考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東英才學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東英才學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thejoysoftravel,havinglong（）thedisabled,areopeninguptovirtuallyanyonewhohasthemeans.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.omitted

B.missed

C.neglected

D.discarded

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)omitted“遺漏，省略”；B選項(xiàng)missed“錯(cuò)過，投偏”；C選項(xiàng)neglected“忽視，疏忽”；D選項(xiàng)discarded“丟棄”。句意：長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)被忽視的殘疾人旅行的樂趣正在向任何有辦法的人開放。這里表示的是“之前殘疾人士的旅行樂趣被忽視了”，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.單選題

Themostimmediateeffecthasbeentheadversepublicityattendantwiththereportingofthedecision.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.appalling

B.shocking

C.negative

D.provoking

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.appalling駭人聽聞的B.shocking令人發(fā)指的

C.negative消極的；負(fù)面的D.provoking刺激的；令人生氣的

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析

【解題思路】原句語(yǔ)義為“最直接的影響是在報(bào)告該決定時(shí)引起的____效果”，原詞adverse“不利的；有害的；反面的”，C選項(xiàng)negative“消極的；負(fù)面的”最符合原句語(yǔ)義。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)appalling“駭人聽聞的”，側(cè)重于指非常糟糕或令人不快，不符合原句語(yǔ)義；

B選項(xiàng)shocking“令人發(fā)指的”，側(cè)重于指非常壞、不道德，不符合原句語(yǔ)義；

D選項(xiàng)provoking“刺激的；令人生氣的”，不符合原句語(yǔ)義。

【句意】最直接的影響是在報(bào)告該決定時(shí)引起的負(fù)面效果。

3.單選題

Amanwhocould（

）suchtreatmentwasamanofremarkablephysicalcourageandmoralstrength.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.bearupon

B.standupto

C.insiston

D.persistin

【答案】B

【解析】bearupon有關(guān)，瞄準(zhǔn)，對(duì)...施加壓力；standupto經(jīng)得起，抵抗，勇敢地面對(duì)；insiston堅(jiān)持，堅(jiān)決要求；persistin堅(jiān)持，固執(zhí)于。句意：能夠經(jīng)得起這種對(duì)待的人是很有膽量和勇氣的人。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

4.單選題

Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages___inthedictionary.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.missing

B.losing

C.dropping

D.leaking

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)missing“丟失，缺失”；B選項(xiàng)losing“浪費(fèi)；使沉溺于；使迷路；遺失；錯(cuò)過”；C選項(xiàng)dropping“推動(dòng)；幫助；宣揚(yáng)；下降；終止”；D選項(xiàng)leaking“使?jié)B漏，泄露；漏，滲；泄漏出去；透露”。句意：約翰向書商抱怨這本字典___幾頁(yè)。本句表達(dá)“字典缺失幾頁(yè)”，現(xiàn)在分詞做后置定語(yǔ)，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

TheUnitedStatesisacountrymadeupofmanydifferentraces.Usuallytheyaremixedtogetherandcan’tbetoldfromoneanother.Butmanyofthemstilltalkaboutwheretheirancestorscamefrom.Itissomethingtheyareproudof.

TheoriginalAmericans,ofcourseweretheIndians.Theso-calledwhitemenwhothencameweremostlyfromEngland.ButmanycamefromothercountrieslikeGermanyandFrance.

OneproblemtheUnitedStateshasalwayshadisdiscrimination.AsnewgroupscametotheUnitedStatestheyfoundtheywerediscriminatedagainst.FirstitwastheIrishandItalians.Lateritwastheblacks.Almosteverygrouphasbeenabletofinallyescapethisdiscrimination.Theonlyimmigrantswhohavenotaretheblacks.SurprisinglyenoughtheworstdiscriminationtodayisshowntowardstheIndians.

OnereasontheIndiansarediscriminatedagainstisthattheyhavetriedsohardtokeeptheiridentity.Ofcoursetheyarenottheonlyoneswhohavedoneso.TheJapanesehavetheirLittleTokyoinLosAngelesandtheChineseaChinatowninNewYork.TheDutchsettlementinPennsylvaniaalsostaysseparatefromotherpeople.Theirtownsarelikesomethingfromthe19thcentury.Theyhaveadifferentreasonfromtheothergroupsforstayingseparately.Theyliveseparatelyforreligiousreasonsratherthankeeptogetherinaracialgroup.

Althoughsomegroupshavekeptthemselvesseparateandothershavebeendiscriminatedagainst,allgroupshavehelpedmaketheUnitedStatesagreatcounty.Thereisnogroupthathasnothelpedinsomeway.Andthereisnogroupthatcansaytheyhavedonethemosttomakeitagreatcountry.

ManypeoplestillcomefromothercountriestohelptheUnitedStatesgrow.AgoodexampleistheAmericanprojectthatletamanwalkonthemoon.ItwasascientistfromGermanywhowasmostresponsiblefordoingthat.ItiscertainthatinthefuturetheUnitedStateswillstillneedthehelpofpeoplefromallracialgroupstoremainagreatcountry.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestdescribethemainideaofthispassage?

2.Inthefirstparagraphtheword“told”means（）.

3.Thispassageimpliesthatdiscriminationisaproblemwhich（）.

4.ThemainreasonwhytheIndiansaremostdiscriminatedagainstisthat（）.

5.TheDutchliveseparatelyinPennsylvania（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheUnitedStatesisacountrymadeupofmanydifferentraces.

B.DiscriminationisthemostseriousproblemintheUnitedStates.

C.AllracesintheUnitedStateshavehelpedmakethecountryagreatone.

D.TheprosperityoftheUnitedStatesismainlyduetothehardworkofthemostdiscriminatedraces.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.separated

B.distinguished

C.revealed

D.madeknown

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.manyracesintheUnitedStateshaveexperienced

B.willstillbeveryseriousintheUnitedStatesinthefuture

C.hasalreadybeensolvedintheUnitedStates

D.isstronglyopposedbymanydifferentracesintheUnitedStates

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyhavetriedhardtokeeptheirreligions

B.theyhavetriedhardtolivetogethertokeeptheirIndiancustoms

C.theyaretheonlyoneswhohavetriedtokeeptheiridentify

D.theydiscriminatemanyotherraces

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.toescapediscrimination

B.tokeeptogetherinaracialgroup

C.toenjoythemselvesintheirowntowns

D.forreligiousreasons

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨題。原文第一段第一句指出美國(guó)是一個(gè)由許多不同種族組成的國(guó)家，由此引出種族歧視，但本文的主旨句在第五段第一句，所有的種族都幫助美國(guó)成為一個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.語(yǔ)義題。根據(jù)原文句意，通常它們是混合在一起的，無(wú)法區(qū)分。由此可推測(cè)，told指無(wú)法區(qū)分的，選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第三段第五句“Almosteverygrouphasbeenabletofinallyescapethisdiscrimination.”幾乎每一個(gè)群體最終都能擺脫這種歧視。說(shuō)明每個(gè)種族都曾經(jīng)歷過歧視，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“OnereasontheIndiansarediscriminatedagainstisthattheyhavetriedsohardtokeeptheiridentity.”印第安人受到歧視的一個(gè)原因是他們一直努力保持自己的身份。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。本題容易錯(cuò)選A，第四段最后一句提到的是荷蘭人由于宗教原因與其他種族分開，而不是印第安人，所以不正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Theyliveseparatelyforreligiousreasons...”可知選項(xiàng)D正確。

6.單選題

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience（

）onbenches,chairsorboxes.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.havingseated

B.seated

C.seating

D.havingbeenseated

【答案】B

【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。現(xiàn)在分詞通常強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的，根據(jù)句意‘促銷通常在戶外進(jìn)行，人們坐在長(zhǎng)凳、椅子或盒子上’確定B選項(xiàng)的seated表示坐的狀態(tài)，正確。

7.單選題

Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,andingeneral,anytimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.

Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression,whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorderinthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,studiessuchasSouthwick’shadwhichofthefollowingeffectsoninvestigatorstheoriesaboutmonkeys'socialbehavior?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto（

）.

6.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.explainingthereasonsforresearchers'interestinmonkeys'socialbehavior

D.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

C.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-timeaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

D.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theycastdoubtoninvestigators'theoriesthatcouldaccountforobservedpatternsofaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Theysuggestedthatexistingtheoriesabouttheroleofaggressionamongmonkeysdidnotfullyaccountforthemonkeys'abilitytomaintainanestablishedsocialorder.

C.Theyconfirmedinvestigators*theoriesaboutmonkeys’aggressiveresponsetocompetitionforfoodandwater

D.Theyconfirmedinvestigators’beliefsaboutthemotivationforcontinuedaggressionamongmonkeysinthesamesocialgroup

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

D.situationsthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanther

D.protectindividualsseekingtobecomemembersofthatgroupfrommassattack

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintra-groupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

B.Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

C.Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

D.Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:A

【解析】1.文章主要介紹了猴群侵略和敵對(duì)行為的研究理論。根據(jù)文章第一句，即本文的中心和主旨句：Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.研究猴子的社會(huì)行為的人總是被猴子的攻擊潛力和因此而產(chǎn)生的對(duì)其攻擊行為的社會(huì)控制的需要所震驚。確定D選項(xiàng)‘探討研究人員關(guān)于猴子攻擊性理論的發(fā)展‘正確。

2.根據(jù)文章第三段：Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.在極端缺乏食物的情況下，對(duì)野生動(dòng)物的研究同樣顯示，饑餓的猴子幾乎把所有可用的能量都用于覓食，幾乎沒有剩余的能量用于攻擊性的互動(dòng)?！甪ooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression可知答案為D選項(xiàng)‘食物匱乏可能會(huì)暫時(shí)增加猴子的攻擊性，但也會(huì)導(dǎo)致沖突減少?！_。

3.根據(jù)文中第三段However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.然而，當(dāng)像Southwick關(guān)于減少空間或食物儲(chǔ)備的實(shí)驗(yàn)沒有產(chǎn)生比群體內(nèi)攻擊性暫時(shí)增加更多的結(jié)果時(shí)，激勵(lì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的動(dòng)機(jī)開始受到質(zhì)疑。確定研究人員對(duì)Southwick’s的動(dòng)機(jī)理論存在懷疑，而非涉及到社會(huì)秩序，所以A選項(xiàng)‘他們對(duì)研究人員的理論提出了質(zhì)疑，這些理論可以解釋猴子被觀察到的攻擊模式‘正確。

4.根據(jù)文章最后一段，可知猴群是等級(jí)秩序很嚴(yán)格的，猴子特別注重猴群內(nèi)的等級(jí)，猴群對(duì)于外來(lái)者，往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生敵對(duì)行為，而對(duì)于外來(lái)者來(lái)說(shuō)，也是對(duì)猴群的威脅，C選項(xiàng)‘mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem’符合題意。

5.根據(jù)文章最后一段：Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.這些對(duì)入侵者的研究表明，同一物種的成年成員第一次相互介紹時(shí)表現(xiàn)出相當(dāng)大的敵意，因?yàn)樵谌狈ι鐣?huì)秩序的情況下，必須建立一個(gè)人來(lái)控制動(dòng)物間的關(guān)系。由此可知，此種行為是為了對(duì)動(dòng)物內(nèi)部行為進(jìn)行有效控制，防止出現(xiàn)侵略性和敵對(duì)行為。所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.文章主要論述了通過實(shí)驗(yàn)研究猴群內(nèi)等級(jí)地位，以及外來(lái)者的敵對(duì)和侵略行為。文章主要是壓縮猴群的生存空間的研究對(duì)猴群的攻擊以及侵略行為的影響等原因進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明。A選項(xiàng)‘在實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境中，空間的減少如何影響猴子群體內(nèi)的攻擊性?’正確。B選項(xiàng)‘為爭(zhēng)奪食物和其他猴群競(jìng)爭(zhēng)’并沒有涉及，C選項(xiàng)‘對(duì)機(jī)制建立控制猴群的侵略性行為‘也沒有說(shuō)明，D選項(xiàng)不正確。

8.單選題

BesidesthoseIhavenamed,therewasnotinBritainthemanlivingwhomI（）,unlessitweretheDukeofWellington,whomIafterwardssawatWestminsterAbbey,atthefuneralofWilberforce.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.caredforbeholding

B.caredtobehold

C.caredtobebeheld

D.caredforbeingbeheld

【答案】B

【解析】語(yǔ)法和固定搭配。caretodosth.“想做某事，愿意做某事”;carefor“關(guān)心，喜歡”；behold“看，看見”。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知空格中應(yīng)該填入定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)，先行詞為theman，關(guān)系代詞為whom，theman和behold之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)C和D可排除。句意：除了我所提到的那些人以外，在英國(guó)沒有一個(gè)活著的人是我所愿意見到的，除非是Wellington,公爵，我后來(lái)在威伯福斯的葬禮上在威斯敏斯特大教堂見到了他。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

9.單選題

Youcan'tcountonhim;he'sliableto____________outwhenthingsbecomedifficult.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.be

B.let

C.take

D.opt

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。beout“不在家”；letout“泄露”；takeout“取出”；optout“變卦”。句意：你不能指望他，如果事情變得復(fù)雜，他有可能會(huì)變卦。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

10.單選題

The（

）ofelectricalenergyintothermalenergyisaprocessthatiseasilycarriedoutat100%efficiency.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conversion

B.convention

C.conversation

D.version

【答案】A

【解析】形近詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)conversion“轉(zhuǎn)化，變換”；B選項(xiàng)convention“約定，習(xí)俗”；C選項(xiàng)conversation“交談，會(huì)話”；D選項(xiàng)version“版本”。

句意：把電能轉(zhuǎn)換成熱能是一個(gè)很容易以100%的效率進(jìn)行的過程。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

11.單選題

Thisarticledealswiththenatural______whichismostinterestingtoeveryone.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.phenomenon

B.phenomena

C.phenomenons

D.phenomenas

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)phenomenon“現(xiàn)象；奇跡；杰出的人才”；B選項(xiàng)phenomena為phenomenon的復(fù)數(shù)形式，C選項(xiàng)phenomenons這種復(fù)數(shù)形式基本和“現(xiàn)象”無(wú)關(guān)，只用于特殊的人（事物）；非凡的人；特別的事情（或事實(shí)）；D選項(xiàng)phenomenas這種復(fù)數(shù)形式不存在。句意：這篇文章論述了大家最感興趣的自然現(xiàn)象。which后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)形式“is”，所以空格處也應(yīng)填單數(shù)形式，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Whichissafer—stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingattheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow.However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!Infacttheaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome.

Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthisthatmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.Fortunately,theyareextremelyrare.ThemostfamousoneshappenedatTexasCity(1947),Flixborough(1974),Seveso(1976),Pemex(1984)andBhopal(1984).

Someofthesearealwaysinthemindsofthepeopleeventhoughthelossoflifewassmall.NoonediedatSeveso,andonly28workersatFlixborough.TheworstaccidentofallwasBhopal,whereupto3,000werekilled.TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.

ThePemexfireatastorageplantfornaturalgasinthesuburbsofMexicoCitytook542lives,justamonthbeforetheunfortunateeventatBhopal.

Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger.ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate（硝酸銨），whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity.TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Thefiresetoffachainreactionofexplodingstoragetanks.Yet,byamiracle,thetwolargesttanksdidnotexplode.Hadthesecaughtfire,then3.000strongrescueteamandfirefighterswouldallhavedied.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Chemicalaccidentsareusuallyimportantenoughtobereportedasnewsbecause（）.

3.Accordingtopassage,thechemicalaccidentthatcausedbythefaultofmanagementhappenedat（）.

4.Fromthepassageweknowthatammoniumnitrateisakindof（）.

5.Fromthediscussionamongsomeexpertswemayconcludethat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Workingattheofficeissaferthanstayingathome.

B.Travellingtoworkonpublictransportissaferthanworkingattheoffice.

C.Stayingathomeissaferthanworkinginthechemicalindustry.

D.Workinginthechemicalindustryissaferthantravelingbyair.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyareveryrare

B.theyoftencauselossoflife

C.theyalwaysoccurinbigcities

D.theyarousetheinterestofallthereaders

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Texascity

B.Flixborough

C.Seveso

D.MexicoCity

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.naturalgas,whichcaneasilycatchfire

B.fertilizer,whichcan'tbestoredinagreatquantity

C.poisonoussubstance,whichcan'tbeusedinovercrowdedareas

D.fuel,whichisstoredinlargetanks

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.toavoidanyaccidentsweshouldnotrepairthefacilitiesinchemicalindustry

B.thelocalauthoritiesshouldnotbeconcernedwiththeproductionofthechemicalindustry

C.alltheseaccidentscouldhavebeenavoidedorcontrollediteffectivemeasurehadbeentaken

D.naturalgasstoredinverylargetanksisalwayssafe

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干意為:以下哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)正確?A:在辦公室工作比待家里安全。B:乘公共交通工具上班比在辦公室上班更安全。C:呆在家里比在化工行業(yè)工作更安全。D:在化工行業(yè)工作比乘飛機(jī)旅行更安全。第一段指出:Whichissafer—stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingattheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow(呆在家里，乘坐公共交通上班以及在辦公室上班，哪個(gè)更安全？驚奇地是，哪種都會(huì)攜帶一些比較低的危險(xiǎn)因素)。而后又指出:However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!(然而，與在化工廠工作相比，飛行又是什么情況呢？遺憾地是，飛行的危險(xiǎn)程度是在化工廠工作的65倍)。因此A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)正確。根據(jù)“Infacttheaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome(事實(shí)上，化工廠的工人事故率少于幾乎任何人類的活動(dòng)，幾乎和呆在家里一樣安全)”可排除C項(xiàng)。因此本題選D。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意為:化學(xué)事故通常作為重點(diǎn)新聞報(bào)道，是因?yàn)槭裁丛?？定位至第二段開頭:Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthisthatmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy(化工廠的問題是，當(dāng)事情變?cè)愀鈺r(shí)，他們通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致鄰近居民的死亡。正是這個(gè)結(jié)果使得化學(xué)事故很有新聞價(jià)值)。因此,B項(xiàng)“他們通常會(huì)造成死亡”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意為:根據(jù)文章，因管理錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致的化學(xué)事故發(fā)生在哪？最后一段指出:ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity(TexasCity的爆炸是因?yàn)橄跛徜@的過量?jī)?chǔ)存)。TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs(Flixborough的起火是因?yàn)楣芾硎д`…)。TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep(Seveso的事故是因?yàn)榈胤疆?dāng)局缺少處理危險(xiǎn)事故)。ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Pemex(（墨西哥）的事故是因?yàn)槌d引起的)。因此，因?yàn)楣芾硎д`造成的事故是Flixborough。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意為:我們從文章了解硝酸銨是一種什么物質(zhì)？最后一段指出:ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity.因此，德克薩斯城的事故是由大噸量的硝酸銨造成的，硝酸銨是安全的，除非過量的儲(chǔ)存在一起。即硝酸銨是一種不能過量?jī)?chǔ)存的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，故B項(xiàng)“不能大量?jī)?chǔ)存在一起的化肥”正確。

5.判斷推理題。題干意為:從一些專家的討論中，我們可以總結(jié)出什么？A:為了避免事故,我們不應(yīng)該對(duì)化工廠的設(shè)備進(jìn)行維護(hù)。B:官方不應(yīng)該關(guān)心化工廠的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。C:所有這些事故都可以通過有效的措施加以避免或控制的。D:自然氣體儲(chǔ)存在大油箱總是安全的。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。文章只談及地方當(dāng)局因?yàn)槿鄙傥ｋU(xiǎn)處理策略而導(dǎo)致事故,因此可排除B項(xiàng)。D項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤。最后一段指出:Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger(—些專家已經(jīng)討論了這些事故，并且利用每個(gè)事故說(shuō)明一種危險(xiǎn)),下文分別解釋了每個(gè)事故的發(fā)生原因，過量?jī)?chǔ)存、管理失誤、超載等，并且暗示在一定情況下，這些事故是可以避免的，比如硝酸銨不過量?jī)?chǔ)存就會(huì)很安全。因此C項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyorscience.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy,”distinctfromandsittinginjudgmentonsuchpursuitsastheologyandscienceturnsout,oncloseexamination,tobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardtoimagine.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore-consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether-hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.Philosophybecame“primary”nolongerinthesenseof“highest”butinthesenseof“underlying”.AfterKant,philosopherswereabletoreinterpretseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurythinkersasattemptingtodiscover“Howisourknowledgepossible?”andtoprojectthisquestionbackevenontheancients.

31.Accordingtotheauthor,philosophybecamedistinctfromscienceandtheologyduringthe________.

32.TheauthorsuggeststhatDescartes’supportforthenewscienceoftheseventeenthcenturycanbecharacterizedas________.

33.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingindiscussingthedevelopmentofphilosophyduringthenineteenthcentury?

34.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthewritingofhistorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

35.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ancienttime

B.medievalperiod

C.seventeenthcentury

D.nineteenthcentury

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.pragmaticandhypocritical

B.cautiousandinconsistent

C.daringandopportunistic

D.strongbutprudent

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Nineteenthcenturyphilosophytookscienceasitsmodelforunderstandingthebasesofknowledge.

B.Theroleofacademicinstitutionsinshapingmetaphysicalphilosophygrewenormouslyduringthenineteenthcentury.

C.NineteenthcenturyphilosopherscarriedoutaprogramofinvestigationexplicitlylaidoutbyDescartesandSpinoza.

D.Kanthadanoverwhelmingimpactonthedirectionofnineteenthcenturyphilosophy.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Historyshouldnotemphasizetheroleplayedbyideasovertheroleplayedbyindividuals.

B.Historyshouldnotbedistortedbyattributingpresentdayconsciousnesstohistoricalfigures.

C.Historyshouldnotbefocusedprimarilyonthosepasteventsmostrelevanttothepresent.

D.Historyshouldbeconcernedwithdescribingthoseaspectsofthepastthatdiffermostfromthoseofthepresent.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.comparetwocompetingmodels

B.analyzeadifficulttheory

C.presentnewevidenceforatheory

D.correctanerroneousbeliefbydescribingitsorigins

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】31.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.（這種哲學(xué)興趣和科學(xué)實(shí)踐之間的聯(lián)系一直持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)，這時(shí)，教會(huì)壓制學(xué)術(shù)界的力量的衰退和科學(xué)性質(zhì)的變化導(dǎo)致了哲學(xué)與這兩者的最終分離。），可知哲學(xué)與科學(xué)和神學(xué)分離是在19世紀(jì)，D選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)”正確，A選項(xiàng)“古代”，B選項(xiàng)“中世紀(jì)時(shí)期”和C選項(xiàng)“17世紀(jì)”錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四句Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophy（他們戰(zhàn)斗，盡管是謹(jǐn)慎的，是為了向新科學(xué)打開思想世界的大門，把思想生活從教會(huì)哲學(xué)中解放出來(lái)。），可知笛卡爾抱著謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度激烈推進(jìn)新科學(xué)，堅(jiān)定并滿懷熱忱，D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)有力而謹(jǐn)慎”正確，A選項(xiàng)“務(wù)實(shí)并虛偽”和B選項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎并矛盾”錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“大膽并恰到時(shí)機(jī)”：文章沒有提到在此時(shí)是什么時(shí)機(jī)，大環(huán)境如何有利于笛卡爾推進(jìn)新科學(xué)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateei