考研考博-英語-山西建筑職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山西建筑職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.翻譯題

41.我們必須全面深化改革，以釋放市場活力對沖經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力。

42.盡管財政收入增速放緩，支出壓力加大，但我們要堅持以人為本，持續(xù)增加民生投入。

43.在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共事業(yè)等領(lǐng)域，應(yīng)積極推廣政府和社會資本合作模式。

44.我們要全面推進(jìn)依法治國，加快建設(shè)法治政府、創(chuàng)新政府、廉潔政府和服務(wù)型政府。

45.中國節(jié)能環(huán)保市場潛力巨大，它可以成為新興的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。

【答案】41.Inordertoinvigoratethemarkettooffsetdownwardeconomicpressure,wemustcomprehensivelydeepenreform.

42.Despitetheslowdowninthegrowthofgovernmentrevenueandincreasedpressureonexpenditures,wemustcontinuetoputpeoplefirst,sustainingincreasestospendinginareasthatareimportanttoimprovingstandardsofliving.

43.EffortsshouldbemadetopromotePublic-Private-Partnershipininfrastructure,publicutilitiesandotherareas.

44.Wewillfullypromotethelaw-basedgovernanceofthecountry;movemoreswiftlytobuildaninnovative,clean,service-orientedruleoflawgovernment.

45.ThereisenormouspotentialinChina’smarketforenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection;energyconservationandenvironmentalprotectionindustrycandevelopintoanewpillaroftheeconomy.

2.單選題

Getashirtonesizelargerthanyouusuallywear,becausethismaterial（

）whenyouwashit.

問題1選項

A.fades

B.decreases

C.retreats

D.shrinks

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。fade意為“變暗，衰退，衰落”；decrease意為“減少，降低”；retreat意為“撤退，后退”；shrink意為“收縮，縮小”。

句意：穿一件比你平時穿的大一點的襯衫，因為這個材料洗過后會縮水。

3.單選題

He（）thetheory,thephilosophyandthepatternthatbecamethemodelforLi’sownmilitaryforceslater.

問題1選項

A.furnished

B.decorated

C.polished

D.meditated

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項furnish“提供”；B選項decorate“修飾”；C選項polish“使完美，完善”；D選項meditate“冥想”。根據(jù)題干可知，可推測這里應(yīng)當(dāng)填入一個表示完成的動詞，C選項符合題干內(nèi)容。句意：他……的理論，哲學(xué)和模式，成為后來李自己的軍隊的模型。因此C選項正確。

4.單選題

Somemightconsideritanuglytruththatattractivepeopleareoftenmoresuccessfulthanthose________blessedwithlooks.

問題1選項

A.less

B.more

C.most

D.least

【答案】A

【解析】考查語法知識。根據(jù)題干中more…than結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處應(yīng)填寫比較級與之對應(yīng)，因此排除C和D。而attractive與blessedwithlooks表達(dá)同義，無法比較，因此空格處應(yīng)選擇否定意義。句意：有些人可能會認(rèn)為這是一個丑陋的事實，有吸引力的人往往比那些顏值沒那么高的人更成功。因此A選項符合題意。

5.單選題

Putondarkglassesorthesunwill（

）youandyouwon'tbeabletosee.

問題1選項

A.discern

B.distort

C.dazzle

D.distract

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。discern意為“識別，覺察出，看出”；distort意為“歪曲，扭曲”；dazzle意為“使目?！保籨istract意為“使分心”。

句意：戴上墨鏡，否則太陽會讓你眼花，你會看不見。

6.單選題

InvestorsarebeingencouragedtocontinueploughingtheirsavingsintothestockmarketaftersharesinLondonrecoveredallthelossesincurredsinceSeptember11.TheadvicecomesdespiteAmerica’sDowJonesindustrialaveragetumblingonFridayafteracaseofanthraxwasdiagnosedinNewYork.ConsumerspendinginAmericaalsoslumpedbymorethanthreetimeseconomists’predictionsinSeptember,pushingsharepricesbackbelowpre-attacklevels.

TheFTSE100indexofBritain’slargestcompaniesclosedonFridayat5,145—up112pointsonitsSeptember10close.TheDowinNewYorkralliedlateontocloseat9,344,down66points.Althoughmostexpertsarepredictingfurthervolatilityinthecomingmonths,theyremaincautiouslyoptimisticthattheFTSE100willbeginasustained,ifrocky,rallytowards5,500bytheendoftheyear.Theimmediateeconomicoutlookisstillbleak.SomecommentatorspredictthatAmericawillendurearecessionlastingsixmonths.TheyalsoexpectBritaintosufferasharpslowdown.Butanalystssaythemarketiswellplacedtoabsorbanyfurtherbadnews.

Sharpeconomicdownturnscan,perversely,begoodforthemarketbecausetheyforcefirmstobemorecost-efficient.Therefore,anyannouncementsaboutrisingunemploymentorcorporatestreamliningcouldhaveapositiveeffectonshares.Ofmoreconcerntoprivateinvestorsistheimpactthatanotherterroristattackwouldhaveonshares.Ifthisweretohappen,themarketwouldalmostcertainlyslumpagain.Buthistorysuggeststhatitwould,onceagain,makeupanylostgroundwithinweeks.

Expertsarethereforeurgingprivateinvestorsnottorepeattheirpastmistakes,whentheywaitedforasustainedrallybeforefeelingconfidentenoughtoinvest.Crosssaid,“It’speculiarthatinvestorsfeelit’ssafertoinvestafterthemarkethasrisenby25%thanwhenithasfallenby25%.Commonsensesuggeststhattheoppositewouldbemoreappropriate.”MikeLenhoffofGerrard,thestockbroker,saidthatifthemarkethit5500andremainedaroundthatlevelforsomeweeks,itwouldbeasignthatfurther,sustainedgainswereimminent.Hesaid,“Gettingbackto5500wouldbeimportant,becauseiftheindexstayedatthatlevel,thepsychologyofthemarketwouldchangesubstantially.Defensiveshareswouldbecometooexpensiveandbiginvestorswouldstartmovingintovaluestocks,whicharethetypeoffirmsthatdowellinaneconomicrecovery.”

Butprivateinvestorscouldbeforgivenfortheirpessimisticmood,asnearlyallIsabuyershavesufferedbiglosses.Butinvestorscantakesomecomfortfromthefactthatthenextthreemonthsaretraditionallythebest-performingperiodoftheyearforthestockmarket.DavidSchwartz,thestock-markethistorian,saidtheindexalmostalwaysroseintheperiodbetweenNovemberandApril.Since1974,themarketwentupon24occasionsbetweenNovemberandApril,byanaverageof15%,anddroppedonlythreetimes.Schwartzsaid,“It’snoguaranteeforthisyear,buthistoryisonourside.”

1.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.ThereasonwhysomeexpertsremaincautiouslyoptimisticabouttheFTSEisthattheybelievethat（）.

3.Inthepresentsituation,corporatedownsizingmay（）.

4.Expertsadviseprivateinvestorstoavoidtheirpastmistakesby（）.

5.Fromthelastsentenceofthepassage,wemayinferthatSchwartzbelievesthat（）.

問題1選項

A.FTSE100indexfellimmediatelyafterSeptember11

B.DowJonesindustrialindexisnowbeginningtopickup

C.Consumerspendingishavingapositiveeffectonthestockmarket

D.SharepricesinAmericahaverisencontrarytomostpredictions

問題2選項

A.theAmericaneconomywillbeabletoresistfurtherdownturn

B.theDowJonesindexinNewYorkwillstoptumblingsoon

C.themarketwillabsorbanyfurthershockfrombadnews

D.theeconomicsituationinBritainandAmericawilltakeanupturnin6months

問題3選項

A.sharpeconomicdownturn

B.produceapositiveeffectonshares

C.causethemarkettoslumpagain

D.enablethemarkettoregainanylostground

問題4選項

A.withholdinganyinvestmentuntilthemarkethasrisenby25%

B.investingwhentheFTSEralliesbackto5500

C.investingonlyinthosefirmswhichshowsignsofrecovery

D.investingwhenthestockmarketshowssignsofupturn

問題5選項

A.themarketwillbemostlikelytogoupbetweenNovemberandApril

B.themarketwilldropbyanaverageof15%betweenNovemberandApril

C.themarketwillnotlikelygoupinthenextthreemonths

D.itisquiterationaltotakeapessimisticaltitudetowardsthestockmarket

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，在倫敦股市收復(fù)了9.11以來的全部損失后，投資者被鼓勵繼續(xù)將他們的儲蓄投入股市。盡管美國道瓊斯工業(yè)平均指數(shù)在紐約被診斷出炭疽病例后在周五暴跌，該建議還是出現(xiàn)了。九月份，美國的消費支出也下跌了超過經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)測的三倍，將股價推回到襲擊前的水平之下。由此可知，“9?11”事件后，英國富時100指數(shù)立即下跌，選項A符合原文。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“SomecommentatorspredictthatAmericawillendurearecessionlastingsixmonths.TheyalsoexpectBritaintosufferasharpslowdown.Butanalystssaythemarketiswellplacedtoabsorbanyfurtherbadnews.一些評論家預(yù)測，美國將經(jīng)歷長達(dá)6個月的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。他們還預(yù)計英國經(jīng)濟(jì)將急劇放緩。但分析師表示，市場已經(jīng)做好準(zhǔn)備，可以消化任何進(jìn)一步的壞消息?！盇選項“美國經(jīng)濟(jì)將能夠抵御進(jìn)一步的衰退”和B選項“紐約的道瓊斯指數(shù)將很快停止下跌”在文中沒有提及，選項D“英國和美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢將在6個月內(nèi)好轉(zhuǎn)”不符合原文。選項C“市場將消化任何進(jìn)一步的壞消息”符合原文

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“…anyannouncementsaboutrisingunemploymentorcorporatestreamliningcouldhaveapositiveeffectonshares.任何有關(guān)失業(yè)率上升或公司裁員的消息，都可能對股價產(chǎn)生積極影響?！彼赃x項B正確。

4.判斷推理題。題干意思是“專家建議私人投資者避免過去的錯誤，在……”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句Expertsarethereforeurgingprivateinvertorsnottorepeattheirpastmistakes,whentheywaitedforasustainedrallybeforefeelingconfidentenoughtoinvest.（因此，專家們敦促私人投資者不要重蹈覆轍，不要等到股市持續(xù)上漲時才有足夠的信心進(jìn)行投資）和第四段ifthemarkethit5500andremainedaroundthatlevelforsomeweeks,itwouldbeasignthatfurther,sustainedgainswereimminent.（如果股市達(dá)到5500點，并在這一水平附近保持?jǐn)?shù)周，這將表明，進(jìn)一步持續(xù)的上漲即將到來）可推斷，私人投資者可以在股市好轉(zhuǎn)的時候進(jìn)行投資，故D項“當(dāng)股票市場顯示好轉(zhuǎn)跡象時進(jìn)行投資”正確；B項“當(dāng)富時指數(shù)回升至5500點時投資”與原文不符；由It’speculiarthatinvestorsfeelit’ssafertoinvestafterthemarkethasrisenby25%thanwhenithasfallenby25%.Commonsensesuggeststhattheoppositewouldbemoreappropriate.（奇怪的是，投資者覺得在股市上漲25%后投資比下跌25%時更安全；常識告訴我們，相反的措辭會更合適）可知，市場下跌25%比股市上漲25%后投資更安全，A項“在市場上漲25%之前不做任何投資”錯誤；C項“只投資那些有復(fù)蘇跡象的公司”原文沒有提到。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Schwartzsaid,‘It’snoguaranteeforthisyear,buthistoryisonourside.’Schwartz說，今年不敢保證，但歷史總是站在我們這一邊。”上文提到，股票市場歷史學(xué)家Schwartz表示，股票指數(shù)在11月~4月期間幾乎總是上漲的。所以選項A符合原文。

7.單選題

Inorderto（）therisingproductioncosts,thesubscriptionrateshavebeenincreased.

問題1選項

A.addupto

B.lookupto

C.cutshort

D.keepupwith

【答案】D

【解析】詞組辨析題。A選項addupto“合計達(dá)...，總共達(dá)...”；B選項lookupto“尊敬”；C選項cutshort“縮短，縮減”；D選項keepupwith“跟上，趕上”。句意：為了跟上不斷上漲的生產(chǎn)成本，訂閱費已經(jīng)提高了。選項D符合語境。

8.單選題

Itisthroughlearningthattheindividual（

）

manyhabitualwaysofreactingtosituations.

問題1選項

A.retains

B.gains

C.achieves

D.acquired

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。retain“保持”；gain“獲得”，指通過努力獲得自己想要的東西；achieve“收獲，獲得”，指憑借長期的努力實現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)；acquire“獲得”，指通過努力逐步獲得才能、知識、習(xí)慣等。通過分析，選項D符合題意。

9.單選題

Onweekendsmygrandmausually（）aglassofwine.

問題1選項

A.subscribesto

B.engagesin

C.indulgesin

D.hangson

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。A選項subscribeto“訂閱；同意；捐款”；B選項engagein“從事于”；C選項indulgein“沉湎于”；D選項hangon“堅持下去；不掛斷”。句意：周末我奶奶通常……一杯酒。能與“一杯酒”搭配的只有C選項“沉湎于”。

10.單選題

Asajuniorassistantmanager,hehadbeenselectedfor（）.

問題1選項

A.interruption

B.promotion

C.consideration

D.intuition

【答案】B

【解析】句意:作為一個年輕的副經(jīng)理,他已被選中為提拔對象。

考查名詞辨析。Interruption中斷時間,打擾,插嘴;promotion提升,提拔,晉升;consideration仔細(xì)考慮,深思,斟酌;intuition直覺力,(一種)直覺。故B符合句意。

11.單選題

Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeheldtoone-fifthofthetotal______forlivingexpenses.

問題1選項

A.acceptable

B.advisable

C.available

D.applicable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項acceptable“可接受的”；B選項advisable“可取的”；C選項available“可獲得的”；D選項applicable“適用的”。句意：一般來說，學(xué)生在住房上的開銷應(yīng)該占總共______開銷的五分之一。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是在所擁有的開銷中，住房占五分之一，available“可獲得的”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

12.單選題

Sincethelate1970’s，inthefaceofaseverelossofmarketshareindozensofindustries,manufacturersintheUnitedStateshavebeentryingtoimproveproductivity—andthereforeenhancetheirinternationalcompetitivenessthroughcost-cuttingprograms.(Cost-cuttinghereisdefinedasraisinglaboroutputwhileholdingtheamountoflaborconstant.)However,from1978through1982,productivity——thevalueofgoodsmanufactureddividedbytheamountoflaborinput——didnotimprove;andwhiletheresultwerebetterinthebusinessupturnofthethreeyearsfollowing,theyran25percentlowerthanproductivityimprovementsduringearlier,post-1945upturns.Atthesametime,itbecameclearthatthehardermanufacturesworkedtoimplementcost-cuttingthemoretheylosttheircompetitiveedge.

Withthisparadoxinmind,Irecentlyvisited25companies.Itbecamecleartomethatthecost-cuttingapproachtoincreasingproductivityisfundamentallyflawed.Manufacturingregularlyobservesa“40,40,20”rule.Roughly40percentofanymanufacturing-basedcompetitiveadvantagederivesfromlong-termchangesinmanufacturingstructure(decisionsaboutthemember,size,location,andcapacityoffacilities)andinapproachestomaterials.Another40percentcomesfrommajorchangesinequipmentandprocesstechnology.Thefinal20percentrestsonimplementingconventionalcost-cutting.Thisruledoesnotimplythatcost-cuttingshouldnotbetried.Thewell-knowntoolsofthisapproachincludingsimplifyingjobsandretrainingemployeestoworksmarter,notharder——doproduceresults.Butthetoolsquicklyreachthelimitsofwhattheycancontribute.

Anotherproblemisthatthecost-cuttingapproachhindersinnovationanddiscouragescreativepeople.AsAbernathy’sstudyofautomobilemanufacturershasshown,anindustrycaneasilybecomeprisonerofitsowninvestmentsincost-cuttingtechniques,reducingitsabilitytodevelopnewproducts.

EverycompanyIknowthathasfreeditselffromtheparadoxhasdoneso,inpart,bydevelopingandimplementingamanufacturingstrategy.Suchastrategyfocusesonthemanufactureandonequipmentandprocesstechnology.Inonecompanyamanufacturingstrategythatalloweddifferentareasofthefactorytospecializeindifferentmarketsreplacedtheconventionalcost-cuttingapproach,withinthreeyearsthecompanyregaineditscompetitiveadvantage.Togetherwithsuchstrategies,successfulcompaniesarealsoencouragingmanagerstofocusonawidersetofobjectivesbesidescuttingcost.Thereishopeformanufacturing,butitclearlyrestsonadifferentwayofmanaging.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanufacturersmentionedinPara1expectedthatthemeasurestheyimplementedwould（

）.

3.TheprimaryfunctionoftheFirstParagraphisto（

）.

4.TheauthorreferstoAbernathy’sstudymostprobablyinorderto（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecultureinmostfactoriesisbestdescribedas（

）.

問題1選項

A.summarizingathesis

B.recommendingadifferentapproach

C.comparingpointsofview

D.makingaseriesofpredictions

問題2選項

A.encourageinnovation

B.keeplaboroutputconstant

C.increasetheircompetitiveadvantage

D.causemanagerstofocusonawidersetofobjectives

問題3選項

A.outlineinbrieftheauthor’sargument

B.anticipatechallengestotheprescriptionsthatfollow

C.clarifysomedisputeddefinitionsofeconomicterms

D.presentahistoricalcontextfortheauthor’sobservations

問題4選項

A.qualifyanobservationaboutonemethodrulegoverningmanufacturing

B.supportanearlierassertionaboutonemethodofincreasingproductivity

C.suggestthecentralityintheUnitedStateseconomyofaparticularmanufacturingindustry

D.giveanexampleofresearchthathasquestionedthewisdomofrevisingamanufacturingstrategy

問題5選項

A.Critical

B.Disinterested

C.Respectful

D.Adulatory

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題干詢問‘這篇文章的作者主要關(guān)心的是…’文章一開始作者提出隨著市場份額丟失，很多企業(yè)開始采用削減成本的策略；隨后從幾個方面指出這種策略的缺陷處；最后，作者提出了一種新的策略并證明它是行之有效的；根據(jù)這樣的文章結(jié)構(gòu)確定B選項“推薦一種不同的方法”正確。A選項“總結(jié)一個論點”，C選項“對不同的觀點進(jìn)行比較”和D選項“做出一系列的預(yù)測”都不能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)作者寫作意圖。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘從文章中可以推斷，第1段中提到的制造商期望他們所采取的措施將會…’從文章推斷第一段中提到的生產(chǎn)商期望他們實施的策略能夠怎樣？根據(jù)文章第一段第一句“manufacturersintheUnitedStateshavebeentryingtoimproveproductivity——andthereforeenhancetheirinternationalcompetitiveness——throughcost-cuttingprograms.美國的制造商一直試圖通過削減成本來提高生產(chǎn)率，從而增強(qiáng)其國際競爭力?！贝_定C選項“增加他們的競爭優(yōu)勢”正確可知生產(chǎn)商們是想要增強(qiáng)競爭力的，故答案選項為C。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘第一段的主要作用是…’文章第一段主要描述了20世紀(jì)70年代美國企業(yè)中的削減成本策略后出現(xiàn)的情況，所以D選項“介紹作者觀察結(jié)果出現(xiàn)的歷史背景”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘作者引用艾伯納西的研究最有可能是為了…’根據(jù)文章第三段第二句‘AsAbernathy’sstudyofautomobilemanufacturershasshown,anindustrycaneasilybecomeprisonerofitsowninvestmentsincost-cuttingtechniques,reducingitsabilitytodevelopnewproducts.正如Abernathy對汽車制造商的研究表明，一個行業(yè)很容易成為自己在削減成本技術(shù)上投資的囚徒，從而降低了開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的能力。’可以確定艾伯納西的研究是為了證明前一句話‘Anotherproblemisthatthecost-cuttingapproachhindersinnovationanddiscouragescreativepeople.另一個問題是，削減成本的做法阻礙了創(chuàng)新，阻礙了有創(chuàng)造力的人。’所以B選項“支持前期有關(guān)一個提高生產(chǎn)率的方法的論斷”正確。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問‘作者對大多數(shù)工廠文化的態(tài)度可以用哪個詞來描述？’文章一開始作者提出隨著市場份額丟失，很多企業(yè)開始采用削減成本的策略；隨后從幾個方面指出這種策略的缺陷處；最后，作者提出了一種新的策略并證明它是行之有效的；所以B選項“無私的，公正的”正確。

13.單選題

Withtheconstantchangeoftheconditions,theoutcomeisnotalways（）.

問題1選項

A.favorable

B.predictable

C.dependable

D.reasonable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項favorable“有利的，良好的”；B選項predictable“可預(yù)測的”；C選項dependable“可靠的，可信賴的”；D選項reasonable“合理的”。句意：隨著環(huán)境的不斷變化，結(jié)果并不總是可以預(yù)測的。選項B符合語境。

14.單選題

Theteamshouldhaveprojectedtroubleaheadwhentheroad（

）intoagravelpath.

問題1選項

A.interrogated

B.dwindled

C.transformed

D.collapsed

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。interrogated質(zhì)問，審問；dwindled減少，縮?。籺ransformed轉(zhuǎn)換，改變；collapsed倒塌，瓦解。句意：當(dāng)?shù)缆纷優(yōu)樯暗[路時，這個團(tuán)隊本應(yīng)該提前預(yù)測到困難。C項符合句意。

15.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingshortparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

盡管美國的制造業(yè)就業(yè)崗位長期流失，但由于在飛機(jī)和高科技設(shè)備等高價值的研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)等方面能力卓越，美國的制造業(yè)方面仍處于世界領(lǐng)先地位。與此同時，中國的主要產(chǎn)品還是低成本的服裝和消費類電子產(chǎn)品。在產(chǎn)品價值方面美國的產(chǎn)品占世界制造業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的20%以上，大約是中國的兩倍。中國的人口眾多，國民人均產(chǎn)值僅為美國的1/7；在居民生活水平方面，中美兩國的差距就更大了，中國家庭產(chǎn)品的平均消費只有美國的1/14。

【答案】Despitealonghistoryoflostmanufacturingjobs,theU.S.leadstheworldinmanufacturingbecauseofitsabilitytodevelopandproducehigh-valueproductslikeairplanesandhigh-techequipment.Meanwhile,China'smainproductsarelow-costclothingandconsumerelectronics.Intermsofvalue,theUnitedStatesproducesmorethan20percentoftheworld'smanufacturingoutput,abouttwiceasmuchasChina.ChinahasalargepopulationanditspercapitaGDPisonly1/7ofthatoftheUnitedStates.Intermsoflivingstandards,thegapbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesisevenwider,withtheaveragehouseholdproductconsumptioninChinabeingonlyone-14thofthatintheUnitedStates.

16.單選題

Pleaserefrain（）smoking.

問題1選項

A.from

B.of

C.at

D.against

【答案】A

【解析】短語辨析。句意：請勿吸煙。Refrain和from搭配為固定短語，意為“制止，克制不做某事”，因此正確答案是A選項。

17.單選題

The（）inDavid’scharacterhashinderedhimfromadvancinginhiscareer.

問題1選項

A.weakness

B.shortcoming

C.demerit

D.defect

【答案】D

【解析】考查同義名詞辨析。A選項weakness“指人性格、品行方面的弱點，或體制、組織、設(shè)計等方面的缺陷（強(qiáng)調(diào)弱點）”；B選項shortcoming“指某人或某事物所存在的不足或缺陷，通常用復(fù)數(shù)”；C選項demerit“是很正式的詞語，表示事物的缺點”；D選項defect“指事物的缺點或人性格上的缺點，一般指較大的缺點、缺陷。”某某人的shortcoming是可以改的；但是某某人的weakness是需要那個人自己去克服；shortcoming只能用來指人的缺點；weakness可以用在人以外的東西上。句意：大衛(wèi)性格上的缺陷阻礙了他在事業(yè)上的發(fā)展。因此D選項正確。

18.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.YoushouldwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.

41.Thecrucialpointisthis:labor,landandmoneyareessentialelementsofindustry;theyalsomustbeorganizedinmarket;infact,thesemarketsformanabsolutelyvitalpartoftheeconomic-system.Butlabor,landandmoneyareobviouslynotcommodities.Laborisonlyanothernameforahumanactivitywhichgoeswithlifeitself,whichinitsturnisnotproducedforsalebutforentirelydifferentseasons,norcanthatactivitybedetachedfromtherestoflife,bestoredormobilized;landisonlyanothernamefornature,whichisnotproducedbyman;actualmoney,finally,ismerelyatokenofpurchasingpowerwhich,asarule,isnotproducedatall,butcomesintobeingthroughthemechanismofbankingorstatefinance.Noneofthemisproducedforsale.Thecommoditydescriptionoflabor,landandmoneyisentirelyfictitious.

【答案】關(guān)鍵在于：勞動力、土地和金錢是工業(yè)的基本要素；在市場上，它們還必須以組織有序的形式呈現(xiàn)；事實上，這些市場構(gòu)成了經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中絕對重要的一部分。然而勞動力、土地和金錢顯然不是商品。勞動只不過是一種與生命相伴的人類活動的別名。這種人類活動不是為了出售而產(chǎn)生的，而是順應(yīng)不同季節(jié)而出現(xiàn)的。并且這種活動也不能與生命體的其他活動分離開來，無法被儲存和調(diào)用。土地只是自然的另一個名稱，它不是由人類產(chǎn)生的；實際的貨幣僅僅是購買力的一種表征，一般來說，這種購買力根本無法被生產(chǎn)，而是通過銀行或國家財政機(jī)制形成的。它們都不是為銷售而存在的。對勞動、土地和金錢的商品性描述完全是虛構(gòu)的。

19.單選題

Historybeforetheemergenceofwritingaround3,000B.C.receivesbrieftreatment,（）itconstitutes99.9%ofthefive-million-yearhistoryofthehumanspecies.

問題1選項

A.because

B.although

C.that

D.when

【答案】B

【解析】語法題。空格前句提到書寫于公元前3000年左右的歷史知識得到了簡短的稱述，空格后句提到這個時間的歷史構(gòu)成了人類500萬年歷史的99.9%，所以前后兩句是讓步關(guān)系，選用讓步連詞although，選項B符合題意。

20.單選題

There’salwaysintensemediacoverageofairplanecrashesandthatcanreallyplayintopeople’sfearsandskewtheirperceptionsofhowsafeitistofly.Theunderlinedpartmeans（）.

問題1選項

A.misconceive

B.distort

C.change

D.preoccupy

【答案】B

【解析】考查近義詞辨析。A選項misconceive“誤解，誤會”；B選項distort“扭曲；使失真；曲解”；C選項change“改變”；D選項preoccupy“（使）全神貫注；提前占據(jù)”。句意：媒體總是對飛機(jī)失事進(jìn)行密集報道，這真的會加劇人們的恐懼，他們對飛行安全的認(rèn)知。根據(jù)句意和常識可以推斷，當(dāng)媒體大量報道某事時，往往會誤導(dǎo)、曲解人們對該事件的客觀認(rèn)識，因此B選項正確。

21.單選題

Otherskepticspointoutthatsuchapeacefulrisehasno（

）inhumanhistory.

問題1選項

A.reference

B.allusion

C.inference

D.precedent

【答案】D

【解析】考察名詞辨析。reference參考，參照；allusion暗指，典故；inference推理，推斷；precedent先例。句意：其他懷疑論者指出，這樣的和平崛起在人類歷史上還沒有先例。選項D符合句意。

22.翻譯題

Totalitarianismisthepolarcaseofsuchbureaucraticconcentrationofpowerthatdestroysdemocraticprocessess,butnottheonlyone.Thesametendencycanbeobservedinpoliticalmachinethattransferthepowerthatlegallybelongstovoterstopoliticalbosses,inbusinesscorporationsthatvestthepowerthatrightfullybelongstostockholdersincorporationofficials,inthoseunionsthatbestowthepowerthatrightfullybelongstorank-and-filemembersuponunionleaders.Thesecasesleadsomewriterstocontendthatthepresenttrendtowardbureaucratizationspellsthedoomofdemocraticinstitution.Thismaywellbetoofatalisticaviewpoint,buttherecanbenodoubtthatthistrendconstitutesachallenge.Toprotectourselvesagainstthisthreat,whilecontinutingtoutilizetheseeffcientadministrativemechanisms,wemustfirstlearnfullytounderstandhowbureaucraciesfunction.

【答案】【參考譯文】

極權(quán)主義是這種官僚權(quán)力集中破壞民主進(jìn)程的極端例子，但不是唯一的例子。在其他方面也可看到相同趨勢：政治機(jī)器將合法屬于選民的權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)移給政治領(lǐng)袖；商業(yè)公司將合法屬于股東的權(quán)力授予公司高層；一些工會將應(yīng)賦予普通成員的權(quán)力給工會領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。這些案例使一些作家認(rèn)為，目前的官僚主義趨勢預(yù)示著民主制度的滅亡。這可能是一個偏宿命論的觀點，但毫無疑問，這種趨勢（給我們）帶來了一種挑戰(zhàn)。在我們繼續(xù)使用這些有效行政機(jī)制時，為了保護(hù)自己不受這種威脅，必須首先充分了解官僚機(jī)制是如何運作的。

23.單選題

Allovertheworld,yourchancesofsuccessinschoolandlifedependmoreonyourfamilycircumstancesthanonanyotherfactor.Byagethree,kidswithprofessionalparentsarealreadyafullyearaheadoftheirpoorerpeers.Theyknowtwiceasmanywordsasmanywordsandscore40pointshigheronIQtests.Byage10,thegapisthreeyears.Bythen,somepoorchildrenhavenotmasteredbasicreadingandmathskills,andmanyneverwill:hisistheageatwhichfailurestartstobecomeirreversible.

Afewschoolsystemsseemtohavefiguredouthowtoerasethesegaps.Finlandensuresthateverychildcompletesbasiceducationandmeetsarigorousstandard.OneFinnishdistrictofficial,askedaboutthenumberofchildrenwhodon’tcompleteschoolinhercity,replied,”Icantellyoutheirnamesifyouwant.“IntheUnitedStates,KIPPcharterschoolsenrollstudentsfromthepoorestfamiliesandensurethatmostalmosteveryoneofthemgraduateshighschool—80percentmakeittocollege.Singaporenarroweditsachievementgapamongethnicminoritiesfrom17percentto5percentover20years.

Thesesuccessstoriesofferlessonsfortherestofus.First,getchildrenintoschoolearly.High-qualitypre-schoolingdoesmoreforachild’schancesinschoolandlifethananyothereducationalintervention.Onestudy,whichbeganinthe1960s,trackedtwogroupsofstudentsfromdisadvantagedbackgrounds.Someweregiventheopportunitytoattendahigh-qualitypre-school;otherswerenot.Thirty-fiveyearslater,thekidswhowenttopre-schoolearnedmore,hadbetterjobs,andwerelesslikelytohavebeeninprisonordivorced.

Second,recognizethattheaveragekidspendsabouthalfhiswakinghoursupuntiltheageof18outsideofschool—don’tignorethattime.KIPPstudentsspend60percentmoretimeinschoolthantheaverageAmericanstudents.Theyarriveearlier,leavelater,attendmoreregularly,andevengotoschooleveryotherSaturday.Similarly,in1996,Chileextendeditsschooldaytoaddtheequivalentofmorethantwomoreyearsofschooling.

Third,pourlotsofefforttotrainteachers.StudiesintheUnitedStateshaveshownthatkidswiththemosteffectiveteacherslearnthreetimesasmuchasthosewiththeleasteffective.SystemssuchasSingapore’sarechoosyaboutrecruiting;theyinvestintrainingandcontinuingeducation;theyevaluateteachersregularly,andtheyawardbonusesonlytothetopperformers.

Finally,recognizethevalueofindividualizedattention.InFinland,ki