）Inputdatacanbeverbal,e.g.adialogue,readingpassage,etc.ornon-verbal,e.g.apicture,adiagram,etc.包含言語（對話、短文等）或非言語（圖片、圖表等）信息apurpose:(目的)makingsureth34acontext:（語境）thiscanbereal,simulatedorimaginary,andinvolvessociolinguisticissuessuchasthelocation,theparticipantsandtheirrelationship,thetime,andotherimportantfactors.任務應該在特定的語境下被實施，應當包含特定場所、時間、參與者間的關系等社會語言因素。acontext:（語境）thiscanberea35aprocess:（過程）gettingthestudentstouselearningstrategiessuchasproblemsolving,reasoning,inquiring,conceptualisingandcommunicating.在此過程中應激勵學生運用推理、詢問、交際等學習策略達成任務aproduct:（產出）therewillbesomeformofoutcome,eithervisible(awrittenplan,aplay,aletter,etc.)orinvisible(enjoyingastory,learningaboutanothercountry,etc.)任務產生的結果：可視（如書面計劃、信件等）或非可視（欣賞故事、了解異國風情等）形式aprocess:（過程）gettingthestu36不是任務，是什么？

Exercises,exercise-tasksandtasksTaskOne:Considerthefollowingsetsofinstructionsandtelltheirdifferences.SetAEvaluateasetofstatementsbydecidingwhethertheyare“true”or“false”.Studyawrittenpassageandcorrectthegrammaticalmistakes.Putsomequestionsandanswersintothecorrectsequencetomakeaconversation.不是任務，是什么？

Exercises,exercise-37SetBAsksomeonewhattimethenexttrainleavesforthecity.Orderabowlofnoodles.Inviteaclassmatetothemovies.SetB38TheessentialdifferencebetweentaskandexerciseTaskATaskhasanonlinguisticoutcomeExercise

Anexercisehasalinguisticoutcome

Theessentialdifferencebetwe39Exercise:ActivitiesweusetofocusSs’attentiononindividualaspectsoflanguage,suchasvocabulary,grammarorindividualskills.Exercise-task:Consistsofcontextualisedpracticeoflanguageitems(oftenaparticulargrammarpoint).Forinstance,itcouldbeanactivitythathelpstheSstomasterthepresentcontinuoustensebygettingthemtodescribewhatishappeninginapicture.（e.g.WhatwereyoudoingwhentheUFOlanded?）Task:Focusesoncompleteactofcommunication.Exercise:Activitiesweuseto40Therelationshipbetweenexercises,exercise-tasksandtasksisshowninthefollowingfigure.

FocusonindividuallanguageitemsPurposeful&contextualisedcommunicationexerciseexercise-tasktaskTherelationshipbetweenexerc41ExercisesTasksActivitiesExercisesTasksActivities42FeaturesofaLanguageLearningTask

ContextProductPurposeProcessofdoing/thinkinginEnglishSkills&knowledge情景成果目的過程語言知識語言能力FeaturesofaLanguageLearnin43DescribeananimalinapassageChooseapetReadanarticleaboutthebenefitofkeepingpetsWritealeafletforazooCompareanimalsGiveadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsIdentifythebodypartsofanimalsWritinganimalriddlesLearnthevocabularyaboutanimals:appearance,habitat,nature,sounds,movementsDiscussifdogsshouldbeallowedonpublichousingestatesAnimalsWhichoftheseareexercises?Describeananimalinapassag44ChooseapetWritealeafletforazooGiveadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsWriteanimalriddlesDiscussifdogsshouldbeallowedonpublichousingestatesAnimalsWhatarethey?Tasks?Activities?ActivitiesChooseapetWritealeafletfo45Transforming

ExercisesActivities

ActivitiesTasksTransforming

ExercisesActi46DescribingananimalFromExercisestoActivitiesIdentifyingthebodypartofanimalsExplaininghowtotakecareofapetWritinganimalriddlesWritingaleaflettodescribeanimalsChoosingapetDebating:KeepingpetsisagoodhobbyforchildrenGivingadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsReadingaboutthepros&consofkeepingpetsDiscussingifdogsshouldbebannedfrompublichousingestatesComparinganimalsWritinganessaytodiscusstheissueofbanningdogsfromhousingestatesDescribingananimalFromExerc47FromactivitiestotasksWriteananimalriddleWritealeafletaboutanimalsChooseapetGiveadviceonhowtotakecareofpetsWriteanessaytodiscusstheissueofbanningdogsfromhousingestatesDebate:KeepingpetsisgoodWriteaLost&FoundnoticeaboutadogfoundintheparkPreparesomeanimalfactsheetsforapetshoporzooWriteanemailtoadvisealonelychildtokeeppetsforcompanionWriteanadvicecolumnfortheclassmagazinetogiveadviceonpetcareWriteanjudgingcommentsondogsinapetcontestWritealetterinresponsetoanorderbanninganimalsfromone’shousingestateFromactivitiestotasksWrite48AContinuumofExercises&TasksDrawing&labellingananimalDescribing&comparinganimalsReadingaboutthepros&consofkeepingpetsDiscussingifdogsshouldbebannedfrompublichousingestatesWritinganimalriddlesWritingaleafletaboutanimals/petsSpeakingaboutthebenefitsofkeepingpetsChoosingapetGivingadvicehowtotakecareofpetsDebatingifdogsshouldbeallowedonpublichousingestatesWritingaLost&FoundnoticeaboutanastraydogintheparkPreparingsomefactsheetsforanimalsinapetshop/zooWritinganadjudicator’scommentsheetcomparingthefinalistsinabeautypageantfordogsWritinganadvicecolumnfortheclassmagazineadvisingreadershowtotakecareofpetsWritingaletterinresponsetoanorderbanninganimalsfromone’shousingestate

Skills-gettingexercisesSkills-usingactivitiesLanguageTasksAContinuumofExercises&Tas49Nowadaysmanypeopleliketokeepdogsaspet.Youcanseethemwalkingtheirdogsinthepark,onthestreetsandeveninthecorridorofthebuildingwheretheylive.Thedogsoftencausealotofproblemandinconveniencetotheneighbours.Sosomehousingestatesputoutabanondogs.Writeaone-sidedargumentativeessaytoexpressyourviewaboutthis.Isthisawritingtask?Isthisawritingtask?50Youliveinahousingestatewheredogsarebanned.RecentlyyoursisterhasgotalovelyPekineseasagift.Thismorning,however,youreceivedaletterfromtheManagementCompanyremindingyouoftheestatebanagainstdogs.DecidewhatyouwoulddoandwritearesponsetotheManagementletter.Youliveinahousingestatethatallowsnodogs.Howeveryoufindlatelythatmanyresidentshaveviolatedthebanandyesterday,youryoungbrotherwasbadlyscaredbyaviciouslookingdogintheelevator.Youareangryandworriedaboutthesituation.Writealettertothemanagementcompanytoexpressyourfeelingandconcernandsuggestwhatactionsshouldbetaken.

Arethesetasks?Youliveinahousingestatew51Youliveinahousingestatewheredogsarebanned.Recentlyyoursisterh