考研英語(yǔ)（一）第二部分閱讀理解（上）

考研英語(yǔ)（一）第二部分閱讀理解（上）

（江南博哥）

材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答1-5題ForseveralweekstheworldhaswatchedasIndia'scitizens—includingacademicsandstudents—havetakentothestreets.TensofthousandshavebeengatheringtoreadoutthepreambletotheIndianconstitution,asamarkofprotestagainstadiscriminatorynewcitizenshiplaw.ThelawprovidesapathtocitizenshipforrecentrefugeesfromAfghanistan,BangladeshandPakistan.Itisameanstoprovidingpermanentsanctuaryforreligiousminoritiesfleeinghardshiporpersecutioninthesecountries—anintentionthatistobecommended.Whatistroublingisthatdecisionsonwhocan—andcannot—applyforcitizenshipwillbemadeonthebasisofreligiousbelief.Tragically,someofthepeacefulprotestsarebeingmetwithviolence,anduniversitycampusesarenotimmune.Thelatesthigh-profileincidenttookplaceatJawaharlalNehruUniversityinNewDelhi,wherestudentshavealsobeenprotestingoveranincreaseinaccommodationfees.Ontheeveningof5January,peoplewearingmasksandcarryingironrods,stonesandwoodenclubsenteredthecampusandlaunchedanattack.However,thecity'spolicefailedtoprovideprotection.Inmid-December,policeenteredtwoofIndia'solderuniversitiesandstudentswerebeaten,propertywasdamagedandteargasused.Bothinstitutionshadtoclosetemporarily,disruptingteachingandresearch.JamiaMillia'svice-chancellorsaidthatitisnotacceptableforpolicetoharminnocentstudents.Theseverityofthepoliceactionhasrightlypromptedachorusofinternationalconcern.AmongthosespeakinguparetheNobelprizewinnersAbhijitBanerjee,aneconomistandJNUalumnusnowattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyinCambridge,whoisalsocriticalofthenewlaw.Manyofthegovernment'ssupportersareupsetthatuniversitystudents,academicsandscientistsarealsoopposingthenewlaw.Buttheymustknowthatfreedomofexpressioniscoretoauniversity'smission；thattheabilityofcitizenstoprotestpeacefullyagainstgovernmentpoliciesisaright,notaprivilege.Withoutit,nooppositionwouldbeabletopresentitscasetothepublic—asmembersofthecurrentgovernmentanditssupportersdidintheyearstheywereoutofpower.AcademicsinIndiaarerighttobealarmedandtospeakup,becauseforcehasbeenusedonuniversitycampuses,causingfear.India'sauthoritiesmusttakethenecessarystepstoprotecttheirnation'suniversitiesandtheirpeople'sfreedomofspeech.Theymustheedthewordsoftheprimeminister'sprincipalscientificadviser,KrishnaswamyVijayRaghavan,whosaidunequivocally："Campusesareplacesforlearning,discussionandresearch.Thereisnoplaceatallforviolence."1Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatisthefunctionofIndia'sNewCitizenshipLaw?A.ToprovideawayforrefugeestoearncitizenshipB.ToprovidesanctuaryforreligiousmajoritiesC.ToconfirmthepreambletotheIndianconstitutionD.Todecidereligiousbeliefoftheapplicants正確答案：A參考解析:Itisameanstoprovidingpermanentsanctuaryforreligiousminoritiesfleeinghardshiporpersecutioninthesecountries—anintentionthatistobecommended.為逃離這些國(guó)家的苦難者或受迫害的宗教少數(shù)群體提供永久避難所的一種手段，A符合題意。2博選韻UniversitycampusesarenotimmunetoviolencebecauseA.studentsareinvolvedinpeacefulprotestsB.thepropertyofuniversitieshasbeendamagedC.internationalcommunitiesareshowingconcernsD.thepolicehasfailedtoprovideprotection正確答案：D參考解析：Ontheeveningof5January,peoplewearingmasksandcarryingironrods,stonesandwoodenclubsenteredthecampusandlaunchedanattack.However,thecity'spolicefailedtoprovideprotection.第二段描述了學(xué)生的和平抗議及遭到的暴力對(duì)待：尼赫魯大學(xué)學(xué)生抗議住宿費(fèi)的上漲，1月5日人們進(jìn)入校園發(fā)動(dòng)襲擊；12月中旬警方進(jìn)入印度兩所大學(xué)，毆打?qū)W生，破壞學(xué)校財(cái)產(chǎn)，甚至使用催淚瓦斯。所以校園不能免于遭受暴力的原因是警方未能提供保護(hù)反而暴力鎮(zhèn)壓抗議活動(dòng)。D正確。［單選題］ofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph4?A.SomescientistsareuneasyaboutopposingthenewlawB.TheoppositionhasnowaytoconveyhisideastothepublicC.ltisnecessarytoguaranteepeople'sfreedomofexpressionD.ltisaprivilegeofcitizenstoprotestagainstgovernmentpolicies正確答案：C參考解析：Buttheymustknowthatfreedomofexpressioniscoretoauniversity'smission;thattheabilityofcitizenstoprotestpeacefullyagainstgovernmentpoliciesisaright,notaprivilege.Withoutit,nooppositionwouldbeabletopresentitscasetothepublic—asmembersofthecurrentgovernmentanditssupportersdidintheyearstheywereoutofpower.第四段指出沒(méi)有言論自由是大學(xué)的核心使命，沒(méi)有言論自由任何反對(duì)黨就無(wú)法向公眾表達(dá)自己的立場(chǎng)，現(xiàn)在的政府成員當(dāng)初也經(jīng)歷過(guò)沒(méi)有言論自由的時(shí)刻，所以他們知道言論自由的重要性。C正確。［單選題］WhatcanweinferfromthewordsofKrishnaswamy?A.HewasagainsttheactionsofIndianscholarsB.HesupportedtheimplementationofthenewlawC.HefoundcampusesareplacesforviolenceD.Headvocatedtheprotectionofuniversities正確答案：D參考解析：Theymustheedthewordsoftheprimeminister'sprincipalscientificadviser,KrishnaswamyVijayRaghavan,whosaidunequivocally:"Campusesareplacesforlearning,discussionandresearch.Thereisnoplaceatallforviolence."最后一句Krishnaswamy表示校園是學(xué)習(xí)、討論和研究的場(chǎng)所，不應(yīng)該有暴力存在。所以D正確。5［單選題］ofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?A.ProtectIndia'sUniversitiesB.CarryoutaNewCitizenshipLawC.FocusonthePoliceActionD.GuardPeople'sFreedom正確答案：A參考解析：文章從新法律的頒發(fā)，到暴力鎮(zhèn)壓大學(xué)的和平抗議活動(dòng)，提出了言論自由的重要性，該文章想通過(guò)大學(xué)校園中和平抗議活動(dòng)遭到暴力鎮(zhèn)壓的事件，表達(dá)印度社會(huì)各方應(yīng)保護(hù)印度的大學(xué)及其言論自由，所以選項(xiàng)［A］為正確答案。材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答6-10題Onethingscientistsaresurewillhappenastheworldwarmsisthattheseaswillrise,puttingmillionsofpeopleatriskoflanderosion,floodingandpermanentdisplacement.Butaskexpertsexactlyhowfaroceanswilladvance,andtheiranswergetsfarmorequalified.AstudypublishedMay20intheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesfoundthatpreviousestimatesofhowbadsea-levelrisecouldgetweretooconservative—andthatcoastalcommunitiesmustcontemplatemoresevere,long-termimpactsfromhumans'addictiontofossilfuels.ResearchersaskedleadingexpertsontheGreenlandandAntarcticicesheetstoprovidetheirbestupdatedestimatesforthefutureofthesefrozenmassesastemperaturesspike.Aggregatingthese,theresearchersconcludedthattherangeofoutcomesscientistsnowconsiderpossiblehasshiftedmarkedlytowardmoremeltingand,therefore,higherseas.Forexample,inabusiness-as-usualscenario,themedianestimatefromtheUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportshouldhavebeenmorethandoubled.Infact,theresearchersfoundthatitisunlikely,butplausible,thattheoceanscouldriseastaggering6.5feetby2100ifemissionslevelscontinuetobehigh.ThatwouldswamproughlyasmuchterritoryasiscontainedinallofWesternEuropeandmake187millionpeoplehomeless.SincetheUnitedNations'lastmajorclimateassessment,thescientistswatchingtheEarth'smajoricesheetshavewitnessedmassiveicelossesandtriedtobettermodelthewaythesheetsfracture,howliquidwaterinteractswiththesolidstuff,andtheinstabilityoficecliffs.Theyhavealsodonemoretoassesshowtheseicesheetsbehavedinpreviouswarmingepochs.Theyhavenotbeenabletoprovidemorepreciseestimatesforhowbadthingscouldgetexcepttosaytheoutlookisworsethantheythoughtpreviously.Aswithmanyeffectsofhuman-forcedplanetarywarming,theprecisenatureofsomeconsequenceswillbeknownonlyaftertheyoccur,whenitistoolate.Itisthissortofuncertaintythatopponentsofaddressingglobalwarminghaveplayeduptoargueagainstaction.Yetalthoughitispossibletocontemplateless-badconsequencesatoneunlikelyendoftheprobabilityspectrum,itisalsopossibletoforeseeabsolutelydevastatingresultsontheotherend.And,asscientistshavecontinuedtorefinetheirunderstandingofEarthsystems,thedistributionofthescenariosthatseemprobablehastendedtomoveinthewrongdirection.PresidentTrumpandthoseinhisadministrationignorescientists'increasinglydirewarningstotheperiloftheirchildren,grandchildrenandtherestofhumanity.6［單選題］Theword"qualified"(Line3,Para.1)istheclosestinmeaningto A.ExaggeratedB.reservedC.revised0.certificated正確答案：B參考解析：劃?rùn)M線句子前段描寫(xiě)是的海平面上上所帶來(lái)的威脅，然后but轉(zhuǎn)折,向?qū)＜易稍兒Ｋ蠞q的具體情況答復(fù)的數(shù)字應(yīng)該是非常模糊，不具體的。后面一句最新發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)報(bào)告稱，先前對(duì)于海水上升程度的估計(jì)太過(guò)保守。二者都在談?wù)搶?duì)專(zhuān)家估計(jì)的看法，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)句子并列且沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折由此可知，qualified與第三句中的conservative意思應(yīng)該相近，B符合題意。［單選題］'beUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportismentionedto A.explaintherelationshipbetweenicemeltingandsea-levelvethecollapseoftheworld'soceanecosystemsC.showtheconservativenessofthepreviouscalculation0.stressthedevastationofglobalwariningtopeopleincoastalareas正確答案：C參考解析：theUnitedNations'lastmajorclimatereportshouldhavebeenmorethandoubled,聯(lián)合國(guó)最近的報(bào)告中的預(yù)測(cè)中間值是原來(lái)的兩倍多，實(shí)際情況可能會(huì)很糟糕，通過(guò)對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)的匯總，研究人員得出結(jié)論，冰蓋融化的范圍遠(yuǎn)超科學(xué)家現(xiàn)在的推測(cè)范圍，因此，海平面上升的程度要比推測(cè)的更高?！庇纱丝梢?jiàn)，二者都在說(shuō)明原來(lái)科學(xué)家所做的預(yù)測(cè)數(shù)摘氐得多，過(guò)于保守。C正確。［單選題］HcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatA.scientistshavealreadyconstructedaccurateice-sheetmodels.peopletendtoturnadeatheartoscientists'preciseestimatesC.humansawakentotheperilofglobalwarminguntilitistoolateD.thetruenatureofsomeconsequencesisentirelypredictable正確答案：C參考解析：Aswithmanyeffectsofhuman-forcedplanetarywarming,theprecisenatureofsomeconsequenceswillbeknownonlyaftertheyoccur,whenitistoolate.第三段前面描述了科學(xué)家評(píng)估大型冰蓋消融的情況，但是不能給出更精確的評(píng)估。一些后果的確切情形只有在發(fā)生之后才能得知。D符合題意。［單選題］、beauthorseemstoviewtheTrumpadministrationwithA.criticismB.appreciationC.indulgence0.sympathy正確答案：A參考解析：PresidentTrumpandthoseinhisadministrationignorescientists'increasinglydirewarningstotheperiloftheirchildren,grandchildrenandtherestofhumanity.倒數(shù)第二段提到盡管有不確定性。但是后果不太嚴(yán)重的可能性很小，但特朗普總統(tǒng)及其政府任置若罔聞。所以作者的態(tài)度是批判的。A正確、[單選^]lnthistext,theauthormainlydiscussesthatA.theoceansprovideacushionagainstthewarmingplanetscientistscannotpreciselypredicttheconsequencesoficemeltingC.theresultsofsea-levelrisewillbemoreworsethanweexpectedD.thepolicymakershouldtakeactionstotackletheenvironmentalproblems正確答案：C參考解析：對(duì)于全球變暖造成的海平面上升程度，此前的估計(jì)太過(guò)保守，實(shí)際情況將遠(yuǎn)比我們想象的嚴(yán)重。然后提到了雖然具有不確定性，但是可能性很小并且人類(lèi)可能面臨毀滅性的危險(xiǎn)，但是還是有及個(gè)別國(guó)家及其政府對(duì)此置若罔聞，可見(jiàn)全文都在講述海平面上升的嚴(yán)重程度遠(yuǎn)超我們的預(yù)期，選項(xiàng)[C]"海平面上升的結(jié)果將比我們預(yù)期的更糟"意思與此相近，故為答案。材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答11-15題InitsprimeGoldmanSachswasexceptionalFifteenyearsago,justbeforetheglobalfinancialcrisis,thebankeasilyoutshoneitsWallStreetrivals—winningthemostlucrativedealsandmakingthemostprofitabletrades.Itprintedmoney,bothforshareholdersandemployees.Althoughthecrisisimperiledthefirmalongwiththerestofthebankingindustry,itnavigatedthechaosrelativelywell.Successallowedittobehaughty-whileotherbanksengagedinthegrubbygameofsuckinguptoinvestors,Goldmanremainedsecretiveandenigmatic.Howtimeshavechanged.Thisweekthefirmhelditsfirstinvestorday,ledbyDavidSolomon,whotookoveraschiefexecutivelastyear.Itcomesafteralongperiodofunderperformance.AdollarinvestedinGoldmanin2010wouldbeworthjust$1.60today.AdollarwageredonJPMorganChasewouldbeworth$4.10.Goldmanhasbecomealaggard.ItspredicamentreflectstwobigchangesinWesternbanking.Oneisthedecliningprofitabilityofcapital-marketsactivity,inlargeparttheresultoftighterrules,includinghighercapitalrequirementsforriskieractivity,penaltiesonlendersthatrelyondebtmarketstofundthemselvesandtightercomplianceregimes.Thesecondistherisingimportanceoftechnologyintheindustry,asconsumersandcorporateborrowersshifttodigitalbanking.ThisappearstogiveanimmediateadvantagetoverylargelendersthatcansupporthugeITbudgets,andtobigtechplatformfirmsthathavevastnumbersofcustomerswhocanbesoldfinancialproducts,asisalreadythecaseinmuchofAsia.Goldmanhasbeenonthewrongsideofthesetrends.MrSolomon'snewplanis,inpart,tobecomemorelikeJPMorganChase,withabroaderrangeofservicesandfunding.GoldmanwantstoexpandMarcus,itsfast-growingconsumerarm,andalsotobuildoutitstransaction-bankingdivisionthatshipsmoneyaroundtheworldforcompanies.Itplanstoattractmoredeposits,whicharetypicallythecheapestwaytofundabank.Ithashiredanarmyoftechexperts.Allthis,Goldmanhopes,willraiseitsreturnontangibleequityto14%.Goldmansaysitrecognizestheneedforfundamentalreform.Itboastsoftransformingitsmachoculturewithamorediverseintakeofrecruits.Butyoucanquestionhowmuchithasreallychanged.Itcontinuestoallocatehalfitscapitaltoitsonce-famedtradingoperation,despiteitsdrabreturns.Anditstillspendsalavish$12bnayearonrewardingitsstaff,evenasthefirmearnedonly$8bnforitsshareholdersin2019.IfGoldman'sreinventionfailsitmayultimatelyhavetodoadeal.UnitingWellsFargoandGoldman,forexample,wouldcreatesomethingmorelikeJPMorganChase.［單選題］ofthefollowingrepresentschangeoftimes?AJPMorganChasesurpassedGoldmanSachsinprofitmakingB.TheglobalfinancialcrisisstruckWallStreetbankingindustryC.GoldmanSachsdidn'texceeditsrivalsuntilfinancialcrisisD.GoldmanSachshasfallenbehindandhelditsfirstinvestorday正確答案：D參考解析：Thisweekthefirmhelditsfirstinvestorday,ledbyDavidSolomon,whotookoveraschiefexecutivelastyear.Itcomesafteralongperiodofunderperformance.第一段描寫(xiě)了高盛集團(tuán)的輝煌。然后第二段描寫(xiě)了他舉辦的投資者活動(dòng)，因?yàn)楹荛L(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里高盛的業(yè)績(jī)表現(xiàn)不佳。"高盛已經(jīng)落后并且第一次舉辦了投資者日活動(dòng)”反映了高盛從輝煌到落后的變化，所以選項(xiàng)［D］為正確答案。［單選題］'befactorsthatleadtochangesinWesternbankingareA.tighterregulationandtheriseofdigitalbankingB.penaltiesonlendersandtheimportanceoftechnologyC.tightercomplianceregimesandanupgradeofservices0.highercapitalrequirementandhugeITbudgets正確答案：A參考解析：ItspredicamentreflectstwobigchangesinWesternbanking.Oneisthedecliningprofitabilityofcapital-marketsactivity,inlargeparttheresultoftighterrules,Thesecondistherisingimportanceoftechnologyintheindustry,asconsumersandcorporateborrowersshifttodigitalbanking.該段描述了銀行業(yè)的兩大主要變化：資本市場(chǎng)活動(dòng)的盈利不斷下降和技術(shù)在銀行業(yè)的重要性日益上升。第一個(gè)變化的原因是tighterrules,第二個(gè)變化的原因是consumersandcorporateborrowersshifttodigitalbanking,所以A符合題意。［單選題］\nwhatwaydoesGoldman'snewplanmakeitmorelikeJPMorganChase?A.toprovidemoreextensiveservicesB.toincreaseitsrateofreturnto14%C.torecruitmorediverseemployeesD.toinvestmoreintradingoperation正確答案：A參考解析：Goldmanhasbeenonthewrongsideofthesetrends.MrSolomon'snewplanis,inpart,tobecomemorelikeJPMorganChase,withabroaderrangeofservicesandfunding.由此可知，這里是指在擴(kuò)大服務(wù)和融資范圍方面更像摩根大通選項(xiàng)A"toprovidemoreextensiveservices"提供更廣泛的服務(wù)"為正確答案。14［單選題/認(rèn)h'\chofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph5?A.Goldmanwillimplementfundamentalreform.B.Goldmanhaschangeditsmachoculture.C.Goldman'sreformwillbeafutileattempt.D.Goldman'sshareholdershavebenefitedalot.正確答案：A參考解析：Goldmansaysitrecognizestheneedforfundamentalreform.Itboastsoftransformingitsmachoculturewithamorediverseintakeofrecruits.Butyoucanquestionhowmuchithasreallychanged.高盛集團(tuán)認(rèn)識(shí)到了改革的重要性，并進(jìn)行了部分的改革，由此可見(jiàn)高盛公司進(jìn)行改革的決心，故選項(xiàng)兇Goldmanwillimplementfundamentalreform.”高盛公司將實(shí)施根本性改革"為正確答案。15［單選題］'heauthor'sattitudetowardGoldmanSachs'sreformmaybeA.dissatisfiedB.skepticalC.Ambiguous0.supportive正確答案：B參考解析：作者對(duì)高盛集團(tuán)的改革并不看好,該段第三句指出Butyoucanquestionhowmuchithasreallychanged.然后寫(xiě)到了高盛集團(tuán)的改革失敗，它可能最終不得不達(dá)成某種并購(gòu)交易，作者對(duì)高盛的改革是否能夠成功持有懷疑態(tài)度。B正確。材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答16-20題ThesupremecourthasoftenbeenafriendlyforumforDonaldTrump'sadministrationwhenitsimmigrationpolicieshavefounderedinthelowercourts.In2018,thejusticesblessedthethirditerationofMrTrump'sbanontravelfrompredominantlyMuslimcountries.ThenextyeartheyallowedthepresidenttomoveforwardwithasylumrestrictionsandtodivertfederalmoneyforawallontheMexicanborder.OnJanuary27ththeSupremeCourtvotedtopermitanewwealthtestforgreen-cardapplicantswhilelitigationonthemattercontinues.Thelatestdecision,liketwooftheotherthree,splitthejustices5-4.For130yearsthegovernmentcoulddenypermanentlegalstatustoimmigrantsatriskofbecominga"publiccharge".Butarulethatoriginallybarredonlyahandfulofdestituteimmigrantscould,undertherevisionannouncedlastAugust,ropeouthundredsofthousandsofimmigrants.Thosewhoaredeemedlikelytoneedfoodstamps,Medicaidorhousingassistanceover12ofthenext36months—afterconsideringfamilysize,Englishproficiency,creditscoreandincome,amongotherfactors—wouldbeineligibleforagreencard.BeforetheTrumpadministrationcouldimplementthechangeonOctober15th,itwasblockedinafederaldistrictcourtinNewYork.Themovehas"absolutelynosupportinthehistoryofUSimmigrationlaw",JudgeGeorgeDanielswrote,andis"repugnanttotheAmericandream".AfteranappealscourtallowedJudgeDaniels'sinjunctiontostand,theTrumpadministrationaskedtheSupremeCourttostepin.Thecourtgrantedtherequestwithoutcomment.ButJusticeNeilGorsuch,joinedbyJusticeClarenceThomas,expressedfrustrationwiththephenomenonofdistrictjudgesissuinginjunctionsthatapplyuniversallyacrossthecountry.Theseinjunctions"sharethesamebasicflaw",inJusticeGorsuch'seyes,inthattheydictatehowthegovernmentmusttreatpeople"whoarenotpartiestothecase".Judicialinterventionsthathaveanimpactoneveryonefromcoasttocoastaffectedbyagovernmentprogrammeare"patentlyunworkable"andsowchaos,MrTrump'sfirstSupremeCourtappointeeargued.Healsocharacterisedthemas"asignofourimpatienttimes".HowardWassermann,alawprofessoratFloridaInternationalUniversity,agreeswithJusticeGorsuch'sreasoningbutwonderswhyhechosethismomenttoattackuniversalinjunctions.JusticeGorsuchprobablywouldhaveopposedevenanarrowerinjunction,MrWassermanreckons.16［單選題］'beapprovalofMrTrump'sbaninParagraph1indicatesthatA.thesupremecourtisabsolutelyanimpartialinstitutionB.thelowercourtsoftenplaceobstaclesforthePresidentC.MrTrump'sadministrationissupportedbythesupremecourt0.MuslimcountriesandMexicoareregardedasthreatstoAmerica正確答案：C參考解析：ThesupremecourthasoftenbeenafriendlyforumforDonaldTrump'sadministrationwhenitsimmigrationpolicieshavefounderedinthelowercourts.開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題，當(dāng)特朗普政府的移民政策在下級(jí)法院受阻時(shí)，最高法院卻經(jīng)常成為其政府的友好論壇，然后舉了幾個(gè)最高法院對(duì)特朗普政府支持的例子。C正確。17［單選題］HcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatA.theU.S.governmentisatlibertytorejectmostimmigrantsB.therevisionoftheoriginalrulebenefitsmoreimmigrantsC.thenewlypermittedimmigrantsmustbefinanciallyindependentD.fewerimmigrantsarelikelytobepermittedtosettleinAmerica正確答案：D參考解析：Butarulethatoriginallybarredonlyahandfulofdestituteimmigrantscould,undertherevisionannouncedlastAugust,ropeouthundredsofthousandsofimmigrants.本來(lái)政府可以拒絕給與有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成為受政府救濟(jì)的移民永久合法身份，通過(guò)8月修正案之后，禁止的范圍擴(kuò)大了。將會(huì)有更少的人獲得綠卡。所以D正確。18AccordingtoJusticeNeilGorsuch,JudgeGeorgeDaniels'sinjunctionA.hasbeenbannedacrossthecountryB.hasitsfundamentalflawC.violatestheAmericandreamD.willcausechaosintheU.S.正確答案：B參考解析：ButJusticeNeilGorsuch,joinedbyJusticeClarenceThomas,expressedfrustrationwiththephenomenonofdistrictjudgesissuinginjunctionsthatapplyuniversallyacrossthecountry.JusticeNeilGorsuch對(duì)地區(qū)法官發(fā)布的禁令卻在全國(guó)普遍適用的現(xiàn)象表示失望。然后下一段Theseinjunctions"sharethesamebasicflaw",inJusticeGorsuch'seyes,B符合題意。19［單選題氏canbelearnedfromthelastParagraphthatprofessorHowardWassermanquestionsA.therationalviewsproposedbyGorsuchB.thetimingofattackingtheinjunctionsC.thefeasibilityoftheuniversalinjunctionsD.thevalidityofanarrowerinjunction正確答案：B參考解析：HowardWassermann,alawprofessoratFloridaInternationalUniversity,agreeswithJusticeGorsuch'sreasoningbutwonderswhyhechosethismomenttoattackuniversalinjunctions.霍華德?沃瑟曼雖然認(rèn)同戈薩奇大法官對(duì)于禁令問(wèn)題的理性觀點(diǎn)，但是質(zhì)疑其抨擊普適禁令的時(shí)機(jī)，故B“thetimingofattackingtheinjunctions"正確。20［單選題/認(rèn)Webofthefollowingistrueofthetext?A.Thecaseonthenewwealthtestforgreen-cardapplicantshasbeenclosed.BJudgeGeorgeDanielsopposestheinjunctiontodefendthevulnerable.C.DonaldTrumpconsiderstheinjunctionasasymbolofAmericandream.□JusticeNeilGorsuchislesslikelytoapproveanyuniversalinjunctions.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)第五段第二句可知，戈薩奇法官認(rèn)為一刀切的司法干預(yù)是行不通的，且會(huì)造成混亂，并將其描述為"我們這個(gè)缺乏耐心的時(shí)代的標(biāo)志"，止匕外,第六段從霍華德?沃瑟曼的評(píng)論中也可以看出戈薩奇法官對(duì)于普適禁令的反對(duì)態(tài)度，故D"JusticeNeilGorsuchislesslikelytoapproveanyuniversalinjunctions”正確。材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答21-25題"Oncetherocketsareup,whocareswheretheycomedown?That'snotmydepartment",saidWernhervonBraun,thepioneerrocketscientistwhoworkedafter1945,withequalenthusiasm,forNASA.Nowaratherdifferentmathematician,HannahFry,hascalledforaHippocraticOathforscientistsandtechnologiststohelpthemcarryconstantlyintheirmindstheethicalconsequencesoftheirwork.Thisisaproposalthatdeservesseriousconsideration:ifitachievesnothingelse,itwillhelptodispeltheideathattechnologieslikesoftwaredevelopmentareinthemselvesmorallyneutral,sothatethics,ormorality,canbedealtwithbysomeoneelse.Thosewhosendtherocketsupneedtothinkcarefullyaboutwheretheymightcomedown.Therearethreeobviousissueswithherplan.Thefirstis"Whoseethics?Whichrationality?"Thereisnosingle,universalcodeofethicstowhichallscientistsaroundtheworldsubscribeandthewarsofthe20thcenturyshowhowquicklymanycouldberecruitedtoweaponsresearchinthenameofdefendingcivilisation.Andabsolutepacifismhasnotbeenafeatureofearliereffortsatscientificethics.ThephilosopherKarlPopperproposedin1969anoathforallstudentsofscience；eventhen,hecould,anddid,justifysomeworkonnuclearweapons.Thesecondproblemistheextremedifficultyofforeseeingtheusestowhichpureresearchcanbeput.Therehavebeenafewoccasionsinrecenttimeswhenscientistshavedrawnbackfromresearchuntilsomeatleastoftheethicalconsequencesofitsapplicationhavebecomeclearer:thesuspensionofgeneticengineeringintheAsflomarconferenceisthemostcelebrated.Butfundamentalresearchhasusesfarbeyondtheimaginationofthepeoplewhocarryitout.NoonecouldblameAlanTuringforYouTube'sroleinstirringupextremism.Beyondthishorizonofignoranceappearswhatmightbecalledahorizonofinfluence:anyoneindividualcanonlyaccomplishalimitedamountcomparedtotheforcesofstatesandhugebusinesses.TimBerners-Lee,whoinventedtheweb,ishorrifiedbysomeofthewaysinwhichithasdevelopedbuthehasbeenpowerlesstostopthem.It'struethatcollectiveactioncanhaveeffects,butthesearelimited.ArevulsionamongtheworkersatGooglehassofarstoppedthecompanyfromcooperatingwiththeUSimmigrationservice.IthasnotstoppeditsYouTubealgorithmsfromcorruptingpoliticsinBrazil.Anyeffectivemoralactionmustcomefromcorporationsasawhole,notjustsomeoftheirworkers.Butforallthesedrawbacks,thisisstillaworthwhileidea.Thechoicebetweenindividualandcollectiveethicsisnoteither/or.Bothareneeded.Thedominantidealofthelastdecadeshasbeenboundlessselfishness,bothindividualandcorporate.Whateverhelpstoputlimitsonthatisnotjustdesirablebutessential.21［單選題］\卜eauthorbeginsthearticlewithWernhervonBraun'swordsto A.showhispioneeringdevelopmentofrockettechnologyB.praisehisunfailingenthusiasmintheresearchforNASAC.analyzehisrecklesscalculationofthelandingdirectionoftherockets0.criticizehiscompletedisregardforthemoralprinciplesofhisresearch正確答案：D參考解析通過(guò)"Oncetherocketsareup,whocareswheretheycomedown?點(diǎn)明了沃納?馮?布勞恩的觀點(diǎn)，然后通過(guò)數(shù)學(xué)家漢娜?弗萊提議作對(duì)比，表明了作者的態(tài)度，她呼吁通過(guò)一個(gè)科學(xué)和技術(shù)界的希波克拉底誓言，以幫助科學(xué)家和技術(shù)專(zhuān)家時(shí)時(shí)提醒自己的研究工作會(huì)帶來(lái)的道德倫理結(jié)果，所以選項(xiàng)criticizehiscompletedisregardforthemoralprinciplesofhisresearch”批評(píng)他完全無(wú)視自己研究的道德原則"為正確答案。22Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheroleofHannahFry'sproposal?A.ltremindsscientiststokeeptheconsciousnessofresponsibility.thelpstoarmpeoplewiththeknowledgeoftheHippocraticOath.C.lteducatespeoplenottouseproductsofferedbyillegaltechfirms.D.ltinstillstheideaofmoralneutralityinsoftwaredevelopment.正確答案：A參考解析：Thisisaproposalthatdeservesseriousconsideration:ifitachievesnothingelse,itwillhelptodispeltheideathattechnologieslikesoftwaredevelopmentareinthemselvesmorallyneutral,sothatethics,ormorality,canbedealtwithbysomeoneelse.Thosewhosendtherocketsupneedtothinkcarefullyaboutwheretheymightcomedown.漢娜?弗萊的提議是時(shí)刻提醒自己的研究工作會(huì)帶來(lái)的道德倫理后果，對(duì)自己研究成果使用的道德性保持高度關(guān)注才不致危害社會(huì)，所以發(fā)射回見(jiàn)的人需要認(rèn)真思考火箭可能會(huì)下落的地點(diǎn)。因此，選項(xiàng)Itremindsscientiststokeeptheconsciousnessofresponsibility."它提醒科學(xué)家時(shí)刻意識(shí)到自己的責(zé)任"為正確答案。23［單選題］NcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatA.scientistshavedifferentviewsabouttheuniversalcodeofethicsB.manyscientistswereforcedtomakeweaponsduringWorldWar團(tuán)C.noconsiderationwasgivenfortheethicsofresearchinearlydaysD.KarlPopper'sactionsmatchedwithhisstatementofmoralresponsibility正確答案：A參考解析:Thereisnosingle,universalcodeofethicstowhichallscientistsaroundtheworldsubscribeandthewarsofthe20thcenturyshowhowquicklymanycouldberecruitedtoweaponsresearchinthenameofdefendingcivilisation.世界上并沒(méi)有一條所有科學(xué)家們一致贊同的、統(tǒng)一且普遍的道德準(zhǔn)則，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選項(xiàng)只有scientistshavedifferentviewsabouttheuniversalcodeofethics"科學(xué)家們對(duì)普遍的道德準(zhǔn)則有不同的看法"符合題意。24［單選題］'heAsilomarconferenceismentionedinthetexttoindicateA.thehardefforttoimplementageneticengineeringprojectB.thenecessitytofocusontheethicaleffectofscienceC.thefullcontrolovertheusesoffundamentalresearchD.AIanTuring'sresponsibilityforprovokingextremism正確答案：B參考解析：Thesecondproblemistheextremedifficultyofforeseeingtheusestowhichpureresearchcanbeput.這一段第一句點(diǎn)題，很難預(yù)知純理論研究的用途，然后用TheAsilomarconference舉例，因?yàn)榛A(chǔ)研究的用途遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了研究者的思想，產(chǎn)生了很多道德影響，所以阿西洛馬會(huì)議上對(duì)基因工程相關(guān)研究的暫停就是要關(guān)注ethicaleffectofscience,A符合題意。25［單選題］'beauthordiscussesthesubjectofethicsforscientistby A.citingthequotesofcelebritiesB.analyzingthedeficienciesinitC.assessingitsimpactonourfuture0.explainingitsgenerallyaccepteddefinition正確答案：B參考解析:第一段引出了數(shù)學(xué)家漢娜?弗萊關(guān)于科學(xué)和技術(shù)界的希波克拉底誓言的提議，然后在下面三段對(duì)提議存在的不足之處進(jìn)行分析，最后一段總結(jié)并對(duì)提議給予肯定?？梢?jiàn)文章主要是通過(guò)分析提議的不足之處來(lái)闡述主題的，故答案為選項(xiàng)analyzingthedeficienciesinit"分析其不足之處"。材料題根據(jù)下面資料，回答26-30題Willarobotsnatchawayyourjob?Orwillyoulearntoloveintelligentmachinesasco-workers?Intoday'squicklyevolvingworkplacealittleofeithermaybetrue.Robotswereonceseenasworkers