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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-內(nèi)蒙古警察職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹(jǐn)慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.案例題
InReadingPassageIthereareseveralsections.Choosethemostsuitableheading(I-IX)fromtheboxbelowwhichbestmatchestheSectionsA-G.
NOTE:Thesearemoreheadingsthansectionssoyouwillnotuseallofthem.Youmayuseanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.
ListofHeadings
ⅠApositiveaspectofhacking
ⅡTougherpunishmentsforhackers
ⅢResponsetoInternetsecurity
ⅣGrowthoftheInternet
ⅤResponsibilitiesofmanagers
ⅥHackersVsadministrators
ⅦDifficultyofdetection
ⅧGovernmentagencies
ⅨCommonsecuritymeasure
Example:
ParagraphAAnswerIV
1.ParagraphB()
2.ParagraphC()
3.ParagraphD()
4.ParagraphE()
5.ParagraphF()
6.ParagraphG()
【答案】1.VI
2.III
3.Ⅸ
4.Ⅱ
5.I
6.Ⅶ
【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第三段,“the‘worm’wasintroducedontheInternettoinvade,attackandreplicateitselfonthenetwork.”,可知“蠕蟲”病毒被引入互聯(lián)網(wǎng),在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上入侵、攻擊和復(fù)制自己,下文繼續(xù)提到了CERT小組來應(yīng)對病毒的入侵??膳袛喑鯞段的主要內(nèi)容為黑客和管理者。選項VI符合題意。
2.根據(jù)文章第四段,“OneoftheproblemswithInternetsecurityisthefactthattheincidentsareincreasinginsophistication.”,可知本段主要討論的是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的安全問題,緊接著下文提到了對這個問題一系列的回應(yīng)??膳袛喑鯟段的內(nèi)容為對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)安全問題的回應(yīng)。選項III符合題意。
3.根據(jù)文章第五段,“Thethingtorememberwithsecurityisthatthesystemadministrationsmustgetitrightallthetime”,可知對于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的安全問題,系統(tǒng)管理人員必須保持準(zhǔn)確??膳袛喑鯠段對于安全問題提出了常見的應(yīng)對措施。選項Ⅸ符合題意。
4.根據(jù)文章第六段,“TheninJuly2002,theHouseofrepresentativesapprovedtheCyberSecurityEnhancementAct.Nowifacybercrimeresultsinthedeathofanindividual,theoffendercouldfacealifesentence.”,可知在2002年7月,眾議院通過了《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全加強法案》?,F(xiàn)在,如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪導(dǎo)致個人死亡,犯罪者可能面臨終身監(jiān)禁。結(jié)合整段內(nèi)容,可判斷出E段的主要內(nèi)容為對黑客的懲罰。選項Ⅱ符合題意。
5.根據(jù)文章第七段,“someex-hackersusingtheirextensiveknowledgeandexperiencetojoinforceswithsecurityforcestoaidthefightagainstterrorism.”,可知一些前黑客利用他們廣泛的知識和經(jīng)驗與安全部隊合作,協(xié)助打擊恐怖主義??膳袛喑鯢段的主要內(nèi)容為黑客積極的一面。選項I符合題意。
6.根據(jù)文章第八段,“evenwiththeincreasedthethreatsofpunishment,computervirusesandincidentsofhackingcontinuetobewidespread.”,可知即使受到懲罰的強度增加,計算機病毒和黑客事件仍然普遍存在??膳袛喑鯣段作者想要表達(dá)的意思是對黑客事件檢測的困難性。選項Ⅶ符合題意。
2.單選題
Themostimportantpartsofthecollectionareinaccessibletoscholar.
問題1選項
A.notuseful
B.notattractive
C.notclear
D.notavailable
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。inaccessible表示“難接近的,難達(dá)到的”;A項notuseful“沒有用的”,B項notattractive“不吸引人的”,C項notclear“不清楚的”,D項notavailable“難以獲得的,不能利用的”。句意:學(xué)者們無法看到收藏的最重要的部分。因此D項正確。
3.翻譯題
17世紀(jì)后期至18世紀(jì)末,是中國清代的鼎盛時期,史稱“康乾盛世”。那個時期,中國的工業(yè)產(chǎn)量位居世界前列。但正是在這個時候,歐洲諸國先后開始了近代資產(chǎn)階級革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)革命,社會生產(chǎn)力迅速發(fā)展,后來居上。而中國當(dāng)時的政治者對這一歷史性大變革卻茫然無知,仍沉迷于盲目自大之中,視西方科學(xué)技術(shù)為“奇技淫巧”?!翱登⑹馈敝蟮?00多年,中國的發(fā)展大大落后了,國際地位急劇衰落,淪為半殖民地,備受外強欺辱。
中華人民共和國成立后,中國人民掌握了自己的命運,民族的獨立和解放使中國發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。但在20世紀(jì)60、70年代世界經(jīng)濟蓬勃發(fā)展和新科技革命浪潮興起的時代,中國搞了長達(dá)10年的“文化大革命”,錯失了又一次發(fā)展良機。值得欣慰的是,從70年代末開始,我們糾正了過去的錯誤,選擇了改革開放的正確道路,對內(nèi)實行改革,對外實行開放,開放也是改革。改革開放使我們抓住了新的歷史機遇,實現(xiàn)了近30年的高速發(fā)展,綜合國力顯著增強,人民生活得到很大改善,國際地位不斷上升。
【答案】Inthelate17centurytotheendof18thCentury,ChineseQingDynastywasinitsheyday,knownastheGoldenAgeof“KangxiandQianlong”.Duringthisperiod,China’sindustrialproductionhasbeenattheforefrontontheworldstage.ButitwasatthistimethatEuropeancountriesbeganthemodernbourgeoisrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,whichrockettherapiddevelopmentofsocialproductivityinthewesternworld,leavingtherestoftheworldoutofsightbehind.However,Chinesepoliticiansatthattimewerecompletelyignorantofthishistoricchange,andstillindulgedinblindarrogance,regardingwesternscienceandtechnologyas“diabolictricksandwickedcraft”.Duringthepast100yearsfromthattimeonward,Chinafellfarbehindindevelopment,sufferedasharpdeclineinitsinternationalstatus,wasreducedtoasemi-colonyandsubjectedtobullyingandhumiliationfromforeignpowers.
SincethefundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,accompanyingwiththenationalindependenceandliberation,Chinesepeoplehavebecomethemasteroftheirowndestiny.AllthishasbroughttremendouschangestoChina.However,inthe1960sand1970s,whentheworldeconomywasboomingandthenewwaveofscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionwasemerging,Chinaconductedthedecade-long“CulturalRevolution”andmissedanothergoodopportunityfordevelopment.Thegoodnewsisthatsincetheendof1970s,withtheimplementationofreformingdomesticallyandopening-uptotheworldwehavecorrectedthemistakesofthepast,directingthewholenationtotherightwayofreformandopening-up.Undertheguidanceofreformandopening-uppolicy,weseizedthenewhistoricalopportunitytopromotearapidsocialdevelopmentinthelast30years.Thispolicynotonlyheightenchina’scomprehensivepowersandpeople’slivingstandards,butalsothegrowinginternationalclout.
4.單選題
Whilemanytechnologicaladvancesoccurinanevolutionarymanner,occasionallyarevolutionarytechnologicalappearsonthehorizonthatcreatesstartlingnewconditionsandprofoundchanges.SuchisthecasewiththeprivatelydevelopedMollerSkycarwhichisnamedafteritsinventor.Theruggedized(加固的)MollerSkycarvariantthemilitaryisevaluatingiscalledthelightaerialmultipurposevehicle,orLAMV.
TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinquick,quiet,andagilemanner.Itisanewtypeofvehiclethatcombinesthespeedofanairplaneandtheverticaltake-offcapabilityofahelicopterwithsomecharacteristicsofagroundvehicle,butwithoutthelimitationsofanyofthoseexistingmodesoftransportation.TheLAMVisnotoperatedliketraditionalfixed——orrotary-wingaircraft.Ithasonlytwohands,whichtheoperatorusestodirecttheredundantcomputercontrolsystemtocarryoutdesiredflightmaneuvers.Theleft-handcontroltwiststoselectthedesiredoperatingaltitudeandmovesforeandafttoselecttherateofclimb.Theright-handcontroltwiststoselectthevehicle’sdirectionandmovesside-to-sidetoprovidetransverse(橫向的)movementduringthehoverandearly-transition-to-flightphasesofoperation;italsomovesforeandafttocontrolspeedandbraking.Simplyput,theLAMVisuserfriendly.
TheLAMVdesignincorporatesanumberofsafetyfeatures.Forstarters,theLAMVhasmultipleengines.Unlikeanylighthelicopterorairplane,theLAMVhasmultipleenginenacelles(機艙),eachwithtwocomputer-controlledRotapowerengines.Theseenginesoperateindependentlyandallowforaverticalcontrolledlandingshouldeitherfail.
TheLAMVisaerodynamicallystable.Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV’sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheair-frameparachutes(降落傘).SincecomputerscontroltheLAMV'sflightduringhoverandtransition,theonlyoperatorinputistocontrolspeedanddirection.Undesirablemovementscausedbywindgustsarepreventedautomatically.
TheLAMV'spotentialmilitaryuseswillbenumerous.Theyincludeaerialmedicalevacuation,aerialreconnaissance(偵查),commandandcontrol,searchandrescue,insertionofspecialoperationsforces,airassaultoperations,airborneoperations,forcible-entryoperations,militarypolicemobilityandmaneuversupport,communicationsretransmission,battlefielddistributionforunitresupply,transportofindividualandcrewreplacements,weaponsplatform,noncombatantevacuationoperations,battlefieldcontractortransport,andbattledamageassessment.
Ofcourse,theLAMVbringswithitsomeobviouschallenges.Itslimitedpayloadwillbeanegativefactor.ItsusewillcomplicateArmyairspacecommandandcontrol.HowtheLAMVwillbeusedinconjunctionwithforcesunderthejointforceaircomponentcommanderwillhavetobedetermined.LAMVsupportissuesalsorequireresolution.Forexample,operatorselectionandtraining,leadertraining,employmentdoctrine,LAMVbasis-of-issueplans,andLAMVlife-cyclemanagementallrequiretheArmy'sattention.
1.Accordingtothepassage,LAMV().
2.WhatshouldtheoperatorofLAMVdowhenpowerforverticallandingisinsufficient?
3.Lighthelicopterorairplanemay().
4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeapossibledisadvantageofLAMV?
問題1選項
A.cantakeoffuprightandflyfast
B.isdevelopedbyanacademy
C.can’tflyasfastasanairplane
D.isappliedinciviltransportation
問題2選項
A.Heshouldaskthemonitoringcenterforhelpviacomputer
B.Hecaneffectivelycontroltheaircraftwithsomesimpleinput
C.Hemustleavetheaircraftimmediatelywiththehelpofparachutes
D.HejustwaitsLAMVtoregainenoughpowerforlanding
問題3選項
A.havetwohandstocontrolitsspeedanddirection
B.havenocomputer-controlledRotapowerenmeshinitssystem
C.havelessenginenacellesthanLAMVandthereforelesssecurity
D.lackflexiblecomputercontrolinitstakingoffandlanding
問題4選項
A.FewpeoplewouldsupporttheapplicationofLAMV
B.LAMVcanonlycarryasmallcreworlittlecargo
C.Notallforcesarewillingtobecommandedjointly
D.Armyairspacecommandandcontrolwouldbeindisorder
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:B
第3題:C
第4題:A
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“根據(jù)文章所述,LAMV……”。文章第二段第一句話提到LAWV是一種垂直起降飛機,能夠以快速、安靜和敏捷的方式飛行(TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinquick,quiet,andagilemanner),由此可知選項A“能垂直起飛,且飛行速度快”符合題意。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“當(dāng)垂直降落的動力不足時,LAMV的駕駛員應(yīng)該怎么辦?”文章第四段提到“在不太可能的情況下,沒有足夠的力量垂直降落,LAMV的穩(wěn)定性和良好的下滑坡度允許駕駛員在使用機體降落傘之前操縱飛機飛到一個安全區(qū)域”(Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV’sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheair-frameparachutes),因此選項B“通過一些簡單的操作有效控制飛機”符合題意。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“輕型直升機或飛機可能……”。文章第三段第三句話提到“不同于任何輕型直升機或飛機,LAMV有多個發(fā)動機艙,每個機艙都有兩個由計算機控制的Rotapower型發(fā)動機”(Unlikeanylighthelicopterorairplane,theLAMVhasmultipleenginenacelles,eachwithtwocomputer-controlledRotapowerengines),由此可推測出輕型直升機或飛機沒有LAMV那么多的機艙,選項C符合題意。
4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題目問的是“下列哪項是LAMV的劣勢?”文章最后一段提到了LAMV不利的一面。LAMV的支持問題也需要解決,例如,駕駛員的選擇與訓(xùn)練(LAMVsupportissuesalsorequireresolution.Forexample,operatorselectionandtraining…),因此選項A符合題意。
5.單選題
Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?
Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.
Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.
Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.
Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.
25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?
26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.
27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.
28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.
29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.
30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.
問題1選項
A.Philosophyofmathematics
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.
C.TheVerificationofFacts.
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.
問題2選項
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods
B.thatitwasanactofGod
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod
問題3選項
A.findout
B.confirm
C.announce
D.makesure
問題4選項
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod
問題5選項
A.aninductivescience
B.inneedofsimpleverification
C.adeductivescience
D.basedonfactandtheory
問題6選項
A.ametaphor
B.aparadox
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods
D.apun
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
第6題:B
【解析】25.【選項釋義】
Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表達(dá)這篇文章觀點的題目是?
A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)
B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展
C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事實的核實
D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科學(xué)探究的方法
【考查點】主旨大意題。
【解題思路】
1)分析文章行文結(jié)構(gòu):本文的結(jié)構(gòu)大致為“提出問題——對已有的解釋進(jìn)行分析”。
第一段提到“現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家感興趣的問題,為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué),在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時第一次快速發(fā)展(theirfirstrapiddevelopment)之后,兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢(slowlyfortwothousandyears),以及為什么在接下來的二百年中,自然科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展(sovastlyexceeds)大大超過了以前所知道的一切”;
第二段否定了解釋1——“古人在科學(xué)研究中主要采用演繹法(deduction),而現(xiàn)代人則采用歸納法(induction),這種解釋過于狹隘(toonarrow),經(jīng)仔細(xì)考察,無法充分(fails)清楚地指出古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)學(xué)說和研究之間明顯的對比”;
第三段否定了解釋2——“沒有使用或充分使用這些局部方法中的任何一種,在觀察和實驗的藝術(shù)和資源上的缺陷,在觀察中粗心,忽視相關(guān)事實,訴諸于實驗和觀察”;
第四段否定了解釋3——古人試圖通過將“事實”與“理論”或“事實”與“觀念”對立來解釋這一現(xiàn)象;
第五段肯定了第四段中將“事實”與“理論”進(jìn)行區(qū)分的可取之處,即這種區(qū)分包含了真正方法的一個重要特征。
2)提煉復(fù)現(xiàn)詞:methods“方法”。
綜上所述,D選項“科學(xué)探究的方法”最適合做本文的標(biāo)題。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)”,本文并未提及,屬于無中生有;
B選項“科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展”,只是在開頭第一段引入問題時被提到,屬于背景信息,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標(biāo)題,屬于本末倒置;
C選項“事實的核實”,只是本文第四、五段的內(nèi)容,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標(biāo)題,屬于本末倒置。
26【選項釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者認(rèn)為,古希臘和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展的一個可能原因是____。
A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.這兩個時期的相似之處
B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作
C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法
D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演繹法的衰落
【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句,該句說到“或者,我們是否應(yīng)該把這兩個時期的特點歸因于所謂的歷史偶然性——歸因于環(huán)境中結(jié)合的影響?這種影響,除非以指導(dǎo)我們的上帝的全能和智慧(theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence)來解釋,否則是無法解釋的?!庇纱丝芍髡哒J(rèn)為上帝是一個可能的原因?!癎od”是“aguidingProvidence”的同義替換。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“這兩個時期的相似之處”,原文并未提及,屬于無中生有;
C選項“他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法”,原文雖然提到了歸納法,但并沒有說這兩個時期都試圖發(fā)展歸納法,該選項屬于無中生有;
D選項“由于演繹法的衰落”,原文雖然提到了演繹法,但并沒有說演繹法的衰落,該選項屬于無中生有。
27.【選項釋義】
Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中劃線的單詞“ascertain”的意思可能是____。
A.findoutA.發(fā)現(xiàn)
B.confirmB.證實
C.announceC.宣布
D.makesureD.確保
【考查點】詞匯推測題。
【解題思路】
句中前后信息銜接:根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折號后ascertain所在部分的句意是“無論是古代還是現(xiàn)代,這些都是導(dǎo)致不能____真理/真相的錯誤。”
2)上下文語義銜接:由第一題的解析可得,本文的主題是“科學(xué)研究的方法”,第3段第1句破折號前的句子是展開介紹在科學(xué)實驗中犯的錯誤,那么此處的truth指的應(yīng)該是科學(xué)真理,由此可知,ascertain是搭配“真理”的動詞,“宣布真理”和“確保真理”不能搭配,由此可排除C、D選項;
3)分析詞匯本身:ascertain中certain是“確實,確信”的意思,因此B選項“證實”更符合題意。
【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均不符合原文。
28.【選項釋義】
Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事實”和“理論”的區(qū)別____。
A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要證實
B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的簡單性
C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別
D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.幫助我們理解演繹法
【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。該段最后兩句提到“如果一個理論是正確的,它就具有事實的所有特征,只是它的證實(exceptthatitsverification)只能通過間接的、遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的手段?!薄皩⒗碚撧D(zhuǎn)化為事實就是增加了簡單的驗證(addsimpleverification),從而使理論獲得了事實的全部特征?!庇纱丝芍?,理論得到驗證之后就會變成真理,因此,A選項“是后者需要證實”就是“事實”和“理論”的區(qū)別。
【干擾項排除】
B選項“在于前者的簡單性”,可定位到原文最后一段第2句,該句說“事實是簡單的命題”,原文雖然提到了“事實”很簡單,但并沒有說這是兩者之間的區(qū)別,該選項屬于無中生有;
C選項“是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;
D選項“幫助我們理解演繹法”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有。
29.【選項釋義】
Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.據(jù)作者介紹,數(shù)學(xué)是____。
A.aninductivescienceA.歸納科學(xué)
B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要簡單的驗證
C.adeductivescienceC.演繹科學(xué)
D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事實和理論為基礎(chǔ)
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】原文并未直接介紹數(shù)學(xué)是什么科學(xué),只在首段引入話題時提到了數(shù)學(xué)。根據(jù)原文第一段第1句“為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)(theinductiveandmathematicalsciences),在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時第一次快速發(fā)展之后,兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢”,由此可知,數(shù)學(xué)是一種科學(xué),根據(jù)作者將歸納科學(xué)(inductivescience)與數(shù)學(xué)(mathematicalscience)并列可推斷,作者認(rèn)為兩者非同類的科學(xué),“歸納和演繹”是相對的兩種科學(xué)方法分類,因此,作者認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)是一種演繹科學(xué)。
【干擾項排除】
A選項“歸納科學(xué)”,根據(jù)【解題思路】可排除該選項;
B選項“需要簡單的驗證”,可定位到原文最后一段最后一句,該句提到“理論變成事實需要簡單的驗證(Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification)”,由此可知,該選項表述的是一種科學(xué)方法,不是對數(shù)學(xué)的介紹,屬于偷換概念;
D選項“以事實和理論為基礎(chǔ)”,原文在最后兩段提到了“事實和理論”,但并未涉及數(shù)學(xué),該選項屬于無中生有。
30.【選項釋義】
Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理論就是事實”這句話可以叫作____。
A.ametaphorA.比喻(暗喻)
B.aparadoxB.悖論
C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.對歸納和演繹方法的贊美
D.apunD.雙關(guān)
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Theories和facts定位到原文最后兩段。倒數(shù)第2段第2句提到“事實和理論不是完全對立的(theantithesisisnotcomplete)”,后一句又說“事實和理論不是協(xié)調(diào)的類別(notcoordinatespecies)”由此可知,事實和理論不是完全對立又不是完全統(tǒng)一的。第4段最后一句說到“如果理論是正確的(Theories,iftrue),那么它就是一類特定的事實(aparticularclassoffacts)”,由此可知,正確的理論是事實,錯誤的理論不是事實。因此題干中“理論就是事實”的表述是B選項“悖論”。(注:悖論是“如果其中一部分是正確的,那么另一部分就不可能是正確的”的陳述。)
【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均沒有依據(jù),屬于無中生有。
6.填空題
TheUnitedStatesisanationofsuburbs.The1990census(人口普查)makesitofficial.Nearlyhalfthecountry’spopulationnowlivesinsuburbs,upfromaquarterin1950andathirdin1960.
ThethirdcenturyofAmericanhistoryisshapingupasthesuburbancentury.Until1920mostAmericanslivedinruralareas.By1960thecountrywasathirdurban,athirdrural,andathirdsuburban.Thatbalancedidn’tlastlong,however.By1990theurbanpopulationhadslippedto31percentandtheruralpopulationwasdowntolessthanaquarter.Wearenowasuburbannationwithanurbanfringeandaruralfringe.
ThefirstcenturyofAmericanlifewasdominatedbytheruralmyth:thesturdyandself-reliantJeffersonianfarmer.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,Americansweregettingoffthefarmsasfastastheycould,toescapethehardshipandbrutalityofrurallife.
Mostofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbytheurbanmyth:themeltingpot;NewYork,NewYork;thecitiesasthenation’sgreatenginesofprosperityandculture.Allthewhile,however,Americanshavebeengettingoutofthecitiesassoonastheycanaffordtobuyahouseandacar.Theywanttoescapethecrowdinganddangersofurbanlife.Butthereismoretoitthanescape.AsKennethT.JacksonarguesinCrabgrassFrontier,ahistoryofsuburbanizationintheUnitedStates,thepullfactors(cheaphousingandtheidealofasuburban“dreamhouse”)havebeenasimportantasthepushfactorspopulationgrowthandracialprejudice).
The1990Censustellsthestoryoftheexplosivegrowthofsuburbs.Thatyearfourteenstateshadamajoritysuburbanpopulation,includingsixofthetenmostpopulousstates(California,Pennsylvania,Ohio,Michigan,Florida,andNewJersey).
Suburbangrowthisnotlikelytoendanytimesoon.Accordingtothepolls,43percentofBostonresidents,43percentofpeoplewholiveinLosAngeles,and60percentofthosewholiveinNewYorkCitysaytheywouldleavethecityiftheycould.WhentheGallupPollaskedAmericansin1989whatkindofplacetheywouldliketolivein,only19percentsaidacity.
Isthereasuburbanmyth?Surethereis.IthasbeenastapleofAmericanpopularculturesincethe1950s,fromtelevisionshowslikeTheAdventuresofOzzieandHarrietandLeaveIttoBeavertomovieslikeE.T.ThedebunkingofthesuburbanmythhasnowreachedAmericanpopularculture,wheretelevisioncomediesaboutlowermiddle-classfamilieslikeRoseanneandtheSimpsonsportraytheharshrealitiesofsuburbanlife-unemployment,troubledfamilies,and,aboveall,stress.
Write“A”forTrueor“F”forFalseinthebrackets:
_____61.ThegreaterpartoftheAmericanpopulationnowlivesinthesuburbs.
_____62.CheaphousingisoneofthereasonsforAmericanswantingtoliveinthesuburbs.
_____63.IntheU.S.ahouseinthesuburbsisasymbolofprosperityandculture.
_____64.In1989mostAmericansstillsaidtheypreferredlivinginurbanareas.
_____65.ThemainpartofAmericanpopularculturesincethe1950shasbeendominatedbythesuburbmyth.
【答案】F
T
F
F
F
【解析】1.定位到第一段Nearlyhalfthecountry’spopulationnowlivesinsuburbs,upfromaquarterin1950andathirdin1960.(美國現(xiàn)在有近一半的人口住在郊區(qū),而1950年只有四分之一,1960年只有三分之一。)題干與原文不符,因此不對。
2.定位到第四段thepullfactors(cheaphousingandtheidealofasuburban“dreamhouse”)havebeenasimportantasthepushfactorspopulationgrowthandracialprejudice.(牽引力因素——廉價住房和郊區(qū)“夢想之家”的理想與人口增長和種族偏見一樣重要),可以得知廉價的住房也是他們離開的原因之一,因此題干表達(dá)正確。
3.定位到第四段thecitiesasthenation’sgreatenginesofprosperityandculture.(城市是國家繁榮和文化的重要引擎。)而不是美國的房子是繁榮和文化的象征。因此題干和原文的表達(dá)是不符的,錯誤。
4.定位到倒數(shù)第二段WhentheGallupPollaskedAmericansin1989whatkindofplacetheywouldliketolivein,only19percentsaidacity.(1989年,蓋洛普民意測驗詢問美國人他們想住在什么樣的地方,只有19%的人回答是城市。)這一句和題干不相符,只有19%的人們表示喜歡居住在城市,并不是題干說的大部分,因此錯誤。
5.定位到第三段和第四段ThefirstcenturyofAmericanlifewasdominatedbytheruralmyth:thesturdyandself-reliantJeffersonianfarmer.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,Americansweregettingoffthefarmsasfastastheycould,toescapethehardshipandbrutalityofrurallife.Mostofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbytheurbanmyth(美國人生活的第一個世紀(jì)被鄉(xiāng)村神話所主宰:強壯而自立的杰斐遜式農(nóng)民。然而,到了19世紀(jì)末,美國人開始盡可能快地離開農(nóng)場,以逃避農(nóng)村生活的艱難和殘酷。20世紀(jì)的大部分時間里,都市神話一直占據(jù)著主導(dǎo)地位)原文并沒有說是具體哪一年被誰主導(dǎo),因此題干的表述也是不對的,錯誤。
7.單選題
Thesmallbuildingwasmarkedwithamodestbrass(
)
,statingthenameandthebusinessoftheoccupiers.
問題1選項
A.plaque
B.plateau
C.plague
D.plaster
【答案】A
【解析】考查形近名詞辨析。plaque“匾額”;plateau“高原”;plague“瘟疫”;plaster“石膏”。句意:這座小小的建筑有一塊黃銅匾額,上面寫著主人的名字還有營業(yè)內(nèi)容。選項A符合題意。
8.單選題
Whenhecameouttothelobbytohelpusfindataxiaswewereabouttoheadforthe
airport,wethankedhimforallthehelpshehadgivenusduringourstayandinvited
himtolookusupinShanghaiifheeverfoundhimselfthere.
問題1選項
A.aswewereabouttoheadfor
B.helpshehadgivenus
C.lookusupin
D.everfoundhimselfthere.
E.沒有錯誤
【答案】B
【解析】語法題。名詞的數(shù)誤用。Helps改為help。Help表示“幫助”時,是不可數(shù)名詞。
9.單選題
Progressiveandreactionarypopulistmovementsarenotnecessarily_______:eachmay,andusuallydoes,possessfeaturesoftheother.
問題1選項
A.subversive
B.efficacious
C.untenable
D.dichotomous
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項subversive“破壞性的”;B選項efficacious“有效的”;C選項untenable“(理論等)站不住腳的;不能維持的”;D選項dichotomous“二元對立的”。句意:進(jìn)步和反動的民粹主義運動不一定_______:相互可能,而且是通常具有對方的特征。根據(jù)語境,這里指的是進(jìn)步和反動的民粹主義有相同的特性,不是完全對立,所以dichotomous“二元對立的”符合題意。因此D選項正確。
10.單選題
Howmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.
Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,butthereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.
Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.
AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions—thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientistshadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.
Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Untilthe1980s,scien
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