考研考博-英語-中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

AbrahamLincolninsistedthat（

）notjustonmereopinionbutonmoralpurpose.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tobasedemocracy

B.democracybebased

C.fordemocracytobebasedon

D.wheneverdemocracyisbased

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。當(dāng)句中謂語動(dòng)詞為表示命令、建議、要求等詞匯時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略。故B項(xiàng)正確。句意：奧巴馬林肯堅(jiān)稱民主不能僅僅建立在意念上，而應(yīng)該建立在道德目的上。

2.單選題

Idon’tliketheridesinamusementparkbecausetheyhavea______effectonme.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.viable

B.amiable

C.vertiginous

D.monotonous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)viable表示“可行的，能養(yǎng)活的”，B項(xiàng)amiable表示“和藹可親的，親切的”，C項(xiàng)vertiginous表示“令人眩暈的，眼花的，高而陡峭的”，D項(xiàng)monotonous表示“單調(diào)的，無抑揚(yáng)頓挫的，無變化的”。根據(jù)ridesinamusementpark（游樂園里的游樂設(shè)施）可知，“令人眩暈的”符合語境。句意：我不喜歡游樂園里的游樂設(shè)施，因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)讓我頭暈?zāi)垦！Ｒ虼?，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Thewoodwassorottenthat,whenwepulled,it______intofragments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.brokeoff

B.brokeaway

C.brokethrough

D.brokeup

【答案】D

【解析】考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)breakoff“折斷；突然停止，暫停”；B選項(xiàng)breakaway“脫離；放棄；逃跑”；C選項(xiàng)breakthrough“突破；突圍；有重要?jiǎng)?chuàng)見”；D選項(xiàng)breakup“打碎，破碎；結(jié)束；解散；衰落；終止；分手”。句意：木頭已經(jīng)是如此的腐朽以至于我們一拉它就變成了碎片。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.翻譯題

PutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese:

Forthetimebeingatleast,contractsarealiveandwell.Theytestifytoanimportantliberalprinciple,namely,thatpeoplecancometogetherasstrangersandvoluntarilycommitthemselvestoanagreementthattakestheplaceofthelawbetweenthem.Thefinalcontract,whetheritiswrittenorspoken,isnottheonlymannerinwhichthelawacknowledgesvoluntaryactionsthatgiverisetocommitmentsastrangermayenforce.Inthecommonlaw,suchcommitmentsmayarisethroughconductonwhichanotherpersonhasarighttorely,ofactindetrimentalreliance(導(dǎo)致?lián)p失的信賴)Therightofreliancemayoccurasaresultnotjustofthemakingofacontractbutalsoofthenegotiationandconductpriortoacontract.Intheprocessofnegotiatingacontract,thenegotiatorsestablisharelationship,andtheycometoexpectcertainbehavioroftheirnegotiatingpartners.Thisrelationshipisparticularlyimportantinthecivillaw.

Thenineteenth-centuryGermanlegalphilosopherRudolfvonJheringandhisfollowershavereferredtothisrelationshipasoneofreciprocal(互惠的)trust.Trustbreedsduties.Andifyounegligentlybreachthetrustofanother,youshouldpaycompensation.

Withtheemphasisontrustandreciprocity(互惠)，thecontractisconvertedfromacompetitiveinstitutiondeterminingwhogetsthebestdealintoapotentiallycooperativeenterprise.TheideabehindJhering’semphasisonthecontractingrelationshipisthatdutiesarise,andtheyarenotnecessarilydutiesofperformance.Theymightbedutiesofconcern,ofreciprocalattentiontotheinterestsoftheother,andtothesuccessoftheventureasawhole.Inthecommonlawworld,theseprecontractualdutieswouldbehardtogroundbecausetherewouldbenoconsiderationtosupportthem.Theyare,bydefinition,precontractual.

【答案】至少在目前看來，契約仍有著很強(qiáng)的生命力。它們證實(shí)了一個(gè)重要的自由原則，即陌生可以走到一起并自愿地達(dá)成一份協(xié)議來替代他們之間存在的法律。無論是書面還是口頭的，最終契約不是法律認(rèn)可自愿行為的唯一方式，自愿行為促生了人們可能執(zhí)行的義務(wù)。在普通的法律中，這些義務(wù)可能通過另外一個(gè)人有權(quán)依賴的行為或讓信賴損失行為而產(chǎn)生。信賴的權(quán)利可能不僅來契約的簽訂，而且還來自于契約簽訂前的協(xié)商和行為。在合同協(xié)商過程中，協(xié)議方建立了一種關(guān)系，且他們開始期望自己的協(xié)議伙伴們遵守某種行為。這種關(guān)系在民法中尤其重要。

19世紀(jì)的德國法哲學(xué)家RudolfvonJhering和他的擁護(hù)者們將這種關(guān)系稱為一種互惠的信任。信任產(chǎn)生責(zé)任。如果你疏忽地違背了他人的信任，那么你就應(yīng)該作出賠償。

由于強(qiáng)調(diào)信任與互惠，契約由決定誰是獲得最大好處的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性制度轉(zhuǎn)變成了一種由潛在合作性的計(jì)劃。Jhering對(duì)契約關(guān)系強(qiáng)調(diào)的背后觀點(diǎn)是義務(wù)產(chǎn)生，且這些義務(wù)不是合約履行中的必要責(zé)任。總的來說，它們可能是關(guān)心、關(guān)注另一方利益及企業(yè)成功義務(wù)。在普通的法律中，由于沒有約根支持，所以很難得到落實(shí)這些契約前義務(wù)。從定義上說，它們是契約前義務(wù)。

5.單選題

Thecommonexperienceofhavinganameorwordonthetipofthetongueseemsrelatedtospecificperceptualattributes.Inparticular,peoplewhoreportthetip-of-the-tonguefeelingtendtoidentifytheword'sfirstletterandnumberofsyllableswithanaccuracythatfarexceedsmereguessing.Thereisevidencethatthemindmayencodedataaboutwheninformationwaslearnedandabouthowoftenithasbeenexperienced.Somememoriesseemtoembracespatialinformation;e.g.,oneremembersaparticularnewsitemtobeonthelowerright-handsideofthefrontpageofanewspaper.Researchindicatesthattherateofforgettingvariesfordifferentattributes.Forexample,memoriesinwhichauditoryattributesseemdominanttendtobemorerapidlyforgottenthanthosewithminimalacousticcharacteristics.

Ifadesignated(target)memoryconsistsofacollectionofattributes,itsrecallorretrievalshouldbeenhancedbyanycuethatindicatesoneoftheattributes.Forexample,onfailingtorecallthetermhorse(includedinalisttheyhavejustseen),peoplemaybeaskedifanassociatedterm(say,barnorzebra)helpsthemrecalltheword.Whilesomeadditionalrecallhasbeenobservedwiththiskindofhelp,failuresarecommonevenwithostensiblyrelevantcues.Thoughitispossiblethatthecuesfrequentlyareappropriate,nevertheless,ifwordswerenotlearned(encodedorstored)withaccompanyingattributes,cuingofanykindsshouldbeineffective.

1.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

2.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatallencodedwordsare（

）.

3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

4.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasacauseforforgetting?

5.Whichisnotmentionedasatendencyamongpeoplewhoencountertip-of-the-tongueexperience?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Wordsthatareonlyheardareeasilyforgotten

B.Thebrainalwaysremembersthemomentwordsarefirstlearned

C.Auditorycuesaremorehelpfulthanspatialcues

D.Uncommonwordsarenormallyrememberedwithvisualcues

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.rememberedwithouthelp

B.learnedwithoutcues

C.storedwithattributes

D.forgottenifnotused

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Howapersonrememberswords

B.Theoriginoftheexpression‘"tip-of-the-tongue”

C.Howapersonusesnewwords

D.Howcuesareusedtopronouncewords

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theneedformoreprecisespatialinformation

B.Thecreationofostensiblyrelevantcues

C.Thelearningofwordswithoutcorrespondingattributes

D.Theuseofinappropriateauditorycues

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Knowingthenumberofsyllablesinaword

B.Rememberingwherewordswereseen

C.Knowingthefirstletteroftheword

D.Recognizingthewordwhenheard

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。A:聽到的言語信息很容易被忘記,第一段指出:Forexample,memoriesinwhichauditoryattributesseemdominanttendtobemorerapidlyforgottenthanthosewithminimalacousticcharacteristics(相比聽覺屬性占最少優(yōu)勢(shì)的那些記憶，聽覺屬性占優(yōu)勢(shì)的記憶傾向于更快速地被忘記),故A項(xiàng)與原文不符。B:人的大腦一直記憶單詞被首先知曉的瞬間,第一段指出:Thereisevidencethatthemindmayencodedataaboutwheninformationwaslearnedandabouthowoftenithasbeenexperienced(有證據(jù)表明人的大腦可能編碼有關(guān)信息何時(shí)被知曉和多久一次被經(jīng)歷的數(shù)據(jù)),故B正確。C:聽覺線索比空間線索更有幫助,D:不常見的單詞一般通過視覺線索被記憶,文章并未提及。

2.判斷推理題。第一段指出:Thecommonexperienceofhavinganameorwordonthetipofthetongueseemsrelatedtospecificperceptualattributes(差點(diǎn)想起一個(gè)名字或言詞的常見經(jīng)歷似乎和特定的感知屬性相關(guān)),Researchindicatesthattherateofforgettingvariesfordifferentattributes(研究表明，遺忘的頻率根據(jù)屬性的不同而變化),由此可知C項(xiàng)“被帶著屬性地儲(chǔ)存”正確。

3.主旨大意題。文章主要討論了“人怎樣記憶言詞”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:ifwordswerenotlearned（encodedorstored）withaccompanyingattributes,cuingofanykindsshouldbeineffective(如果言詞沒有在帶著伴隨的屬性情況下被知曉（被編碼或儲(chǔ)存），那么任何種類的線索提示應(yīng)該是無效的),由此可知C“沒有對(duì)應(yīng)屬性的學(xué)習(xí)言詞”正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A:知曉言詞的音節(jié)數(shù),C:知曉言詞的第一個(gè)字母,第一段指出:Inparticular,peoplewhoreportthetip-of-the-tonguefeelingtendtoidentifytheword'sfirstletterandnumberofsyllableswithanaccuracythatfarexceedsmereguessing(特別地,說自己有差點(diǎn)想起感覺的人傾向于以遠(yuǎn)超單純猜測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性去辨認(rèn)出言詞的第一個(gè)字母和其音節(jié)數(shù)),因此A,B在文中被提及。B:記憶言詞在哪里被看見,第一段指出:Somememoriesseemtoembracespatialinformation;e.g.,oneremembersaparticularnewsitemtobeonthelowerright-handsideofthefrontpageofanewspaper(—些記憶貌似包含空間信息，如一個(gè)人記得一個(gè)特定的新聞內(nèi)容位于報(bào)紙頭版右手邊較低位置),由此可知B項(xiàng)被提及。故選D“識(shí)別聽見的言詞”。

6.寫作題

Writeanessayofatleast350wordsbasedonthefollowingpassageexcerptedfromanessaywrittenbyRalphWaldoEmerson.Yourwritingshouldinclude1)theauthor’sidea,2)yourargumentsand3)supportingdetails.Youshouldprovideatitleforyouressay.

...thesame...criticismmaybetracedintheeffortsforthereformofEducation.Thepopulareducationhasbeentaxedwithawantoftruthandnature.Itwascomplainedaneducationtothingswasnotgiven.Wearestudentsofwords:weareshutupinschools,andcolleges,andrecitationrooms,fortenorfifteenyears,andcomeoutatlastwithabagofwind,amemoryofwords,anddonotknowathing.Wecannotuseourhands,oroureyes,orourarms.Wedonotknowanediblerootinthewoods,wecannottellourcoursebythestars,northehourofthedaybythesun.Itiswellifwecanswimandskate....TheoldEnglishrulewas,“Allsummerinthefield,andallwinterinthestudy.”Thelessonsofscienceshouldbeexperimentalalso.Thesightoftheplanetthroughatelescopeisworthallthecourseonastronomy:theshockoftheelectricsparkintheelbow,out-valuesallthetheories;thetasteofthenitrousoxide,thefiringofanartificialvolcano,arebettervolumeofchemistry.

【答案】【略】

7.單選題

Amongallsocietieslegalmarriageisusuallyaccompaniedbysomekindofceremonythatexpressgroup（）oftheunion.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.opinion

B.consistency

C.insistence

D.approval

【答案】D

【解析】opinion觀點(diǎn),主張；consistency一致性,相容性；insistence堅(jiān)持,強(qiáng)調(diào)；approval批準(zhǔn),認(rèn)可,贊同。句意：在所有社會(huì)中,合法的婚姻通常伴隨著某種儀式,表達(dá)群體對(duì)婚姻的認(rèn)可。選項(xiàng)D符合語境。

8.單選題

Manymentalinstitutionsthroughoutthecountryhavebeenturnedintodumpinggroundsforthousandsofoldsterswhohavenoplaceelsetogo.Mostofthemaren’treallymentallyill.Inthejargonofthehospitalbureaucracy,theyareclassifiedas“inappropriateadmissions.”Butsincesocietyhasnothingbettertooffer,theyarelefttorotwithouthope,help,ordignity.Theusualexitisdeath.

Oftenthroughnofaultoftheirown,understaffedandovercrowdedmentalhospitalshandletheir“geriatriccases”littlebetterthancattle.Thereisarecurrentpatternofelderlypatientslockedintowardstopreventthemfromwanderingabout,givensteadydosesoftranquilizerstokeepthem“manageable”,leftdayandnightwithoutatraceofhumanwarmthorcompanionship.

Somehospitalshavewardsfullofelderly,tranquilizedpatients,bodiesbloatedfromtheirinactive,meaninglessexistences,sittinglistlesslyonhardbenchesorsprawledasleeponthefloor.Therearewomen,silentasstatues,occupyingchairsandrockersinthecorridors.Whiletheweathermaybebeautifuloutdoors,oldmenmayindifferentlyshuffleaboutageriatric“cottage”withnowheretogoandnothingtodo.

Yetmanyofthepeoplecouldberestoredtohumandignity,notbycomplicatedtherapeuticprocedures,butamongotherthings,byprovidinggoodmedicalcareandreachingoutahandofkindnesstowardsthem.

Itisestimatedthatonehalfoftheoldpeopleinstatementalhospitalstodaycouldleaveifpropercommunityresources,servicesandprogramswereavailable.Butanindifferentsocietyhasnotmadethemavailable.

1.Themainideaofthispassageisthat（）.

2.“Geriatric”inparagraph2referstopeoplewhoare（）.

3.Wemayinferthattheauthor（）.

4.Theauthorbelievesthattherealblamelieswith（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mostoldpeopleneedfamilycare

B.goodcarefortheelderlyiscostly

C.manyoldpeoplearelivingouttheirlastyearsinmentalinstitutions

D.oldpeopleshouldbetakenoutofdoorswhentheweatherispleasant

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.old

B.lonely

C.mentallyill

D.physicallysick

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isindifferenttothestatusquoofthehospitals

B.issympathetictothesituationoftheelderly

C.isoptimistictowardsthefutureoftheelderly

D.ishostiletowardsthementalhospitalstaff

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thesociety

B.thementalinstitutions

C.theelderly

D.thehospitalbureaucracy

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知,首段第一句為全文主旨句?！癕anymentalinstitutionsthroughoutthecountryhavebeenturnedintodumpinggroundsforthousandsofoldsterswhohavenoplaceelsetogo.”全國各地的許多精神病院已經(jīng)變成了接納成千上萬沒有去處的老年人的垃圾場(chǎng)。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.根據(jù)原文句意:人手不足、人滿為患的精神病院在處理“病例”時(shí)就像對(duì)待牲口一樣。上一段提到,大多數(shù)進(jìn)精神病院的都是老人,并且他們沒有真正的精神疾病,也不是因?yàn)楣陋?dú)或者生病才進(jìn)來的,所以“geriatric”指的是老年人。選項(xiàng)A正確。

3.根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知,如果有適當(dāng)?shù)纳鐓^(qū)資源、服務(wù)和項(xiàng)目,現(xiàn)在州立精神病院的老人可以離開一半。但是冷漠的社會(huì)并沒有提供這些服務(wù)。說明作者更多的是同情這些老人,選項(xiàng)B正確。

4.根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Butanindifferentsocietyhasnotmadethemavailable.”但是冷漠的社會(huì)并沒有提供這些服務(wù)。說明作者認(rèn)為真正的過錯(cuò)在于社會(huì),選項(xiàng)A正確。

9.單選題

ItwouldseemthatMillercannothavebeenonfriendlytermswiththegardenersthere,orhewouldhavemadea（

）ofvisitingthem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.move

B.use

C.point

D.remedy

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。move“行動(dòng)，舉措”；use“使用”；point“要點(diǎn)”；remedy“補(bǔ)救；改進(jìn)”。句意：看起來米勒不可能和那個(gè)園丁友好相處了，否則他會(huì)認(rèn)為有必要去拜訪他們。Makeapointof“認(rèn)為有必要……”。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

10.單選題

Thenewmanagerhadmanydifficultiestoovercomebuthe____themallinhisstride.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.overlooked

B.obtained

C.tackled

D.took

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。overlook“忽略”；obtain“獲得”；tackle“處理；抓住”；take“拿，帶，抓，需要”。句意：新經(jīng)理有很多困難需要克服，但是他從容應(yīng)對(duì)，并且克服了困難。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

11.單選題

Nobodyknowswhattriggeredtheevent,which______amillioncubicmetersofwaterpersecond,obliteratingthebarrierbetweenBritainandFrance.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.released

B.relieved

C.restored

D.retained

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。release“釋放；排放”；relieve“解除；減輕”；restore“恢復(fù)，還原”；retain“保持”。句意：沒有人知道是什么引發(fā)了這場(chǎng)洪災(zāi)，每秒鐘排放100萬立方米的水，淹沒了英國和法國之間的屏障。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.單選題

It’sharmfultoone'shealthto（

）smokinganddrinking

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.takeon

B.taketo

C.takein

D.takeoff

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。takeon意為“承擔(dān)，接受”；taketo意為“喜歡，養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣”；takein意為“吸收，吸入”；takeoff意為“脫掉，起飛”。

句意：吸煙喝酒有害人的身體健康。

13.單選題

Theboywasso（

）inthegamethathedidn’tnoticehermotherstandingbehindhim.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.attracted

B.suffocated

C.immersed

D.submerged

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)attracted“被吸引的”；B選項(xiàng)suffocated“感到壓制；感到束縛”；C選項(xiàng)immersed“專心于，沉浸在”；D選項(xiàng)submerged“浸沒在水下的”。填入形容詞做表語，由so...that...句型中that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句的信息可知immersed(in)“專心于，沉浸在”符合題意，句意為：這個(gè)男孩專心看比賽，沒有注意到她的母親站在他身后。故答案選C。

14.單選題

Joyceislovedbyallherfriendsbecausesheisverycongenial.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleasant

B.wealthy

C.courageous

D.sensitive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。congenial表示“意氣相投的，性格相似的，適意的”；A項(xiàng)pleasant“令人愉快的，舒適的，討人喜歡的”，B項(xiàng)wealthy“富有的，充分的”，C項(xiàng)courageous“有膽量的，勇敢的”，D項(xiàng)sensitive“敏感的，感覺的”。句意：?jiǎn)桃了挂驗(yàn)樾愿窈芟嗤?，所以她的朋友都很喜歡她。根據(jù)句意可知，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)的意思符合句子。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Nature’senergyefficiencyoften（

）humantechnology:despitetheintensityofthelightfirefliesproduce,theamountofheatisnegligible;onlyrecentlyhavehumansdevelopedchemicallight-producingsystemswhoseefficiency（

）thefirefly’ssystem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.engenders...manipulates

B.reflects...simulates

C.outstrips...rivals

D.inhibits...matches

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)的engender“產(chǎn)生，引起（某種感覺或情況）”；manipulate“（暗中）控制，操縱，操作”；B選項(xiàng)的reflect“反映，表明，顯示，反射（聲、光、熱等）”;simulate“假裝,模擬，冒充”；C選項(xiàng)的outstrip“追過，勝過，凌駕”;rival“堪與某人/某物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，比得上某人/某物”；D選項(xiàng)的inhibit“禁止，抑制”；match“相配，相適合，（數(shù)量或質(zhì)量）比得上，與……不相上下”。根據(jù)句意‘自然界的能量效率常常超過人類的技術(shù)：盡管螢火蟲所發(fā)出的光亮極為強(qiáng)烈，但其熱量卻微乎其微：其是在近期，人類才研制出化學(xué)發(fā)光系統(tǒng)，其能量效率方能與螢火蟲的發(fā)光體系相媲美’確定C選項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Onecanunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesand（）toexpressedthoughts.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dilemmas

B.countenances

C.concessions

D.junctions

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。dilemmas“困境”；countenances“面容；表情”；concessions“讓步；特權(quán)”；junctions“連接”，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知此處要填的名詞與eyes是并列的，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有countenances能夠與eyes并列并表達(dá)出符合邏輯的句子意思。句意：人們可以通過觀察別人眼睛和……快速的反映或表情來更好的了解對(duì)方。因此選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。

17.單選題

RussianandNorwegianscientistshavereportedfindingstoneobjectsandanimalbonesinthefarnorthofEuropeanRussia.Thescientistssaytheobjectsprovidethefirstevidencethatancienthunterslivedintheareamorethan30thousandyearsago.Theysaythisisatleast15thousandyearsearlierthanexpertshadthought.

TheRussianandNorwegianteamworkedatacampalongtheUsaRiverandtheArcticCircle.Thescientistssaytheyfoundseveralancientstonetools.Theyalsofound123bonesfromanimalssuchashorses,reindeerandwolves.

Thescientistssaytheirmostimportantdiscoverywasatuskfromanancientelephantcalledamammoth（猛碼）.Thehuge,curvedtoothwasmorethan1meterlong.Thetuskiscoveredwithsmallcuts.Thescientistsbelievehumansmadethemarkswithsharp-edgedstonetools.

Thescientistsusedaprocessknownasradiocarbon（放射性碳）datingtomeasuretheageofthetusk.Radiocarbondatingshowsthelevelofaradioactiveformofcarboninasubstance.Thetestsshowedthetuskisabout36thousandyearsold.

Thescientistssaytheyarenotsurewhatkindofhumansleftthestoneobjectsandbonesalongtheriver.TheysaidthepeoplewereeitherearlyhumanscalledNeanderthals（穴居人）ormodernhumans.

ModemhumansspreadthroughEuropeandAsia30thousandyearsago.Thescientistssaytheancientpeopleneededahighlevelofsocialdevelopmenttosurviveintheextremelycoldenvironment.

Theobjectswerediscoveredabout300kilometersnortheastofanotherareawherescientistssayhumansoncelived.Thatareahasobjectsmorecloselylinkedtomodemhumans.Thoseobjectsarebelievedtobeabout28thousandyearsold.

NaturemagazinealsopublishedareportbyJohnGowlettoftheUniversityofLiverpoolinEngland.Hesaidthediscoveryshowstheabilityofearlyhumanstodotheunexpected.Healsosaidthediscoveryshouldrenewdebateabouttheeffectsoftheclimateonthemovementsofearlyhumanpopulation.

1.BeforethefindingofstoneobjectsandanimalbonesinthenorthofEuropeanRussia,someexpertsthoughthumanbeingslivedinthatareaabout（

）.

2.ThefollowingstatementsaretrueaboutthesignificanceofthisfindingEXCEPTthat

（

）.

3.Whichisthemostimportantdiscoveryamongthefindings?

4.Howoldisthetusk?About

（

）

yearsold.

5.Whichwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.10thousandyearsago

B.15thousandyearsago

C.28thousandyearsago

D.20thousandyearsago

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.itbringsforwardsthetimeinwhichancienthunterslivedinthearea

B.itprovidestheevidenceofahighlevelofancienthumansociety

C.itshowedtheunexpectedabilityoftheearlyhumans

D.itindicatestheeffectofclimateonthemovementofearlyhumanpopulation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Amammothtuskcoveredwithsmallcuts.

B.Ancientstonetools.

C.123bonesfromanimals.

D.Alongelephanttusk.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.25thousand

B.28thousand

C.40thousand

D.36thousand

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.NewDiscoveryofAncientHumanBeings

B.EvidenceofAncientHunters

C.UnexpectedSurvivingAbilitiesofAncientHumanBeings

D.NewFindingsofAncientAnimals

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:判斷推理題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句“Thescientistssaytheobjectsprovidethefirstevidencethatancienthunterslivedintheareamorethan30thousandyearsago.Theysaythisisatleast15thousandyearsearlierthanexpertshadthought.”科學(xué)家說，這些物體提供了第一手證據(jù)，證明古代獵人在3萬多年前就生活在這個(gè)地區(qū)。他們說，這至少比專家們預(yù)想的早了1.5萬年。由此可知，專家們預(yù)想的人類生活在這個(gè)地區(qū)的時(shí)間是在3萬減去1.5萬等于1.5萬年以前，也就是15thousandyearsago，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

第2題:判斷推理題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容“Thescientistssaytheancientpeopleneededahighlevelofsocialdevelopmenttosurviveintheextremelycoldenvironment.”科學(xué)家們說，古人需要高度的社會(huì)發(fā)展才能在極端寒冷的環(huán)境中生存。由此可知，古代社會(huì)并沒有高度發(fā)展所以選項(xiàng)B不正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“mostimportantdiscovery”定位到第三段第一句“Thescientistssaytheirmostimportantdiscoverywasatuskfromanancientelephantcalledamammoth...Thetuskiscoveredwithsmallcuts...”科學(xué)家們表示，他們最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是一頭名為猛犸象的古代大象的長(zhǎng)牙。...長(zhǎng)牙上有很多小切口。由此可知，選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Thetestsshowedthetuskisabout36thousandyearsold.”測(cè)試顯示，這只象牙大約有3.6萬年的歷史。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

第5題:主旨大意題。原文第一段指出科學(xué)家在歐洲北部發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多有關(guān)古代獵人的證據(jù)，接下來的段落具體闡述和分析這些證據(jù)，最后得出結(jié)論，這些證據(jù)也體現(xiàn)了環(huán)境對(duì)早期人類遷徙的影響。由此可知，本文的主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于古代獵人的證據(jù)，選項(xiàng)B最為恰當(dāng)。

18.單選題

Therehasbeenacollision______anumberofcarsonthemainroadtotown.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.composing

B.consisting

C.involving

D.enraging

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.composing組成，構(gòu)成（一個(gè)整體）B.consisting存在于；由……組成（或構(gòu)成）

C.involving包含；涉及D.enraging使異常憤怒；激怒

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息acollision（一起碰撞）和anumberofcars（多輛汽車）可知，這句話是表達(dá)“道路上發(fā)生了一起多輛汽車碰撞的事故”，空格處表示“涉及”符合句意，故該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)都不符合句意。

【句意】在進(jìn)城的主要道路上發(fā)生了一起涉及多輛汽車的碰撞事故。

19.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Sleepdeprivationisaquickandefficientwaytotreatdepression.Itworks60to70percentofthetime—farbetterthanexistingdrugs—butthemoodboostusuallylastsonlyuntilthepatientfallsasleep.Asanongoingtreatment,sleepdeprivationisimpractical,butresearchershavebeenstudyingthephenomenoninanefforttouncoverthecellularmechanismsbehinddepressionandremission.NowateamatTuftsUniversityhaspinpointedgliaasthekeyplayers.

Theresearcherspreviouslyfoundthatastrocytes,astar-shapedtypeofglialcell,regulatethebrainchemicalsinvolvedinsleepiness.Duringourwakinghours,astrocytescontinuouslyreleasetheneurotransmitteradenosine,whichbuildsupinthebrainandcauses“sleeppressure”,thefeelingofsleepinessanditsrelatedmemoryandattentionimpairments.Theneurotransmittercausesthispressurebybindingtoadenosinereceptorsontheoutsideofneuronslikeakeyfittingintoalock.Asmoreadenosinebuildsup,morereceptorsaretriggered,andtheurgetosleepgetsstronger.

Inthenewstudy,publishedonlineJanuary15inthejournalTranslationalPsychiatry,thescientistsinvestigatedwhetherthisprocessisresponsiblefortheantidepressanteffectsofsleepdeprivation.Micewithdepressive-likesymptomswereadministeredthreedosesofacompoundthattriggersadenosinereceptors,thusmimickingsleepdeprivation.Althoughthemicecontinuedtosleepnormally,after12hourstheyshowedarapidimprovementinmoodandbehavior,whichlastedfor48hours.

Theresultsconfirmthattheadenosinebuildupisresponsiblefortheantidepressanteffectsofalackofsleep.Thisfindingpointstoapromisingtargetfornewdrugdevelopmentbecauseitsuggeststhatmimickingsleepdeprivationchemicallymayoffertheantidepressantbenefitswithouttheunwantedsideeffectsofactuallyskippingsleep.Suchaninterventioncouldofferimmediaterelieffromdepression,instarkcontrastwithtraditionalantidepressants,whichtakesixtoeightweekstokickin.

Thestudymayalsohaveimplicationsbeyonddepressionandsleepregulation,accordingtoDustinHines,leadauthorandapostdoctoralfellowatTufts.“Formanyyears,neuroscientistsfocusedalmostexclusivelyonneurons,whereastheroleofgliawasneglected,”Hinessays.“Wenowknowthatgliaplayanimportantroleinthecontrolofbrainfunctionandhavethepotentialtoaidinthedevelopmentofnewtreatmentsformanyillnesses,includingdepressionandsleepdisorders.”

54.Sleepdeprivationasamethodtotreatdepressionisimpracticalbecause________.

55.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“remission”inPara.1probablymean?

56.Whatistrueofastrocyte?

57.DustinHinesandhiscolleaguesdidthestudyinorderto________.

58.WhatdidDustinHinesandhiscolleagues’studysuggest?

59.Whatcanweinferfromthenewresearchaboutdepression?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.itdoesnothavesteadyeffects

B.ithassideeffectsofinsufficientsleep

C.itonlyworkswhenthepatientisawake

D.itcausesnewproblemsofsleepdisorder

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Lesseningofdepression.

B.Recurrenceofdepression.

C.Recoveryfromdepression.

D.Medicationfordepression.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itisastar-shapedglialcellregulatingoursleepingfunctions.

B.Itcanbeactivatedbyusingchemicalsoutsidethebrain.

C.Itreleasestheneurotransmitteradenosinewhenwearesleeping.

D.Itcontrolsourfeelingofsleepinessandimprovesourattention.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.investigatethecausesofdepression

B.examinetheworkingmechanismsofglia

C.explorewhysleepdeprivationrelievesdepression

D.testthemedicationeffectofthenewantidepressants

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Adenosinebuildupaccountsforwhywefeelsleepy.

B.Micehavesimilardepressionsymptomsashumanbeings.

C.Neuronsandgliasplaykeypartsincontrollingourbrainfunction.

D.Causingsleepyfeelingbyusingchemicalshelpstoeasedepression.

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.Traditionaldrugsfordepressionworkslowlyandarelessefficient.

B.Sleepdeprivationworksbetterforpatientswithsleepdisorders.

C.Miceweredeprivedofsleepforseveraldaysintheexperiment.

D.Patientswithdepressionusuallysufferfromsleepproblems.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:A

【解析】54.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Sleepdeprivationasamethodtotreatdepressionisimpracticalbecause________.剝奪睡眠作為一種治療抑郁癥的方法是不實(shí)際的，因?yàn)開_______。

A.itdoesnothavesteadyeffectsA.它沒有穩(wěn)定的效果

B.ithassideeffectsofinsufficientsleepB.它有睡眠不足的副作用

C.itonlyworkswhenthepatientisawakeC.它只在病人清醒的時(shí)候起作用

D.itcausesnewproblemsofsleepdisorderD.它引起睡眠障礙的新問題

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Sleepdeprivation可以定位到文章第一段第二、三句“但情緒的提升通常只持續(xù)到病人睡著（lastsonlyuntilthepatientfallsasleep）。作為一種持續(xù)的治療方法（ongoingtreatment），剝奪睡眠是不切實(shí)際的。”，說明這種方法需要病人保持清醒，使用該方法的副作用是會(huì)導(dǎo)致睡眠不足，但人類不可能不需要睡眠，所以不能持續(xù)使用。因此B選項(xiàng)“它有睡眠不足的副作用”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“它沒有穩(wěn)定的效果”，文章中說到“剝奪睡眠是治療抑郁癥的一種快速而有效的（efficient）方法。有效時(shí)間為百分之六十到百分之七十。”，所以效果是穩(wěn)定的，屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“它只在病人清醒的時(shí)候起作用”說明它是能起作用的，但不是它不切實(shí)際的原因，屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“它引起睡眠障礙的新問題”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

55.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Whatdoestheunderlinedword“remission”inPara.1probablymean?第一段中劃線詞“remission”可能是什么意思？

A.Lesseningofdepression.A.抑郁癥的減輕。

B.Recurrenceofdepression.B.抑郁癥的復(fù)發(fā)。

C.Recoveryfromdepression.C.抑郁癥的恢復(fù)。

D.Medicationfordepression.D.抑郁癥的藥物治療。

【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“remission”可以定位到文章第一段第三句“作為一種持續(xù)的治療方法，剝奪睡眠是不切實(shí)際的，但研究人員一直在研究這種現(xiàn)象，試圖揭示抑郁癥和remission背后的細(xì)胞機(jī)制?！保径沃饕榻B了剝奪睡眠可以緩解抑郁癥，上文的“有效時(shí)間為百分之六十到百分之七十”也表明了它起到的是緩解作用，而不是徹底治療，所以remission最有可能指的是“緩解”。因此A選項(xiàng)“抑郁癥的減輕?！闭_。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“抑郁癥的復(fù)發(fā)?！?，剝奪睡眠是能夠緩解抑郁癥而不是導(dǎo)致復(fù)發(fā)的，屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“抑郁癥的恢復(fù)?！?，文章中說到它起到的是緩解作用，而不是徹底治療，屬于推理過度；

D選項(xiàng)“抑郁癥的藥物治療。”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

56.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Whatistrueofastrocyte?星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的真實(shí)情況是什么？

A.Itisastar-shapedglialcellregulatingoursleepingfunctions.A.它是一種星形的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，調(diào)節(jié)著我們的睡眠功能。

B.Itcanbeactivatedbyusingchemicalsoutsidethebrain.B.它可以通過使用大腦以外的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來激活。

C.Itreleasestheneurotransmitteradenosinewhenwearesleeping.C.它在我們睡覺時(shí)釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)腺苷。

D.Itcontrolsourfeelingofsleepinessandimprovesourattention.D.它能控制我們的困倦感，提高我們的注意力。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞astrocyte可以定位到文章第二段第一句“研究人員先前發(fā)現(xiàn)，星形細(xì)胞（astrocyte），一種星形的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，調(diào)節(jié)著涉及困倦（sleepiness）的大腦化學(xué)物質(zhì)。”，說明星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和調(diào)節(jié)睡眠有關(guān)。因此A選項(xiàng)“它是一種星形的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞，調(diào)節(jié)著我們的睡眠功能?！闭_。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“它可以通過使用大腦以外的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來激活?！痹谖恼轮袥]有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“它在我們睡覺時(shí)釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)腺苷?！保恼轮姓f的是在清醒的時(shí)候釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)腺苷，屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“它能控制我們的困倦感，提高我們的注意力?！保恼轮姓f到它會(huì)導(dǎo)致我們產(chǎn)生困意，損害注意力，屬于反向干擾。

57.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

DustinHinesandhiscolleaguesdidthestudyinorderto________.達(dá)斯汀?海因斯和他的同事做這項(xiàng)研究是為了________。

A.investigatethecausesofdepressionA.調(diào)查抑郁癥的原因

B.examinetheworkingmechanismsofgliaB.研究膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的工作機(jī)制

C.explorewhysleepdeprivationrelievesdepressionC.探討為什么剝奪睡眠可以緩解抑郁癥

D.testthemedicationeffectofthenewantidepressantsD.測(cè)試新的抗抑郁藥的藥效

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞study可以定位到文章第三段第一句“科學(xué)家們調(diào)查了這一過程是否與剝奪睡眠的抗抑郁作用（antidepressanteffects）有關(guān)。”，說明科學(xué)家們研究的目的是為了找出剝奪睡眠可以緩解抑郁癥的原因。因此C選項(xiàng)“探討為什么剝奪睡眠可以緩解抑郁癥”正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“調(diào)查