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句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellthemhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrowupundermorefavorablecircumstances.例如，它們并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果生活在較好的環(huán)境中，會(huì)有多大才干.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見到的.Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.和過去一樣，將來一定會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維形式以及行為對(duì)象，從而產(chǎn)生新的優(yōu)雅的標(biāo)準(zhǔn).Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.很多哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為，權(quán)利只存在于社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與權(quán)益相交換的一部分.被動(dòng)句的翻譯一，譯成漢語主動(dòng)句（一）原文主語在譯文中仍是主語Thewholecountrywasarmedinafewdays幾天內(nèi)全國武裝起來了Thesenseofinferioritythatheacquiredinhisyouthhasneverbeentotallyeradicated.他青少年時(shí)期留下的自卑感，還沒有完全消除Thedecisiontowithdrawwasnottakenlightly.撤退的決定不是輕易做出的.（二）原文中主語在譯文中作賓語Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbyorganization,butthecostof200Frenchlives戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)候，這個(gè)組織拯救了800人，但是以200名法國人的生命為代價(jià)的.Itwouldbeastonishingifthatlosswerenotkeenlyfelt.如果人們不強(qiáng)烈感受到損失，那就奇怪了二.譯成漢語被動(dòng)句Anyminutewewouldsurelybespottedbyenemyplanesflyinginandoutoftheairfield.我們隨時(shí)都會(huì)被出入機(jī)場(chǎng)的敵機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)IstartedtoexplainthatIcouldnotdomybestsincemyspectacleshavebeentakenawayfromme,butshewouldn'tletmefinish.我開始解釋，我不可能干得很好，因?yàn)槲业难坨R被拿走了.但她不準(zhǔn)我講完.真題演練Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明.而環(huán)境在塑造和維持個(gè)體行為中所起的選擇作用則剛剛被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究.Duringthetransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.在這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變過程中，那些闡釋史學(xué)研究中新史料的方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)史學(xué)方法.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesthatattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwithconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.（Doanimalshaverights?）這從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端:使人認(rèn)為要么應(yīng)該向?qū)Υ艘粯訉?duì)待動(dòng)物，要么對(duì)動(dòng)物完全冷漠無情.定語從句的翻譯一.前置法Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.在他手下工作的人對(duì)他怕得要死ItisaconsolationtoknowthattheywillsurelycarryonthecauseforwhichMr.Smithhavestrovesofaithfullyallhislife.得知他們一定會(huì)繼續(xù)史密斯先生終身奮斗不渝的事業(yè),這是一件令人安慰的事情.二后置法，重復(fù)關(guān)系代詞Heunselfishlycontributedhisuncommontalentstothestrugglewhichtodaybringstheseaimswithinthereachofthemajorityofthehumanrace.他無私地將自己非凡的才智貢獻(xiàn)給了這種斗爭(zhēng)，這種斗爭(zhēng)今天已經(jīng)使大部分人可以達(dá)到這些目標(biāo).三刪除先行詞Itishewhoreceivedaletterthatannouncedyouwontheprize.是他接到那封信,說你獲獎(jiǎng)了.真題演練Tylordefinedcultureas”????thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofthesociety.泰勒將文化定義為：“…一個(gè)復(fù)合整體，包括人作為社會(huì)成員所獲得的信仰,藝術(shù)，道德,雙律,風(fēng)俗以及其它能力和習(xí)慣”（刪除先行詞）Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicanddispassionatemannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomenon.社會(huì)科學(xué)是知識(shí)探索的一個(gè)分支，它力圖象自然科學(xué)研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的，有序的,系統(tǒng)的，冷靜的方法來研究人類極其行為.（背景:新前年新技術(shù)不斷出現(xiàn),并對(duì)未來的科學(xué)作出猜測(cè)）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.皮爾森匯集了全球百余名研究者的成果，制定出一份特殊的千年臺(tái)歷,它列出了人們能夠期待的百余種重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期.同位語從句翻譯一前置Yet,fromthebeginning,thefactthatIwasalivewasignored.但是，從一開始，我還活著這個(gè)事實(shí)就被忽略了.ButIknewIcouldn'ttrusthim.Therewasalwaysthepossibilitythathewasapoliticalswindler.但我知道我不能相信他.他是政治騙子的可能性總是存在的.Itdoesnotalterthefactthatheisthemanresponsibleforthedelay.遲延有他負(fù)責(zé)，這個(gè)事實(shí)是改變不了的.二后置Butitignoresthefactthat,thoughpilots,wepotentiallywereinasmuchdangerofcaptureasanypeopleelse.但是忽略了一個(gè)事實(shí)，即我們雖然是飛行員，卻和其他人一樣有潛在的被俘的危險(xiǎn).Andtherewasthepossibilitythatasmallelectronicsparkmightbypassthemostcarefullyplannedcircuit.而且總是存在這樣的可能性 個(gè)小小的電火花，可能會(huì)繞過精心設(shè)計(jì)的線路.HeexpressedthehopethathewouldcomeovertovisitChinaagain.他表示希望再次訪問中國真題演練Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfn)manimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.此類極端主義者認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各個(gè)相關(guān)方面完全不同，動(dòng)物應(yīng)該被排除在道德考慮范圍之外.狀語從句的翻譯WhenthehistoryofNixonAdministrationisfinallywritten,thechancesarethathisChinesepolicywillstandoutasamodelofcommonsenseandgooddiplomacy.當(dāng)撰寫尼克松政府的歷史時(shí)，他的對(duì)華政策可能成為共識(shí)和好的外交的楷模.Butthisisequallytrueofculturaltraits,whichclearlyindicatesaperson'svaluesystemwhenacrucialdecisionneedstobemadebeforethereisanytimetothinkofanalternative,forexample,divingintoafloodingstreamtorescueadrowningchild.文化特征也是如此，當(dāng)沒有時(shí)間作出其它選擇就必須做出一個(gè)緊急的決定，比如說，跳入湍急的水流中拯救溺水的兒童，這個(gè)時(shí)候，文化特征就能清晰的反映一個(gè)人的價(jià)值觀體系。真題演練Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.行為科學(xué)發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是解釋的因素往往似乎是能夠被直接觀察到的,部分原因則是其它類型的解釋一直難以找到.Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblem.這些問題如果得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)就將繼續(xù)受到排斥,而解決我們問題的唯一方法也會(huì)隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.家用設(shè)備也會(huì)變得相當(dāng)?shù)闹悄芑?，以至于控制和操作它們?huì)導(dǎo)致一種新的心理錯(cuò)亂的爆發(fā)…廚房狂躁癥.主語從句的翻譯（一）以what,whatever,whoever等特殊疑問代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句采取順譯法Whathetoldmewasonlyhalf-truth.他告訴我的只是些半真半假的東西而已Whateverhesawandheardonhistripgavehimadeepimpression.他此行所見所聞都給他留下了深刻的印象.Whoevermadeavoyageuponthisrivermustrememberthesemountains.凡是在這條河流上航行過的人一定都記得這些山脈（二）it作形式主語的情況A真實(shí)主語提前Itdoesn,tmakemuchanydifferencewhetherheattendedthemeetingornot.他參不參加會(huì)議沒有多大關(guān)系Itseemedinconceivablethatthepilotcouldhavesurvivedthecrash.駕駛員能夠在飛機(jī)墜毀后幸存,這看來是不可想象的B.真實(shí)主語不提前,it大部分情況不翻譯Itisstrangethatsheshouldhavefailedtoseeherownshortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然沒有看出自己的缺點(diǎn)ItwasobviousthatIhadbecomethepawninsomesortoftop-levelpowerplay.很明顯，在某些高級(jí)人物的權(quán)術(shù)游戲中,我成了被利用的一顆棋子.ItisrumoredthatthemeetingwillbeheldinJune.據(jù)傳言，本次會(huì)議將于六月舉行.真題演練Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.此外，顯而易見的是，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其農(nóng)業(yè)以及經(jīng)濟(jì)的效率緊密相聯(lián)，而效率又取決于各類科技工作者的努力.Whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句真題演練IWhetherthegovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversadependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.政府應(yīng)該以減少對(duì)于技術(shù)的投入作為代價(jià)來增加對(duì)于純科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，或者相反，這取決于哪一方被看作驅(qū)動(dòng)力量.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試或者其它種類的信息，或者兩者兼而有之，這取決于有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的依據(jù)，也取決于諸如花費(fèi)和可及性等因素.Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯Thereisabarofchocolateinmypocket.我口袋里有塊巧克力.Therearemanyromanticlovestories.浪漫的愛情故事比比皆是.Therearemanydefinitionsastowhatisafool.傻子的定義有很多賓語從句的翻譯（不需要改變語序）1.1toldhimthatbecauseofthelastcondition,I9dhavetoturnitdown.我告訴他，由于最后一個(gè)條件，我只得謝絕.2.Hewouldneverletthehistorybooksayofhimthathehadbeencontenttositonthesidelines,tobeagentle,leisurelyPresident,lettingtheeventstaketheircourse.他絕對(duì)不愿意讓歷史書說他甘當(dāng)一個(gè)袖手旁觀，悠閑文雅，聽任事情自行發(fā)展的總統(tǒng).It作形式賓語的翻譯1.1madeitcleartothemthattheymusthandintheirpapersbefore10:00inthemorning.我向他們講清楚，必須在早上10點(diǎn)前交論文.2.1takeitforgrantedthatyouwillcomeandtalkthematteroverwithhim.我想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為你會(huì)過來和他討論這個(gè)問題的.表語從句的翻譯（順譯）Whatheemphasizedoverandoveragainwasthatnomatterhowdifficultitmightbe,theyshouldnotretreatevenforaninch.他一再強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，不管多么困難，他們決不應(yīng)后退半步.TheconclusiondrawninoneofconcludingparagraphsisthatAmericanforeignpolicygoalscanbeattainedonlyby"maintainingapositionofstrength結(jié)尾有一段作出的結(jié)論是：美國只能通過“保持實(shí)力地位”來達(dá)到對(duì)外政策的目的..Thefact,however,remainsthat,thoughseeminglyabigmilitarypower,itisfarfrominvulnerableinherairdefense.然而，現(xiàn)實(shí)情況依然是，雖然貌似一個(gè)軍事強(qiáng)國，它在空中防御方面還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是無懈可擊的.真題演練Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheearth.伽利略一生最偉大的光輝業(yè)績?cè)谟冢?609年，他第一個(gè)將新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡指向天空，從而證明了行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)，而非圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn).比較級(jí)翻譯1morethan+原級(jí)（表示強(qiáng)調(diào)）Sheismorethancharmingandlovely她分外多嬌2no+比較級(jí)（一點(diǎn)也不）Heisnobetteraftertakingpills.他吃完藥后一點(diǎn)也沒好3比較級(jí)+than+原級(jí)（ 有余 不足）Youaremorecautiousthandecisive.你謹(jǐn)慎有余而果斷不足more（of）名詞1than名詞2（與其說是名詞2不如說是名詞1）Heismoreofastrategistthanastatesman.與其說他是個(gè)政治家，不如說他是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略家notsomuchAasB（與其說A,不如說B）l）Heisnotsomuchillasdepressed.他與其說是生病，不如說是郁悶.2）Badwritingiscausednotsomuchbygrammaticalmistakes,asbystylisticproblems拙劣的寫作與其說是語法錯(cuò)誤造成的，不如說是文體問題造成的6lessAandmoreB（首先是A,其次是B）Loveresultslessfrommutualbenefitandmorefrommutualadmiration.愛首先是來于互重，其次是來于互利真題演練Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.他們說，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步與其.源于偉大人物的真知灼見，不如說源于更為普通的事物，如改良的技術(shù)與工具.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.代詞指代的判斷Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.由于人口猛增或大量人口的流動(dòng)一現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易一一造成的種種問題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力.Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeas