考研考博-英語-山西電力職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山西電力職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Themechanicjackedupthecarandthen（）tochangethetire.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.advanced

B.went

C.moved

D.proceeded

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)advanced“提出，前進(jìn)”；B選項(xiàng)went“達(dá)到，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”；C選項(xiàng)moved“移動，搬動”；D選項(xiàng)proceeded“繼續(xù)，進(jìn)行”。句意：機(jī)械工用千斤頂把汽車頂起來，然后開始換輪胎。由選項(xiàng)意思和句意可知，D選項(xiàng)符合句意。

2.單選題

Ourprogramisdifferent（）itstressesthetechnicalskillsthatbusinessandindustryseekastheyincorporatetheinternetintotheirenterprisesystems.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.nowthat

B.inthat

C.incase

D.regardlessof

【答案】B

【解析】nowthat"既然";inthat"由于";incase"萬一,假使";regardlessof"不管,不顧"。句意：我們的項(xiàng)目不同,它強(qiáng)調(diào)了商業(yè)和工業(yè)在將互聯(lián)網(wǎng)融入企業(yè)系統(tǒng)時所尋求的技術(shù)技能。前后為因果關(guān)系。所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese

Someoldpeoplearetroubledbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofeartheywillbekilledinabattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrowsandhasdonewhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeit—soatleastitseemstome―istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifebecomesincreasinglypartoftheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver—smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowwider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomepartofthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.

【答案】有些老年人恐懼死亡。要是年輕人這樣想.那倒情有可原。那些害怕在戰(zhàn)爭中陣亡的年輕人，想到自己被生活所欺騙，錯失了生命中最美好的東西，感到苦澀理所當(dāng)然。但對于一個飽嘗了人間悲歡離合，實(shí)現(xiàn)一生抱負(fù)的老人來說，恐懼死亡就有點(diǎn)不光彩了。戰(zhàn)勝對死亡的恐懼的最好的方法是——至少對我而言是可行的一一逐步拓寬你的興趣，并使其不受人際感情的影響，直到自我的圍城慢慢地消失，你的生命加快融入到眾生之中。一個人應(yīng)當(dāng)像一條河流，開始時窄而淺，靜靜流淌于兩岸之中，然后，奔騰沖擊于巖石之間，飛流直下于高崖之處。慢慢地，河流越走越寬，河岸逐步退去，水流更顯平緩，直到最后，毫無跡象地融入大海，平和地失去了個體的存在。

4.單選題

Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeheldtoone-fifthofthetotal（）forlivingexpenses.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.acceptable

B.applicable

C.advisable

D.available

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)acceptable“可接受的”；B選項(xiàng)applicable“可適用的，合適的”；C選項(xiàng)advisable“明智的”；D選項(xiàng)available“可獲得的”。句意：一般來說，學(xué)生可用于住房的錢應(yīng)該占全部生活費(fèi)的五分之一。availablefor意為“可用于……的”，所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

5.翻譯題

III.(本題3段，每段10分)

TheoriesofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsconstituteasystemofscientifictheoriesincludingDengXiaopingTheory,theimportantthoughtofThreeRepresents,andtheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentandothermajorstrategicthoughts.ThissystemrepresentstheParty’sadherencetoanddevelopmentofMarxism-LeninismandMaoZedongThoughtandembodiesthewisdomandhardworkofseveralgenerationsofChineseCommunistsleadingthepeopleincarryingouttirelessexplorationsandpractices.Itisanopensystemthatkeepsdeveloping.PracticessincethepublicationoftheCommunistManifestonearly160yearsagohaveprovedthatonlywhenMarxismisintegratedwiththeconditionsofaspecificcountry,advancesinstepwiththetimesarid,istiedtothedestinyofthepeoplecanitdemonstrateitsstrongvitality,creativityandappeal.IncontemporaryChina,tostaytruetoMarxismmeanstoadheretothesystemoftheoriesofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.

Educationshouldbewild,exciting,intoxicating.Thesedays,moreandmoretertiaryeducationestablishmentsspecializeincoursesthattooklikeashort-cuttoasexyjob:youcanstudysport,orjournalism,ortelevision,orpopmusic,evenfashion.Theerror?—theheresy—istothinkthattheentirepurposeofeducationistogetyouabetterjob;thattheentirefunctionofanindividuallifeistomakeasmuchmoneyaspossible.It’saterribleshame,andIfeelhorriblysadforthepeoplewhomustgothroughitall,carryingtheburdenofeconomicexpectationratherthanthespiritofexplorationandadventure.Wewerealltoobusytryingtosussoutthemeaningoflifetobesidetrackedbysuchside-issuesascareers,untilthetimecametomeetrealityheadon.Thepurposeofmoderneducationistomakeyouawealthyperson.

InaspeechthatwillsetChina’sdirectionforthefuture,hespokeoftheneedtoaddresstheproblemsofenvironmentaldegradation,politicalcorruptionandincomeinequalitybetweentherichcitiesontheeasternseaboardandvillagesinthepoorwesterninterior.HetoldChinese:“Growthisnotouronlygoal.Sustainabilityandcuttinginequalityishighonagenda.”But,headmittedthatthepartyhadstruggledtokeeppacewiththerapidchangesinsociety.“Whilerecognizingourachievements,wemustbewellawarethattheystillfallshortoftheexpectationsofthepeople.”hesaid,“Thegovernmentcapabilityofthepartyfallssomewhatshortoftheneedtodealwiththenewsituationandtasks.”

【答案】中國特色社會主義理論體系，是包括鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學(xué)發(fā)展觀等重大戰(zhàn)略思想在內(nèi)的科學(xué)理論體系。這是我們黨對馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想的堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展，是幾代中國共產(chǎn)黨人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民不懈探索和實(shí)踐的智慧和汗水的結(jié)晶。它是一個不斷發(fā)展的開放體系?！豆伯a(chǎn)黨宣言》發(fā)表近160年來的實(shí)踐證明，馬克思主義只有同具體國情相結(jié)合、與時俱進(jìn)、同人民命運(yùn)緊密相連，才能展現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)大的生命力、創(chuàng)造力和感召力。在當(dāng)代中國，堅(jiān)持馬克思主義，就是堅(jiān)持中國特色社會主義理論體系。

教育應(yīng)該是狂野的、令人興奮的和令人陶醉的。如今，越來越多的高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)專門開設(shè)一些課程，這些課程似乎是獲得一份有吸引力的工作的捷徑：你可以學(xué)習(xí)體育，或新聞，或電視，或流行音樂，甚至?xí)r尚。錯誤的一個想法（異端邪說）就是，認(rèn)為教育的全部目的就是為你找到一份更好的工作，而生活的全部目的就是盡可能多地賺錢。這是一種可怕的恥辱，我為那些必須經(jīng)歷這一切的人感到非常難過，他們背負(fù)著經(jīng)濟(jì)期望的重?fù)?dān)，而不是探索和冒險的精神。我們總是忙于追尋人生的意義，直到現(xiàn)實(shí)砸在我們的腦袋上之前，我們都不考慮一些次要的事情，比如職業(yè)什么的。現(xiàn)代教育的目的就是讓你成為一個富有的人。

在這篇將為中國未來指明方向的演講中，他談到了解決環(huán)境惡化、政治腐敗以及東部沿海富裕城市與西部貧困內(nèi)陸農(nóng)村之間收入不平等等問題的必要性。他對中國人說：“增長不是我們唯一的目標(biāo)?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展和減少不平等是議程上的重點(diǎn)?！钡姓J(rèn)，共產(chǎn)黨一直在努力跟上社會的快速變化。他說：“我們在看到成績的同時，也要清醒地看到，我們的成績與人民的期待之間有差距；黨的管理能力與處理新形勢新任務(wù)的需要有一定差距?！?/p>

6.單選題

Hewasfilledwithapprehensionaboutthefuture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fear

B.hesitation

C.excitement

D.eagerness

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)句意可知，apprehension意為恐懼。fear害怕，恐懼；hesitation猶豫；excitement刺激，興奮；eagerness渴望，熱心。選項(xiàng)A與之意思相近。

7.單選題

Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosaysorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.Buthowyousayitcanbequitetricky.

Ifyousaytoyourchildren“I’msorryIgotangrywithyou,but...whatfollowsthat“but”canrendertheapologyineffective:“Ihadabadday”or“yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache”leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfellingthatheshouldbeapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology.

Anothermethodbywhichpeopleappeartoapologizewithoutactuallydoingsoistosay“I’msorryyou’reupset”;thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone.

Thenthereisthegeneral,allcoveringapology,whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain.Saying“I’muselessasaparent”doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement.

Thesepseudo-apologiesareusedbypeoplewhobelievesayingsorryshowsweakness.Parentswhowishtoteachtheirchildrentoapologizeshouldseeitasasignofstrength,andthereforenotresorttothesepseudo-apologies.

Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition,childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildrenfeelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildren’sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-oldmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent’sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.

1.Ifamotheradds“but”toanapology（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,saying“I’msorryyou’reupset”mostlyprobablymeans

（

）.

3.Itisnotadvisabletousethegeneral,all-coveringapologybecause

（

）.

4.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinteachingchildrentosaysorry

（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatapologizingproperlyis（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shedoesn’tfeelthatsheshouldhaveapologized

B.shedoesnotrealizethatthechildhasbeenhurt

C.thechildmayfindtheapologyeasiertoaccept

D.thechildmayfeelthatheowesheranapology

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Youhavegoodreasontogetupset

B.I’mawareyou’reupset,butI’mnottoblame

C.1apologizeforhurtingyourfeelings

D.I’matfaultformakingyouupset

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itgetsoneintothehabitofmakingemptypromises

B.itmaymaketheotherpersonfeelguilty

C.itisvagueandineffective

D.itishurtfulandinsulting

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecomplexitiesinvolvedshouldbeignored

B.theiragesshouldbetakenintoaccount

C.parentsneedtosetthemagoodexample

D.parentsshouldbepatientandtolerant

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.asocialissuecallingforimmediateattention.

B.notnecessaryamongfamilymembers

C.asignofsocialprogress

D.notassimpleasitseem

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“如果一個母親在道歉后加一個‘但是’……”。文章第二段提到“但是后面的內(nèi)容可以讓該道歉變得無效……”（whatfollowsthat“but”canrendertheapologyineffective…），選項(xiàng)D“小孩可能會覺得自己還欠母親一個道歉”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“在作者看來，‘很抱歉讓你煩惱了’意味著……”。文章第三段提到“這表明你在某種程度上是錯誤的，讓你自己因?yàn)樗说乃魉鶠楦械綗馈保╰hissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone），選項(xiàng)B“我意識到你心煩了，但這不是我的錯”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“不建議使用籠統(tǒng)的、涵蓋一切的道歉是因?yàn)椤?。文章第四段對“籠統(tǒng)道歉”的解釋是避免需要去提及特別令人受傷或者受辱的具體行為，道歉的人應(yīng)該承諾不會再犯（whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain），這種道歉并不會起作用，比如“我是一個無用的家長”，并不會讓一個人去具體改進(jìn)，因此這種含糊其辭的道歉是不可取的，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。題目問的是“從最后一段教小孩子道歉可知……”。文章最后一段提到“但是即使孩子看到了真誠悔過的例子，他們?nèi)匀恍枰獛椭フJ(rèn)識到道歉的復(fù)雜性”（Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition,childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry），隨后舉了不同年齡階段的孩子應(yīng)該怎樣教授道歉，由此可以推斷在教小孩子道歉時，年齡是需要考慮的因素，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。題目問的是“從文章中可知，適當(dāng)?shù)牡狼浮?。文章提到了道歉需要技巧；道歉并沒有那么簡單，在教授孩子道歉時要考慮其年齡等，說明道歉并沒有看上去那么容易，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

8.單選題

Themayor（

）hisspeechtosuitthecrowdofhomelesspeoplegatheredinhisoffice.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.intoned

B.expanded

C.tailored

D.shortened

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。intone“吟誦，吟詠”；expand“擴(kuò)大，擴(kuò)展”；tailor“剪裁;使合適”；shorten“縮短，變短”。根據(jù)句意‘為了迎合聚集于自己辦公室的無家可歸的人，市長（

）自己的演說?！_定C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

TheprefixMachisusedtodescribesupersonicspeed.ItwasnamedforErnstMach(1838-1916),aCzech-bornAustrianphysicist,whocontributedtothestudyofsound.Whentwicethespeedofsound,itisMach2.Whenitisnearbutbelowthespeedofsound,itsspeedcanbedesignatedatlessthanMach1,forexample,Mach0.9.Machisdefinedas“theratioofthevelocityofarocketorajettothevelocityofsoundinthemediumbeingconsidered.”

Whenaplanepassesthesoundbarrier—flyingfasterthansoundtravels—listenersintheareahearthunderclaps,butthepilotoftheplanedoesnothearthem.

Soundisproducedbyvibrationsofanobjectandistransmittedbyalternateincreaseanddecreaseinpressurethatradiateoutwardthroughamaterialmediaofmolecules—somewhatlikewavesspreadingoutonapondafterarockhasbeentossedintoit.

Thefrequencyofsoundisdeterminedbythenumberoftimesthevibratingwavesundulate（波動）persecondandismeasuredincyclespersecond.Theslowerthecycleofwaves,thelowerthefrequency.Asfrequenciesincrease,thesoundishigherinpitch.

Soundisaudibletohumanbeingsonlyifthefrequencyfallswithinacertainrange.Thehumanearisusuallynotsensitivetofrequenciesoffewerthan20vibrationspersecond,ormorethanabout20,000vibrationspersecond—althoughthisrangevariesamongindividuals.Anythingatapitchhigherthanthehumanearcanhearistermedultrasonic.

Intensity,orloudness,isthestrengthofthepressureoftheseradiatingwavesandismeasuredindecibels.Thehumanearrespondstointensityinarangefromzeroto120decibels.Anysoundwithpressureover120decibelsispainfultothehumanear.

Thespeedofsoundisgenerallyplacedat1.088feetpersecondatsealevelat32degreesFahrenheit.Itvariesinothertemperaturesandindifferentmedia.Soundtravelsfasterinwaterthaninair,andevenfasterinironandsteel.Ittravelsamilein5secondsinair,itdoesamileunderwaterin1second,andittravelsthroughironin1/3second.Ittravelsthroughicecoldvaporatapproximately4,708feetpersecond;ice-coldwater,4,938;granite,12,960;hardwood,12,620;brick,11,960;glass,16,410to19,690;silver,8,658;gold,5,717.

1.Accordingtothispassage,“Mach”refersto（

）.

2.Soundisproducedby

（

）.

3.Decibelis

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisaTRUEstatement?

5.Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleofthispassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theratiooftheairspeedofanaircrafttothespeedofsound

B.amachine

C.aCzech-bornAustralianphysicist

D.thepilotoftheplane

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.vibrationsofanobjectpassingthroughtheair

B.spreadingofwavesafterarockbeingtossedintoapond

C.thunders

D.aflyingplane

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thefrequencyofradiatingwaves

B.thepressureofradiatingwaves

C.theunitformeasuringtheintensityofsound

D.thespeedofsound

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Soundtravelsfastestthroughthehardestthing.

B.Soundtravelsatdifferentspeedindifferenttemperaturesandindifferentmedia.

C.Soundtravelsfastestinhottesttemperature.

D.Soundtravelsfastestincoldesttemperature.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ThePrefixMach.

B.TheSpeedofSound.

C.TheFrequencyofSound.

D.TheIntensityofSound.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Mach定位到文章第一段中，由Machisdefinedas“theratioofthevelocityofarocketorajettothevelocityofsoundinthemediumbeingconsidered.”（馬赫被定義為“在被考慮的媒介中，火箭或飛機(jī)的速度與聲速的比率”）可知選A。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第三段中的Soundisproducedbyvibrationsofanobjectandistransmittedbyalternateincreaseanddecreaseinpressurethatradiateoutwardthroughamaterialmediaofmolecules（聲音是由物體的振動產(chǎn)生的，并通過分子的物質(zhì)介質(zhì)向外輻射的壓力的交替增加和減少而傳播）可知A選項(xiàng)“物體通過空氣的振動”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞decibel定位到文章倒數(shù)第二段中，由Intensity,orloudness,isthestrengthofthepressureoftheseradiatingwavesandismeasuredindecibels.（強(qiáng)度，或響度，是這些輻射波的壓力強(qiáng)度，以分貝為單位）可知C選項(xiàng)“測量聲音強(qiáng)度的單位”符合題意。

4.推理判讀題。文章最后一段的“Itvariesinothertemperaturesandindifferentmedia.（它在其他溫度和不同的介質(zhì)中變化）”中的it指的是前句中的“thespendofsound（聲音的速度）”，然后介紹了在不同介質(zhì)中傳播的速度不同，因此B選項(xiàng)“聲音以不同的速度在不同的溫度和不同的介質(zhì)中傳播”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。A選項(xiàng)僅適合文章第一段的主題；C選項(xiàng)僅適合第四段和第五段的主題；D選項(xiàng)僅適合第六段的主題。文章首段與尾段都提到了聲音的速度，中間也有提到，因此B選項(xiàng)“聲音的速度”符合題意。

10.單選題

Lungcancerhasnowexceededbreastcancerasa____killerofAmericanwomen.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.preliminary

B.primary

C.potential

D.physical

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.preliminary初步的B.primary主要的

C.potential潛在的D.physical身體的

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】修飾語與被修飾語的搭配

【解題思路】空格前后語義為“肺癌已經(jīng)超過乳腺癌成為美國女性的____殺手”?？崭裉幩钤~修飾的對象為“殺手”，根據(jù)句意，原文指的是，肺癌是美國女性去世的可能原因，C選項(xiàng)potential“潛在的”符合原文前后搭配。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)preliminary“初步的”，與“殺手（killer）”搭配不當(dāng)；

B選項(xiàng)primary“主要的”，原文沒有足夠的語義說明，肺癌是美國女性死亡的主要原因，而只要她們可能因肺癌去世就可以說“潛在原因”，因此，C選項(xiàng)更合適；

D選項(xiàng)physical“身體的”，與“殺手（killer）”搭配不當(dāng)。

【句意】肺癌已經(jīng)超過乳腺癌成為美國女性的潛在殺手。

11.單選題

Modemindustryisbasedonthe（）ofthemaximumproductionatthelowestcost.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.plan

B.project

C.conception

D.idea

【答案】C

【解析】句意：現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)所基于的理念是低成本高產(chǎn)量。選項(xiàng)C符合語境。

12.單選題

Flood,（）andfaminearenaturaldisastersoftenfacingthepeopleinthepeninsula.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.war

B.sanction

C.overpopulation

D.drought

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)war“戰(zhàn)爭，斗爭，軍事，競爭”；B選項(xiàng)sanction“制裁，處罰，認(rèn)可，支持”；C選項(xiàng)overpopulation“人口過?！?；D選項(xiàng)drought“干旱，久旱”。句意：洪水、（）和饑荒是半島人民經(jīng)常面臨的自然災(zāi)害。題干中主要談?wù)搉aturaldisasters自然災(zāi)害，空格前后也都是自然因素。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

13.寫作題

Youaretowriteacompositionofnolessthan250wordsanddoyourcompositionneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingtopic:

OnKnowledgeandAbility

【答案】OnKnowledgeandAbility14.單選題

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyearsandwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionwhichhaveinterestedthemodemphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodemphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemodemeraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodemsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodemscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservationthesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemodems;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodemispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticular,classoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,ariddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmodemtimesis

（

）.

3.Thedifferencebetween“fact”andtheory”

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience

C.TheVerificationofFacts

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodemscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aninductivescience

B.nneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章主要是在對為什么從希臘文化頂峰時期后兩千年來歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢，而后的兩百年又超越了前人這一問題進(jìn)行科學(xué)探究，所以D選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)探究的方法”適合做文章標(biāo)題。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?’’或去我們是否點(diǎn)當(dāng)把兩個階段的特點(diǎn)歸因于所謂的歷史的偶然性歸因于客觀環(huán)境結(jié)合的影響。這一點(diǎn)除非以指導(dǎo)一切的上帝的智慧和無限權(quán)利來解釋，否則難以說清楚。”確定B選項(xiàng)‘這是上帝的行為’正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章最后三句“Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,ariddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.”“事實(shí)是一個提議。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實(shí)的一切特性（除非其證實(shí)只能通過非直接的，遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)），把理論轉(zhuǎn)成事實(shí)必須用簡單的證實(shí)，理論因此具有事實(shí)的一切特性?！贝_定A選項(xiàng)“后者需要證實(shí)”是事實(shí)和理論之間的區(qū)別。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一句話“Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences...”可以推斷出數(shù)學(xué)不是inductivescience，排除A選項(xiàng)；根據(jù)上一題可知需要簡單證實(shí)的是理論，排除B選項(xiàng)；D選項(xiàng)“數(shù)學(xué)基于理論和事實(shí)”這一觀點(diǎn)沒有在文章中體現(xiàn)，排除；所以通過排除法得出C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Afterhislongillness,theoldmanappearedsothinand（

）thatagustofwindmighthaveblownhimaway.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.flimsy

B.powerless

C.frail

D.faint

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。flimsy意為“劣質(zhì)的，不結(jié)實(shí)的，薄而易損壞的”；powerless意為“無影響力的，無權(quán)的，無能為力”；frail意為“脆弱的，虛弱的”；faint意為“（光、聲、味）微弱的，不清楚的”。由句中的longillness（長期生?。┖蛅hin（瘦小的）可知選C。

句意：這位老人病了很久，看上去如此瘦小虛弱以致于一直狂風(fēng)就可能把他吹走。

16.單選題

Anetworkofminiaturetoxindetectorshasbeen（

）in30Americancitiesforthesakeofbio-security.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deployed

B.committed

C.indulged

D.immersed

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)deploy“部署，有效利用”；B選項(xiàng)commit“犯罪，保證”;C選項(xiàng)indulge“沉溺”；D選項(xiàng)immerse“沉浸，陷入”；根據(jù)主語‘Anetworkofminiaturetoxindetectors微型毒素探測器網(wǎng)絡(luò)’確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

17.單選題

ThedestructionoftheEarth’sozonelayer,forexample,couldcontributetothegeneralprocessofimpoverishmentbyallowingultravioletraystoharmplantsandanimals.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sufficient

B.improvement

C.prosperity

D.poverty

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)sufficient“足夠的；充分的”；B選項(xiàng)improvement“改進(jìn)，改善；提高”；C選項(xiàng)prosperity“繁榮，成功”；D選項(xiàng)poverty“貧困；困難；缺少；低劣”。句意：例如，地球臭氧層的破壞會使紫外線傷害動植物，從而加劇貧困化的進(jìn)程。結(jié)合此處關(guān)鍵詞impoverishment“貧窮；致使貧乏或貧瘠之事物；窮困化狀況”，得知D選項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Between1815and1915,morethan30millionimmigrantsarrivedintheUnitedStates.ThesewerepeoplefromothercountrieswhocametomaketheUnitedStatestheirhome.

Immigrantscameformanyreasons.Someweredrivenawayfromhomebyhardshipssuchashunger,poverty,overpopulation,orpoliticalandreligioustroubles.SomewereattractedtotheUnitedStatesbythepromiseofabetterlife.Theyhadheardstoriesaboutcheapland,highwages,andevenaboutstreetspavedwithgold.Somecamebecauseofthepromiseofgreaterfreedominthisnewnation.

Inthemid-1800s,theUnitedStatesneededworkersalmosteverywhere.Workerswereneededtobuildrailroadsandbridges.TheywereneededintheslaughterhousesofChicagoandintheironandcoalminesofOhioandPennsylvania.Theywereneededinfactoriesandonfarms.Theywereneededtobuildhomesandbuildingsinthegrowingcities.AmericancompaniesadvertisedinEuropeforpeopletocometotheUnitedStates.

Thereweretwoperiodswhenimmigrantscameingreaternumbersthanusual.Between1815and1860,largenumbersofpeoplecamefromnorthernEurope.ThelargestgroupswereIrishandGermans.SomeAsians,mostlyChinese,alsocameduringthistime.

In1815,IrelandwasthemostcrowdedcountryinEurope.Mostpeoplehadnolandandlittlefoodormoney.FamilieswouldsendtheiryoungermemberstotheUnitedStates.Theyoungpeopleinturn,wouldfindjobsandsendmoneyhome.ThenthewholefamilywouldmovetotheUnitedStates.Inthe1840s,thepotatocropsfailedinIreland.Everywherepeoplediedofstarvationandfewer.Withintenyears,1.5millionIrishpeopleleftfortheUnitedStates.

MostIrishimmigrantslandedinNorthernportcitiessuchasBoston,NewYork,andPhiladelphia.Theydidnothaveenoughmoneytobuyfarms.Mostsettledinthepoorestareasofthesecities.Irishpeoplegottheworstjobsandlowestpay.Themendugcanals,builtroadsandrailroads,andworkedintextilefactories.Thewomenworkedinfactoriesorashouseholdservants.

MostGermanimmigrantscouldmoveonfromtheEasternportcities.ManyboughtfarmsintheMidwestorstartedbusinessinthenewerWesterncitiesofDetroit,Milwaukee,andChicago.

Thegoldrushof1849broughtmanyChinesetoCalifornia.Floods,typhoons,andhungerhadforcedmanyChinesetoleavetheirhomes.FromUnitedStatesmerchantshipsreachingChina,theyheardabouthighwagesandgold.In1850alone,25,000youngChinesearrivedinCalifornia.TheChineseworkedinthegoldmines.Theyhelpedbuildthefirstrailroadtocrossthenation,whichwasfinishedin1869.Later,theyworkedinlumbering,fishing,andcanningcompanies,andonfarmsinCalifornia.

ThesecondgreatwaveofimmigrantscamemostlyfromeasternandsouthernEuropebetween1890and1910.GiantfactoriesandbusinessesintheUnitedStatesneededmoreandmoreworkers.After1900,asmanyas15,000peoplewouldarriveinoneday.

ManyoftheseimmigrantswereJewsfromdifferentpartsofEuropeseekingreligiousfreedom.SouthernItaliansalsocameinlargenumbers.TheyweredrivenawayfromItalybyaverydifficultlife.SomeSicilianworkersmadeonly8centsaday.Peoplehadtoliveinstrawhousesandsometimesintombsandcaves.

Greeks,Hungarians,Russians,andPolesalsocametotheUnitedStatesduringthistime.MexicanstravelednorthtocitiesandfarmsthroughouttheUnitedStatesSouthwest.JapanesepeoplearrivedontheWestCoast.Theretheytookjobsasfarmworkersandservants.Manyeventuallyboughttheirownland.

LifeintheUnitedStateswasverydifficultforalmostallthenewimmigrants.Andyet,manyfoundsomeoftheirdreamscomingtrue.

1.Animmigrantisapersonwho（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingreasonsisNOTtrue?

3.ChineseimmigrantscametotheUnitedStatesmainlybecauseof

（

）.

4.Whohelpedbuildthefirstrailroad,whichwasfinishedin1869,tocrossthe-nation?

5.LifeintheUnitedStateswasverydifficultfor（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dreamsofahappierlifeandwantsabetterjob

B.leavesone’sowncountryandsettlesinanother

C.comesasasettlerintoanothercountry

D.doessomeoddjobsinsparetime

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Somewereat