2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)89

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.Forexample,thesunspotcycleandthealliedmagnetic-polaritycyclehavebeenlinkedtoperiodicitiesdiscernedinrecordsofsuchvariablesasrainfall,temperature,andwinds.Invariably,however,therelationisweak,andcommonlyofdubiousstatisticalsignificance.

Effectsofsolarvariabilityoverlongertermshavealsobeensought.TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivityatthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaunderminimum).TheMaunderminimumhasbeenlinkedtoaspanofunusualcoldinEuropeextendingfromthesixteenthtotheearlynineteenthCenturies.TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,howeverespeciallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.Scientistshavealsosoughtevidenceoflong-termsolarperiodicitiesbyexaminingindirectclimatologicaldata,suchasfossilrecordsofthethicknessofancienttreerings.Thesestudies,however,failedtolinkunequivocallyterrestrialclimateandthesolar-activitycycleoreventoconfirmthecycle’spastexistence.

Ifconsistantandreliablegeologicalorarchaeologicalandclimatologicalevidencetracingthesolar-activitycycleinthedistantpastcouldbefound,itmightalsoresolveanimportantissueinsolarphysics:howtomodelsolaractivity.Currently,therearetwomodelsofsolaractivity.ThefirstsupposesthattheSun’sinternalmotions(causedbyrotationandconvection)interactwithitslarge-scalemagneticfieldtoproduceadynamo,adeviceinwhichmechanicalenergyisconvertedintotheenergyofamagneticfield.Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdrivesfromwouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.ThealternativeexplanationsupposesthattheSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldisaremnantofthefieldtheSunacquiredwhenitformed,andisnotsustainedagainstdecay.Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun’smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.Modemsolarobservationsspantooshortatimetorevealwhetherpresentcyclicalsolar-activityisalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,ormerelyatransientphenomenon.

1.Theauthorfocusesprimarilyon（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetwomodelsofsolaractivityisaccurate?

3.Accordingtothepassage,lateseventeenth-andearlyeighteenth-centuryChineserecordsareimportantforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheargumentinfavorofthefirstmodelwouldbestrengthenedifwhichofthefollowingwerefoundtobetrue?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.presentingtwocompetingscientifictheoriesconcerningsolaractivityandevaluatinggeologicalevidenceoftencitedtosupportthem

B.givingabriefoverviewofsomerecentscientificdevelopmentsinsolarphysicsandassessingtheirimpactonfutureclimatologicalresearch

C.discussingthedifficultiesinvolvedinlinkingterrestrialphenomenawithsolaractivityandindicatinghowresolvingthatissuecouldhaveanimpactonourunderstandingofsolarphysics

D.outlinethespecificreasonswhyaprobleminsolarphysicshasnotyetbeensolvedandfaultingtheoverlytheoreticalapproachofmodernphysicists

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Inbothmodelscyclicalsolaractivityisregardedasalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,persistingwithlittlechangeoverbillionsofyears.

B.Tobothmodelsthesolar-activitycycleishypothesizedasbeingdependentonthelarge-scalesolarmagneticfield.

C.ToonemodeltheSun'smagneticfieldisthoughttoplayaroleincausingsolaractivity,whereasintheothermodelitisnot.

D.Inonemodelsolaractivityispresumedtobeunrelatedtoterrestrialphenomena,whereasintheothermodelsolaractivityisthoughttohaveobservableeffectsontheEarth.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.TheysuggestthatthedataonwhichtheMaunderminimumwaspredicatedwereincorrect.

B.TheysuggestthattheMaunderminimummightbevalidonlyforEurope.

C.Theyestablishtheexistenceofaspanofunusuallycoldweatherworldwideatthetimeofthefounderminimum.

D.TheyestablishthatsolaractivityatthetimeoftheMaunderminimumdidnotsignificantlyvaryfromitspresentpattern.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Episodesofintensevolcaniceruptionsinthedistainpastoccurredincycleshavingverylongperiodicities.

B.Atthepresenttimethegloballevelofthunderstormactivityincreasesanddecreasesincycleswithperiodicitiesofapproximately11years.

C.Inthelastcenturythelengthofthesunspotcyclehasbeenknowntovarybyasmuchas2yearsfromitsaverageperiodicityof11years.

D.Hundredsofmillionsofyearsago,solar-activitycyclesdisplayedthesameperiodicitiesasdopresent-daysolar-activitycycles.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。A選項(xiàng)“指出有關(guān)太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的兩種相對(duì)的科學(xué)理論并對(duì)其各自的地質(zhì)依據(jù)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)”，B選項(xiàng)“簡(jiǎn)要概述近期科學(xué)在太陽(yáng)物理學(xué)方面的發(fā)展并且就他們對(duì)未來(lái)氣候研究的影響做出評(píng)價(jià)”，C選項(xiàng)“討論將地球上的各種現(xiàn)象與太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的困難性并指出問(wèn)題的解決方法影響著我們對(duì)太陽(yáng)物理活動(dòng)的理解”，D選項(xiàng)“概述有關(guān)太陽(yáng)物理的問(wèn)題之所以一直沒(méi)解決的原因并且對(duì)現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)家過(guò)度理論化的方法進(jìn)行指責(zé)”，根據(jù)文章大意可以推斷出C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。文章對(duì)太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的兩種模式的介紹主要集中在文章的第三段。根據(jù)第三段中的“Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.”“簡(jiǎn)而言之，太陽(yáng)大范圍的磁場(chǎng)是自給自足的，因此與之相關(guān)的太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期將會(huì)在幾十億年內(nèi)維持基本不變”可知在第一種模式中，太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的周期是與太陽(yáng)大范圍的磁場(chǎng)相關(guān)的并且太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期是可以長(zhǎng)期維持基本不變的。根據(jù)第三段中的“Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun’smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.”“在這種模式中，與太陽(yáng)磁場(chǎng)相關(guān)的太陽(yáng)機(jī)制變化更快，因此，太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期的特點(diǎn)也會(huì)在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間后有所變化”可知在第二種模式中太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的周期也是和太陽(yáng)磁場(chǎng)相關(guān)的，但是太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期是會(huì)有所變化的。所以A選項(xiàng)‘在這兩個(gè)模型中，周期性的太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是太陽(yáng)的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期特征，在數(shù)十億年的時(shí)間里幾乎沒(méi)有變化。’和C選項(xiàng)‘在一個(gè)模型中，太陽(yáng)磁場(chǎng)被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的一個(gè)因素，而在另一個(gè)模型中則不是?！礤e(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)文章中沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)，所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,howeverespeciallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.”“太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)極小期的真實(shí)性還有待考證，特別是中國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)肉眼觀察到的太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的記錄又與其相矛盾”確定A選項(xiàng)‘他們認(rèn)為,蒙德極小期的數(shù)據(jù)是建立不正確的。’符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.”“簡(jiǎn)而言之，太陽(yáng)大范圍的磁場(chǎng)是自給自足的，因此與之相關(guān)的太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)周期將會(huì)在幾十億年內(nèi)維持基本不變”確定D選項(xiàng)“數(shù)億年前太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的周期性特征和如今太陽(yáng)活動(dòng)的周期性相同”是對(duì)第一種模式的支持。

2.單選題

Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.

TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoonfromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.

PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciationshadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibetan,theremainingnativefaunaandfloramultiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasnothavinggreatvariety,butbeing"striking*'intheabundanceoftheparticularspeciesthatarepresent.Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.

Thedifficultiesoflivinginanenvironmentatoncedryandcold,andpopulatedwithspeciesmoreusuallyfoundinmorehospitableclimates,aregreat.Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandrous(一妻多夫制)societiestypicaloftheregion.Lattimoreseesthemaintenanceofmultiple-husbandhouseholdsasbeingpreservedfromearlierformsbytheharshconditionsoftheTibetanuplands,whichpermittednoexperimentationand"froze"thecultureswhichcamethere.Kawakita,ontheotherhand,seesthepolyandryasawayofeasilypermittingthebesthouseholdertobecometheheadhusbandregardlessofage.HisdetailedstudiesoftheBhoteavillageofTsumjedoseemtosupportthisideaofpolyandryasamethodoftalentmobilityisasituationwhereeventhebesttalentisbarelyenoughforsurvival.

Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.

1.Whatarethe“unusualtraitsorsituations”referredtointhefirstsentence?

2.Thepurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

3.Theauthor’sknowledgeofTibetisprobably

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldprobablybethemostagreeabletoMontesquieu?

5.ThespeciesoffaunaandfloraremaininginTibetafterthePleistoceneglaciationscanproperlybecalledcontinentalbecausethey（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Patternsofanimalandplantgrowth.

B.FoodandfoodpreparationpatternsoftheuplandTibetans.

C.SocialandfamilialorganizationoftypicalTibetansociety.

D.Alloftheabove.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.analyzethepossiblecausallinksbetweenTibetanecologyandsociety

B.describethesocialorganizationoftypicalTibetanvillages

C.describeTibetanfaunaandflora

D.analyzethemysteriesofthesuddenappearanceoftheHimalayas

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.basedonfirsthandexperience

B.theresultoflifelongstudies

C.derivedfrombooksonly

D.limitedtogeologicalhistory

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Allregionshavedifferentsoilsandthus,differentcultures.

B.someregionswithsimilarclimateswillhavesimilarcultures.

C.Culturesinthesamearea,sharingsoilandclimate,willbeessentiallyidentical.

D.Theplantsofacountry,bybeingthefoodofitspeople,causethepeopletohavesimilarviewstooneanother.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.areoriginallyfoundincontinentalclimates

B.aretheonlylifeformsinTibet,whichisasbigasacontinent

C.havebeenfoundinotherpartsoftheAsiancontinent

D.arefoundinlandmassthatusedtobeaseparatecontinent

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目提問(wèn)‘第一句中提到的“不尋常的特征或情況”是什么？’根據(jù)第三段第一句“..thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.青藏高原地帶是干燥的大陸性氣候，動(dòng)物和植被與同緯度的相似，但是與更北的地區(qū)有些不同，那里更干燥?！笨梢酝浦狝項(xiàng)動(dòng)植物生長(zhǎng)模式‘’符合其特征。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.這種植物的品種也同樣有限，一些觀察人士發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使是相對(duì)肥沃的東部藏谷，也不超過(guò)70種植物。只有不到10種糧食作物。藏文“茶”是主要的主食，也許可以取代不可缺少的蔬菜?！笨芍狟項(xiàng)‘高原藏人的食物和食物制作模式’符合。根據(jù)第四段中“Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandroussocietiestypicaloftheregion.這些困難肯定對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)睾髞?lái)不同尋常的一妻多夫制的出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生了影響”可知，可知C選項(xiàng)‘典型的藏族社會(huì)家庭組織’符合。所以ABC選項(xiàng)都談及到了這種不尋常的特征，所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.主旨大意題。題目提問(wèn)‘這篇文章的目的是什么？’文章第一段最后一句‘Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.一個(gè)地區(qū)的生態(tài)只造成該地區(qū)居民所面臨的一些問(wèn)題，而一種文化所面臨的問(wèn)題雖然對(duì)其發(fā)展很重要，但并不能決定它的發(fā)展?！赋錾鷳B(tài)會(huì)影響但不決定人文風(fēng)氣。最后一段尾句“Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.總而言之，盡管可以提出論點(diǎn)說(shuō)，由于土地的嚴(yán)酷條件，已經(jīng)存在的一妻多夫制得到了加強(qiáng)和保護(hù)(就目前而言)，但在這種情況下，把任何性質(zhì)更強(qiáng)的原因因素都?xì)w罪于生態(tài)影響，那肯定是言過(guò)其實(shí)了。”談及當(dāng)?shù)匾黄薅喾蛑频纳鐣?huì)組織結(jié)構(gòu)可能受到生態(tài)該環(huán)境的影響。因此，可推知A選項(xiàng)“分析青藏地區(qū)生態(tài)和社會(huì)之間的可能因果聯(lián)系”正確。

3.推理判斷題。題目提問(wèn)‘作者對(duì)西藏的了解可能是什么？’本文并未談及作者自己的經(jīng)歷和研究，而是分別引述了Montesquieu’sview和Armand的描述，以及Lattimore和Kawakita的觀點(diǎn)，因此，作者對(duì)青藏高原的了解是C選項(xiàng)‘源于書(shū)本’。

推理判斷題。題目提問(wèn)‘根據(jù)文章，下列哪項(xiàng)最可能是Montesquieu同意的？’文章第一段介紹了青藏高原的地理特征和文化，然后提出“HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.然而，不打算采用孟德斯鳩關(guān)于氣候和土壤的觀點(diǎn)作為文化決定因素?！币虼耍梢酝浦系滤锅F是環(huán)境決定論支持者，即外部環(huán)境決定人文風(fēng)氣’，C選項(xiàng)“在共享土地和氣候的同一個(gè)地方，文化基本上是相同的”符合他的觀點(diǎn)。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘更新世冰蝕以后，仍然存在于西藏的動(dòng)植物群可以成為大陸性的動(dòng)植物群，是因?yàn)槭裁矗俊鶕?jù)第三段中“Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.因此，在冰川期結(jié)束后，原始大陸物種中僅存少數(shù)種類(lèi)的生物?！彼?，它們被稱(chēng)為大陸性動(dòng)植物群是因?yàn)锳選項(xiàng)‘它們?cè)瓉?lái)是在大陸性氣候中被發(fā)現(xiàn)的’。

3.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenceofphotographywayidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofrealityphotographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves-anythingbutmakingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivityinshort,anart.

1.Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes"theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism"astheauthorrepresentsitinLine13?

3.WhydoestheauthorintroduceAbstractExpressionistpainter?

4.Howdidthenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographystressthephotography?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineart

C.explainingtheattitudeofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Objective

B.Mechanical

C.Superficial

D.Paradoxical.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Hewantstoprovideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart.

B.HewantstosetforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.

C.HewantstoprovideacontrasttoPopartistandothers.

D.Hewantstoprovideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,isnotandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theystressedphotographywasameansofmakingpeoplehappy.

B.Itwasartforrecordingtheworld.

C.Itwasadeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially.

D.Itwasanartcomparabletopainting.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。A選項(xiàng)“界定現(xiàn)代主義者對(duì)藝術(shù)的態(tài)度”；B選項(xiàng)解釋攝影是如何作為美術(shù)出現(xiàn)的”；C選項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家對(duì)攝影作為藝術(shù)的態(tài)度，并把他們這些態(tài)度放在歷史的進(jìn)程來(lái)觀察?！?；D選項(xiàng)“界定當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅攝影家對(duì)待他們的藝術(shù)所具有的各種觀點(diǎn)，并判定每種觀點(diǎn)的價(jià)值”，根據(jù)文章大意可知最能概括文章中作者的主要思想的是D選項(xiàng)。

2.根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句“ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism;thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.”“這說(shuō)明他們就是把現(xiàn)代主義勝利所強(qiáng)加的藝術(shù)概念視為合理的，其合理程度是：藝術(shù)越強(qiáng)，對(duì)藝術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)目的破壞得越大?！贝_定D選項(xiàng)“矛盾的”正確，

3.推理判斷題。A選項(xiàng)“他想列舉哪些像當(dāng)代嚴(yán)肅的攝影家一樣拋棄了傳統(tǒng)上被接受的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)目的的藝術(shù)家的例子”，B選項(xiàng)“他想在抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫(huà)家和古典現(xiàn)代主義畫(huà)家之間找出相似點(diǎn)”，C選項(xiàng)“他想在流行藝術(shù)家和其它藝術(shù)家之間做一個(gè)對(duì)比”，D選項(xiàng)“他想解釋為什么嚴(yán)肅攝影，像其它當(dāng)代視覺(jué)形式一樣不是藝術(shù)，而且也不應(yīng)當(dāng)充當(dāng)藝術(shù)”。根據(jù)文章第三段第二句“Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting”“例如，這些認(rèn)為通過(guò)拍照可以擺脫繪畫(huà)所表現(xiàn)的藝術(shù)的矯飾的攝影家，使我們想起了那些抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫(huà)家設(shè)想通過(guò)集中于繪畫(huà)的物理行為而擺脫古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫(huà)所表現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)肅的思想?！?，確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofrealityphotographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.”“針對(duì)攝影是一種沒(méi)有靈魂的、對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)機(jī)械性復(fù)制的指責(zé)，攝影工作者聲稱(chēng)攝影不是復(fù)制品，而是一種特殊的觀察方式，是對(duì)平庸視覺(jué)的叛逆，和繪畫(huà)一樣有藝術(shù)價(jià)值?！笨芍?9世紀(jì)攝影的支持者通過(guò)指出攝影是一種藝術(shù)并且和繪畫(huà)一樣有藝術(shù)價(jià)值來(lái)對(duì)攝影進(jìn)行維護(hù)，所以D選項(xiàng)“攝影是一種藝術(shù)，可以和繪畫(huà)相媲美”符合題意。

4.單選題

Onthatculturalandbiologicalinfluences（

）determinecross-culturaldiversityisdiscreditedbythefactthatincountlessaspectsofhumanexistence,itisculturalprogrammingthatoverwhelminglyaccountsforcross-populationvariance.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.completely

B.equally

C.directly

D.jointly

【答案】B

【解析】副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“完全地，徹底地”；B選項(xiàng)“相等地，同等地”；C選項(xiàng)“直接地；坦率地”；D選項(xiàng)“聯(lián)合地，共同地”，根據(jù)句意‘文化和生物的影響相同程度地決定了跨文化的多樣性，這個(gè)觀念被另外的一個(gè)事實(shí)粉碎，即在人類(lèi)存在的無(wú)數(shù)方面，文化的因素壓倒一切地解釋了群體之間的差異’確定B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

（

）thatmanyanimalsseemtobehighlysensitivetovarioussignalsassociatedwithearthquakes,thebasicquestionremainsofhowthisbehaviorcanbeputtouseinearthquakeprediction.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Considering

B.Provided

C.Granted

D.Assuming

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析題。A選項(xiàng)的consideringthat“鑒于……，就……而論，考慮到”;B選項(xiàng)的providedthat“如果，條件是，倘若”；C選項(xiàng)的grantedthat“即使，假定”;D選項(xiàng)的assumingthat“假定”。根據(jù)句意‘即使許多動(dòng)物似乎對(duì)于地震有關(guān)的各種信號(hào)具有高度的敏感性，根本問(wèn)題仍然是如何能將此習(xí)性在預(yù)報(bào)地震中加以運(yùn)用’確定C選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Thegeographicallocationofacountryanditsphysical（1）areveryimportanttoitsdevelopmentand

（2）

.TheUnitedStatesisvery

（3）inthis

（4）

.

（5）

,ithasgood

（6）

Inalmostevery

（7）

ofthecountryitispossibletolive

（8）

duringthewholeyear.Itistruethatinthesouthitsometimesgetsveryhotandinthenorthverycold.Butthepeoplewholiveintheseregionsbecome

（9）

totheclimateandnever

（10）

muchwhentheweatheriteitherveryhotorverycold.Inalargecountrythereisusuallyagreat

（11）

ofdifferentphysicalcharacteristics.IntheUnitedStates,therearewideplainsandhighmountains,thousandsoflakesandriversofall

（12）

,coolforestsandhotdeserts,andacoastlineseveralthousandmileslong.Themanylakesandrivers,

（13）

thelongcoastline,havebeen

（14）

greatimportancetothedevelopmentofthecountry,sincetheymadepossibletheeasy（15）

ofthepeopleandallthethingspeople

（16）

.Shipsandboatsarestillnecessaryandimportant.Inmodem

（17）

.

（18）

,trains,automobiles,trucksandairplanesaredoingmuchofthe

（19）

whichwas（20）donebyshipsandboats.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.position

B.character

C.characteristics

D.differences

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.advance

B.progress

C.marching

D.prospect

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.fortunate

B.luck

C.happy

D.favorable

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.area

B.region

C.meaning

D.respect

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Inaword

B.Firstofall

C.Afterall

D.Overall

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.climate

B.atmosphere

C.weather

D.air

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.part

B.section

C.expanse

D.sector

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.leisurely

B.idly

C.comfortably

D.pleasantly

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.accustomed

B.co-operative

C.prepared

D.adjustable

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.damage

B.suffer

C.fear

D.frightened

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.variety

B.amount

C.many

D.deal

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.areas

B.sizes

C.bigness

D.volumes

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.aswellas

B.besides

C.exceptfor

D.inadditionto

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.of

B.to

C.in

D.as

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.mobilization

B.extension

C.transportation

D.connections

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.longfor

B.need

C.eat

D.have

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.epoch

B.age

C.times

D.era

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.however

B.whereas

C.otherwise

D.moreover

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.job

B.work

C.occupation

D.profession

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.formally

B.lately

C.recently

D.formerly

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

第6題:A

第7題:B

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:B

第11題:A

第12題:B

第13題:A

第14題:A

第15題:C

第16題:B

第17題:C

第18題:A

第19題:B

第20題:D

【解析】（1）詞義與詞形辨析。文章第一句話的意思是“一個(gè)國(guó)家的地理位置及其環(huán)境特征對(duì)于這個(gè)國(guó)家的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步十分重要”，根據(jù)句意確定B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)意思都符合，再根據(jù)下文的“hot”和“cold”可知此處表示“環(huán)境特征”時(shí)應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù),所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

（2）詞義與詞形辨析。And連接的兩個(gè)詞表示并列，與development并列，表示“進(jìn)步”，B選項(xiàng)的progress最合適。

（3）語(yǔ)法邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞very可知此處應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)形容詞，B選項(xiàng)排除。并且根據(jù)文章第三句中的關(guān)鍵詞good可以推斷出此處填入一個(gè)積極的詞匯，A選項(xiàng)的fortunate“幸運(yùn)的”，C選項(xiàng)的happy“幸福的”和D選項(xiàng)的favorable“有利的，贊許的”，A選項(xiàng)的fortunate符合題意。

（4）詞組及固定搭配。inthisrespect“在這個(gè)方面”，D選項(xiàng)正確。

（5）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的inaword“總之，簡(jiǎn)言之”，總結(jié)前文所述；B選項(xiàng)的firstofall“首先”，連接上下文；C選項(xiàng)的afterall“畢竟，終究”：D選項(xiàng)的overall“從頭到尾”，文章在此處是對(duì)美國(guó)優(yōu)越的地理位置及其環(huán)境特征進(jìn)行列舉說(shuō)明,B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

（6）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的climate一般指比較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間氣候狀況，B選項(xiàng)的atmosphere側(cè)重于指氛圍或者大氣，C選項(xiàng)的weather—般指特定地區(qū)在一定時(shí)間的氣象情況，D選項(xiàng)的air常常指空氣，根據(jù)下文“Itistruethatinthesouthsometimesgetsveryhotandinthenorthverycold”可知此處應(yīng)指氣候。A選項(xiàng)正確。

（7）詞義與詞形辨析。part和section都可以表示“部分”。section更具體，往往是一個(gè)整體分成了幾塊，而一個(gè)section就是其中一塊，part可以用的范圍更廣泛一些，也可以抽象一些，它的大小是很模糊的，所以當(dāng)表示“在這個(gè)國(guó)家的每個(gè)部分”時(shí)應(yīng)該用section。

（8）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的leisurely“悠閑地，從容地”；B選項(xiàng)的idly“無(wú)所事事地，懶惰地”；C選項(xiàng)的comfortably“舒適地”；D選項(xiàng)的pleasantly‘‘愉快地，和藹地”，上文已說(shuō)明美國(guó)的自然特性好，因此這里應(yīng)指在美國(guó)，差不多在每個(gè)地區(qū)，人們整年都有可能生活得很舒服，C選項(xiàng)的comfortably符合題意。

（9）詞組及固定搭配。becomeaccustomedto習(xí)慣于”。

（10）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的damage“損害”；B選項(xiàng)的suffer“遭受，忍受，受痛苦”；C選項(xiàng)的fear“恐懼，害怕”；D選項(xiàng)的frightened“使吃驚，嚇走”，上文說(shuō)到，南方有時(shí)會(huì)很熱，北方有時(shí)會(huì)很冷，但生活在那里的人已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了那種氣候，當(dāng)天氣非常熱或非常冷的時(shí)候并不會(huì)遭受很多痛苦。所以B選項(xiàng)suffer正確。

（11）詞組及固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)的agreatvarietyof“各種各樣的”；B選項(xiàng)的agreatamountof“大量的”;;C選項(xiàng)的agreatmanyof“大量的”，D選項(xiàng)的agreatdealof“大量的”此處的句意是“大國(guó)家通常有各種各樣不同的環(huán)境特征”，所以A選項(xiàng)正確。

（12）詞組及固定搭配。riversofallsizes“大大小小的湖泊，各種規(guī)模的河流”。

（13）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的aswellas“也，還，和”，連接兩個(gè)并列成分；B選項(xiàng)的besides著重于指“另外還有”；C選項(xiàng)的exceptfor多用于在說(shuō)明基本情況或?qū)χ饕糠旨右钥隙?，還引出相反的原因或細(xì)節(jié)，從而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味；D選項(xiàng)的inadditionto“除之外還”。這句話的句意是‘許多湖泊和河流和漫長(zhǎng)的海岸線，對(duì)國(guó)家的發(fā)展起到了非常重要的作用。’所以A選項(xiàng)正確。

（14）詞組及固定搭配。beof“具有的性質(zhì)”。

（15）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的mobilization‘動(dòng)員，調(diào)動(dòng)‘；B選項(xiàng)的extension‘延長(zhǎng)，擴(kuò)展’；C選項(xiàng)的transportation‘運(yùn)輸，交通’；D選項(xiàng)的connections‘連接，關(guān)系’。上文中提到的湖泊和長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的海岸線是對(duì)運(yùn)輸有利的，故此處的意思應(yīng)該為“使便利的運(yùn)輸成為可能”，所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

（16）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的longfor‘渴望’；B選項(xiàng)的need‘需要’；C選項(xiàng)的eat‘吃’；D選項(xiàng)的have‘有’。句子意思為“眾多的湖泊、河流以及長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的海岸線使得人的交通和人們所需物品的運(yùn)輸成為可能，故對(duì)國(guó)家的發(fā)展意義重大”，所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

（17）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的epoch正式用詞，側(cè)重指以某重大事件或巨大變化為起點(diǎn)的新的歷史時(shí)期；B選項(xiàng)的age常指具有顯著特征或以某杰出人物命名的歷史時(shí)代或時(shí)期；C選項(xiàng)的times側(cè)重某一特定時(shí)期，inmodemtimes表示“當(dāng)今，現(xiàn)代”；D選項(xiàng)的era書(shū)面語(yǔ)用詞，指歷史上的紀(jì)元、年代，可與epoch和age互換。C選項(xiàng)正確。

（18）語(yǔ)法邏輯關(guān)系。文章最后兩句的意思是說(shuō)“船舶在運(yùn)輸方面起到了重要作用，但是在現(xiàn)代，火車(chē)、汽車(chē)、卡車(chē)和飛機(jī)在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”，兩個(gè)句子是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，所以A選項(xiàng)‘however’符合題意。

（19）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的job指具體的職業(yè)或零工，是可數(shù)名詞；B選項(xiàng)的work指人們?nèi)粘Ｉ詈凸ぷ髦袕氖碌捏w力或腦力勞動(dòng)，是不可數(shù)名詞；C選項(xiàng)的occupation指一個(gè)人經(jīng)常擔(dān)任的工作，不論是否領(lǐng)取工資；D選項(xiàng)的profession指人的職業(yè)。句子意思是“火車(chē)、汽車(chē)、卡車(chē)和飛機(jī)在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

（20）詞義與詞形辨析。A選項(xiàng)的formally“正式地，形式上”；B選項(xiàng)的lately“近來(lái)，不久前”；C選項(xiàng)的recently“最近”；D選項(xiàng)的formerly“以前，原來(lái)”，句子意思是“火車(chē)、汽車(chē)、卡車(chē)和飛機(jī)在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

Theearthquakeof26thDecember,2004resultedinoneoftheworstnaturaldisastersinlivingmemory.Itwasa（1）underwaterquakeandoccurredintheIndianOcean.It（2）coastlines,communitiesandbroughtdeathtoomanypeople.

Whydoearthquakeshappen?

Thesurfaceoftheearthhasnotalwayslookedasitdoestoday;itismoving（3）(althoughveryslowly)andhasdonesoforbillionsofyears.Thisisone

（4）

ofearthquakes,wheno