2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國(guó)政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)21

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國(guó)政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

ThecourtdecreedthatheshouldbetransportedtoAustralia.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.predicted

B.ordered

C.decided

D.resolved

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。decree表示“頒布法令”；A項(xiàng)predict“預(yù)測(cè)”，B項(xiàng)order“命令”，C項(xiàng)decide“決定”，D項(xiàng)resolve“溶解”。句意：法院裁定他應(yīng)該被遣送到澳大利亞。因此B項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Onestudyhasfoundthatjobapplicantswhomakemoreeyecontactsareperceivedasmorealert,dependable,confidentandresponsiblethan______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thosewhodon’t

B.thosewhoaren’t

C.themwhodidn’t

D.themwhoweren’t

【答案】A

【解析】考查語法。those指代前面的jobapplicants，who引導(dǎo)定語從句，因?yàn)楸苊庵貜?fù)，所以后面略賓語，而用do代替前面的make一詞，A項(xiàng)符合句意。B項(xiàng)謂語動(dòng)詞使用錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)代詞使用錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。句意：一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些能有更多目光接觸的求職者比沒有足夠目光接觸的求職者被視為更加機(jī)智，可靠，自信并且附有責(zé)任心。故正確答案為A。

3.填空題

Direction:Thefollowingaresomewordsandphrases,someofwhicharetakenfromthetextthatfollows.Decidewhichwordorphraseshouldgoineachgapandthenwritetheletterinthespaceprovided.Notethattherearemorewordsandphrasethangaps.WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

StandardsofMeasurement

Inearlytimesmeasurementsweremadebycomparingthingswithpartsof(example).Earlyunitsofmeasurementincludedthedistancefromtheelbowtothefingers,thewidthofthehandandthewidthofthefingers.

Someofthesehumanmeasurementsarestillused.Forexample,66basedonthelengthofhalfthethumb.Afootwasoriginally67ofaman’sfoot.Amilewasonethousandwalkingsteps.

Theseunitswereonly68becausetheirstandard—thehumanbody—wasnotconstant.Governmentstriedto69thembyusingrodsoffixedlengths.Buttheserodsstillvariedfrom70tocountry.

DuringtheFrenchRevolution,scientistslookedfora__71whichdidnotchange.TheychosethedistancefromtheEquatortotheNorthPole,whichisonequarterofthecircumferenceoftheEarth.Onetenmillionthofthiswascalled72andbecamethebasicunitofthemetricsystem.Othermetric73arebasedonit.Forexample,thecentimeterisonehundredthofameter.Agram—theunitof74isthemassofonecubiccentimeterofwater.

Astandardmeterwasmarkedonaplatinumbar.Theaccuracyof75wascheckedbycomparingthemwiththisbar.Nowadaysthemeterisstandardizedbycomparingitwithanotherconstant—thewavelengthofacertainkindoflight.

66.______67.______68.______69.______70.______

71.______72.______73.______74.______75.______

【答案】66.J

67.E

68.K

69.A

70.L

71.N

72.I

73.B

74.M

75.G

【解析】66.考查上下文語義。第一句提到Someofthesehumanmeasurementsarestillused.（一些人工測(cè)量方法仍在使用），緊接著下文提到…basedonthelengthofhalfthethumb（……根據(jù)一半拇指的長(zhǎng)度），由此可知，空格處填入的應(yīng)該是一個(gè)測(cè)量的單位，故該題選J“theinch（英寸）”正確。

67.考查句子語義。根據(jù)句子Afootwasoriginally…ofaman’sfoot（英尺最初是一個(gè)人的腳的……），可知，空格處應(yīng)該是填入length表示長(zhǎng)度；故該題選E正確。

68.考查句子語義。根據(jù)句子Theseunitswereonly…becausetheirstandard—thehumanbody—wasnotconstant.（這些單位只是……因?yàn)槿梭w的器官并不是一成不變的），可知，空格處應(yīng)該是表示“大約的，近似的”；故該題選K正確。

69.考查句子語義。應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，只有A和M是動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)句子意思A符合題意。句意：政府試圖通過使用固定長(zhǎng)度的棒子來將其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。故該題選A正確。

70.考查固定用法。varyfromcountrytocountry表示“因國(guó)家而異”，因此空格處要填入country。句意：但是這些棒子仍然依國(guó)家而異。故該題選L正確。

71.考查上下文語義。上一段提到?jīng)]有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量，下文就提到了DuringtheFrenchRevolution,scientistslookedfora…whichdidnotchange.（在法國(guó)大革命期間，科學(xué)家們尋找一種不變的……），由此可知空格處應(yīng)該是表示“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量”，故N項(xiàng)符合題意。該題選N正確。

72.考查上下文語義。由下文Forexample,thecentimeterisonehundredthofameter（例如，厘米是一米的百分之一）可知此處指的是“一米”，因此空格處應(yīng)該填onemeter。該題選I正確。

73.考查上下文語義。由下文的centimeter和gram可知此處指的是“測(cè)量單位”，因此空格處應(yīng)該填units。句意：其他公制單位以它為基礎(chǔ)。該題選B正確。

74.考查上下文語義。由常識(shí)判斷gram是重量單位，因此空格處應(yīng)該填weight；句意：重量單位一克相當(dāng)于一立方厘米水。故該題選M正確。

75.考查上下文語義。上句提到Astandardmeterwasmarkedonaplatinumbar.（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的米制測(cè)量標(biāo)在鋁棒上），下文接著說到Theaccuracyof…wascheckedbycomparingthemwiththisbar.（……的準(zhǔn)確度是通過把它們與這根桿子比較來檢驗(yàn)的），根據(jù)這兩個(gè)句子可以猜到空格處應(yīng)該是表示“測(cè)量?jī)x器”，因此該題選G正確。

4.翻譯題

為了保證刑法的正確實(shí)施，懲罰犯罪，保護(hù)人民，保障國(guó)家安全和社會(huì)公共安全，維護(hù)社會(huì)主義社會(huì)秩序，根據(jù)憲法，制定中華人民共和國(guó)刑事訴訟法。本法的任務(wù)是：保證準(zhǔn)確、及時(shí)地查明犯罪事實(shí)，正確運(yùn)用法律，懲罰犯罪分子，保證無罪的人不受刑事追究，教育公民自覺遵守法律，積極同犯罪分子做斗爭(zhēng)，以維護(hù)社會(huì)主義法制，保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，保證社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的順利進(jìn)行。

【答案】參考譯文：

TheCriminalProcedureLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisenactedinaccordancewiththeConstitutionandforthepurposeofensuringcorrectenforcementoftheCriminalLaw,punishingcrimes,protectingthepeople,safeguardingStateandpublicsecurityandmaintainingsocialistpublicorder.TheaimofthisLawis:toensureaccurateandtimelyascertainmentoffactsaboutcrimes,correctapplicationoflaw,punishmentofcriminalsandprotectionoftheinnocentagainstbeinginvestigatedforcriminalresponsibility;toenhancethecitizens’awarenessoftheneedtoabidebylawandtofightvigorouslyagainstcriminalactsinordertosafeguardthesocialistlegalsystem;toprotectthecitizens'personalrights,theirpropertyrights,democraticrightsandotherrights;andtoguaranteesmoothprogressofthecauseofsocialistdevelopment.

5.單選題

______equallybetweenschoolandtelevisionstudios,shewasbusylearninglineswhileherfriendsarehookingonlines.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Withtimetobesplit

B.Hertimebeingsplit

C.Withhertimebeingsplit

D.Timewassplit

【答案】C

【解析】考查with介詞詞組和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。句子沒有連詞，因此前面部分不可能是完整的主謂賓句子結(jié)構(gòu)，D項(xiàng)句子完整所以排除D。根據(jù)句意“她一半時(shí)間在學(xué)校，一半在電視工作室，她的朋友們正在線上談情說愛時(shí)她卻忙于學(xué)習(xí)臺(tái)詞”，前面應(yīng)該表示伴隨的原因狀語，因此A項(xiàng)不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)不合適，B項(xiàng)分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)和C介詞詞組都可以表示原因，但with結(jié)構(gòu)伴隨意味更強(qiáng)更常用；因此選C更合適。

6.翻譯題

TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtoftheUnitedStates,andtheonlyonespecificallycreatedbytheConstitution.AdecisionoftheSupremeCourtcannotbeappealedtoanyothercourt.TheSupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictioninonlytwokindsofcases:thoseinvolvingforeigndignitariesandthoseinwhichastateisaparty.AllothercasesreachtheCourtonappealfromlowercourts.AsignificantamountoftheworkoftheSupremeCourtconsistsofdeterminingwhetherlegislationorexecutiveactsconformtotheConstitution.ThispowerofjudicialreviewisdoctrineinferredbytheCourtfromitsreadingoftheConstitution,andforcefullystatedinthelandmarkMarburyvs.Madisoncaseof1803.Thedoctrinehasalsobeenextendedtocovertheactivitiesofstateandlocalgovernments.

【答案】參考譯文：

最高法院是美國(guó)的最高法院，也是唯一一個(gè)由憲法專門設(shè)立的法院。最高法院的裁決不能向任何其他法院上訴。最高法院最初只對(duì)兩種案件擁有司法權(quán)：涉及國(guó)外顯要人物的案件和州作為一方當(dāng)事人的案件。最高法院受理的所有其他案件均來自下級(jí)法院的上訴。最高法院很重要的工作任務(wù)就是決定立法或執(zhí)法是否符合憲法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這種司法審查的權(quán)利是由最高法院通過解讀《憲法》而推斷出來的法律原則，并且在具有里程碑意義的1803年馬伯里與麥迪遜案得到確定。并且，該理論還擴(kuò)展到包括州和地方政府的活動(dòng)。

7.單選題

Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecologistshaveturnedtohistoricaldatainrelationtoespeciallyhugevolcaniceruptions.Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.

OnesourceofinformationistheeffectoftheeruptionofTambora,avolcanoinSumbawa,theDutchEastIndies,inApril1815.Thelargestrecordedvolcaniceruption,Tamborathrew150milliontonsoffineashintothestratosphere.Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.Forexample,recordsofweatherinEnglandshowthatbetweenAprilandNovember1815,theaveragetemperaturehadfallen4,5F.Duringthenexttwentyfourmonths,Englandsufferedoneofthecoldestperiodsofitshistory.Farmer’srecordsfromApril1815toDecember1818indicatefrostthroughoutthespringandsummerandsharpdecreasesincropandlivestockmarkets.Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.

Ecologiststodaywarnthatwefaceatwo-foldmenace.Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatofMr.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.

41.Itisbelievedthattheearthgetscolderwhen______.

42.TheeffectsofTambora’seruptionwere______.

43.ThecauseofcoldweatherinEnglandfrom1815to1818was______.

44.Noonerealizedthecauseofthedeteriorationoftheworldagriculturalcommoditymarketbecause______.

45.If,assomescientistspredict,theworldendsinice,whatmightbethecause?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.volcanoeserupt

B.theairispollutedbymodernman

C.theraysofthesunareturnedintospace

D.alloftheabove

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.feltmainlyintheDutchEastIndies

B.ofseveraldays’durationworldwide

C.evidenceofpollution’scoolingtheearth

D.immediatelyevidenttotheworld’sscientists

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.decreasedcropandlivestockproduction

B.volcanicashintheatmosphere

C.pollutioncausedbytheIndustrialRevolution

D.itsproximitytotheNorthSea

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.therewasalongdelaybetweencauseandeffect

B.theweatherisbeyondourcomprehension

C.weatherforecastswereinaccurate

D.ecologistsdidn’texistuntilmoderntimes

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Modernman’spollutionoftheair.

B.Volcaniceruptions.

C.Obliterationofsolarradiation.

D.Alloftheabove.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】41.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“人們相信在……地球會(huì)變得更冷”。根據(jù)文章第一段首句Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature（科學(xué)家聲稱，空氣污染導(dǎo)致世界平均氣溫下降）和最后一句Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.（科學(xué)家們懷疑火山對(duì)天氣變化的影響類似于空氣污染）可知，volcanoeserupt是改變天氣的一個(gè)原因；第二段第四行提到Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（其作用是將入射的太陽輻射送入太空，從而使地球降溫）可知，太陽輻射送入太空可以降低地球溫度；第三段最后一句提到man’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.（人們使用石油、天然氣、煤炭和其他污染物質(zhì)對(duì)大氣的污染，可能會(huì)給我們帶來越來越寒冷的天氣）可知，空氣污染也是天氣變冷的一個(gè)原因；因此A項(xiàng)“火山爆發(fā)”，B項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代人造成的空氣污染”，C項(xiàng)“把太陽輻射送入太空”均正確，故該題選D項(xiàng)“以上都是”。

42.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“坦博拉火山爆發(fā)的影響是……”。根據(jù)第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.（坦博拉火山爆發(fā)噴出的火山灰在數(shù)天里擴(kuò)散到了全球且這些火山灰長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年地保留在空氣中）和第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.（由于原因與后果之間的長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年的時(shí)差，所以當(dāng)人們?cè)庥龊蠊麜r(shí)候，往往不能認(rèn)識(shí)到導(dǎo)致其的真正原因）可知A項(xiàng)“荷屬東印度群島才會(huì)感覺到這一影響”，B項(xiàng)“在世界范圍內(nèi)持續(xù)數(shù)天”，D項(xiàng)“立刻成為全世界科學(xué)家所關(guān)注的證據(jù)”都不符合。故該題C項(xiàng)“污染正在冷卻地球的證據(jù)”正確。

43.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“1815到1818年英國(guó)冷天氣的原因是由于……”。根據(jù)第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（坦博拉火山爆發(fā)噴出的火山灰在數(shù)天里擴(kuò)散到了全球且這些火山灰長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年地保留在空氣中;火山灰讓太陽輻射轉(zhuǎn)入太空，進(jìn)而讓地球溫度下降）可知B項(xiàng)“大氣中的火山灰”正確，A項(xiàng)“農(nóng)作物和牲畜產(chǎn)量下降”是后果，不是原因；C項(xiàng)“工業(yè)革命造成的污染”和D項(xiàng)“靠近北海”在文中沒有提及，因此B正確。

44.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“沒有人認(rèn)識(shí)到世界農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)惡化的原因是因?yàn)椤薄８鶕?jù)第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect（由于因果之間有幾年的時(shí)間差）可知A項(xiàng)“因果之間有一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間間隔”正確，B項(xiàng)“天氣變化超出了人類理解力范圍”，C項(xiàng)“天氣預(yù)報(bào)不準(zhǔn)確”，D項(xiàng)“到現(xiàn)代才出現(xiàn)生態(tài)學(xué)家”在文中沒有提及，因此該題選A。

45.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“如果像一些科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)的那樣，世界將在冰中終結(jié)，原因可能是什么?”。根據(jù)文中第二段中的第四句Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（火山灰讓太陽福射轉(zhuǎn)入太空，進(jìn)而讓地球溫度下降）及最后一段的第二句Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatofMr.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.（如華盛頓的St.Helens先生說的那樣，火山爆發(fā)的可能性的始終存在和人類消耗石油、天然氣、煤和其它污染物而帶來的大氣污染有可能為人類帶來不斷變冷的氣候）可知A項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代人類對(duì)空氣的污染”，B項(xiàng)“火山爆發(fā)”，C項(xiàng)“太陽輻射的消失”均符合，因此該題選D項(xiàng)“以上都是”。

8.單選題

ChinatownhasbeenthecenterofSanFrancisco’sChinesecommunitysincethe1850s.Itsboundarieshaveexpandedsignificantlysincethe1960s,andtheneighborhoodsbuilttherearegenerallyaffluent.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.plentiful

B.attractive

C.friendly

D.wealthy

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。affluent表示“富裕的，豐富的”；A項(xiàng)plentiful“豐富的，許多的”，B項(xiàng)attractive“吸引人的”，C項(xiàng)friendly“友好的”，D項(xiàng)wealthy“富裕的”。句意：自19世紀(jì)50年代以來，唐人街一直是舊金山華人社區(qū)的中心。自20世紀(jì)60年代以來，它的疆界大幅擴(kuò)張，在那里建造的社區(qū)一般都很富裕。根據(jù)句意該題選D。

9.單選題

Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.Inturn,thesepolemicshaveelicitedacorrespondingbacklashfromindustry.Thesadeffectofthispolarizationisthatitisnowevenmoredifficultforindustrythanitwasahundredyearsagotorespondappropriatelytoimpactanalysesthatdemandaction.

Unliketoday’sadversaries,earlierecologicalreformerssharedwithadvocatesofindustrialgrowthaconfidenceintimelycorrectiveaction.GeorgeP.Marsh’spioneeringconservationtractManandNature(1864)elicitedwideacclaimwithoutembittereddenials.ManandNaturecastigatedEarth’sdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.Tothecontrary,theygenerallyagreedwithhim.

Why?Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens;theydisputednotthedesirabilityofconqueringnaturebutthebunglingwayinwhichtheconquestwascarriedout.Blamewasnotpersonalized.Marshdenouncedgeneralgreedratherthanparticularentrepreneurs,andthemediadidnothoundmalefactors.Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.Self-interestunderwrotemostprescribedreforms.Marsh’semphasisonfuturestewardshipwasthenawidelyacceptedideal(ifnotpractice).HisecologicaladmonitionswereinkeepingwiththeEnlightenmentpremisethathumanity’smissionwastosubdueandtransformnature.

Notuntilthe1960sdidagloomierperspectivegainpopularground.FredericClements’equilibriummodelofecologydevelopedinthe1930sseemedconsistentwithmountingenvironmentaldisasters.Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.

Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.

61.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatesthemainideaofthepassage?

62.Theauthorreferstotheequilibriummodelofecologyasan“ecologicalmystique”(line1,lastparagraph)mostlikelyinordertodowhichoneofthefollowing?

63.WhichoneofthefollowingpracticesismostclearlyanapplicationofFredericClements’equilibriummodelofecology?

64.ThepassagesuggeststheGeorgeP.Marshandtoday’secologicalreformerswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatements?

65.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithwhichoneofthefollowing?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentshouldmotivateactiontopreventfurtherdamage.

B.TheecologicalmystiqueidentifiedwithFredericClementshasbecomeareligiousconvictionamongecologicalreformers.

C.Theviewsofecologistsandindustrialgrowthadvocatesconcerningtheenvironmenthaveonlyrecentlybecomepolarized.

D.GeorgeP.Marsh’sideasaboutconservationandstewardshiphaveheavilyinfluencedthepresentdebateovertheenvironment.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Expressappreciationforhowplantsandanimalsattainmaximumdiversityandstabilitywhenleftalone.

B.Pointoutthattheequilibriummodelofecologyhasrecentlybeensupportedbyempiricalscientificresearch.

C.Underscorethefervorwithwhichtwentieth-centuryreformersadheretotheequilibriummodel.

D.Indicatethattheideasoftwentieth-centuryecologicalreformersareoftensotheoreticalastobedifficulttounderstand.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Introducingaspeciesintoanenvironmenttowhichitisnotnativetohelpcontrolthespreadofanotherspeciesthatnolongerhasanynaturalpredators.

B.Settingareasoflandasidetobemaintainedaswildernessfromwhichtheuseorextractionofnaturalresourcesisprohibited.

C.Usingscientificmethodstoincreasesthestabilityofplantsandanimalsinareaswherespeciesareindangerofbecomingextinct.

D.Developingincentivesforindustriestotakecorrectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Regulatingindustriesinordertoprotecttheenvironmentdoesnotconflictwiththeself-interestofthoseindustries.

B.Solvingtheenvironmentalcrisisdoesnotrequiredrasticandcostlyremedies.

C.Environmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressareequallyimportantgoals.

D.HumandespoliationoftheEarthhascausedwidespreadenvironmentaldamage.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Outliningthebackgroundanddevelopmentofconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebate.

B.Explaininghowconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateareequallyvalid.

C.Determiningwhichoftwoconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateismorepersuasive.

D.Providingexamplesofpossiblesolutionstoacurrentcrisis.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最準(zhǔn)確地陳述了文章的主要思想？”。文章第一段中指出Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.（新出現(xiàn)的是觀點(diǎn)的極端兩極分化；越來越多的證據(jù)表明人類有能力不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地破壞環(huán)境，再加上人們懷疑政府、工業(yè)甚至科學(xué)在防止環(huán)境破壞方面可能無能為力，這引起了環(huán)保主義者的指責(zé)性辯論），由此可知A項(xiàng)“越來越多的證據(jù)表明人類有能力破壞環(huán)境，應(yīng)促使采取行動(dòng)防止進(jìn)一步的破壞”正確。B項(xiàng)“弗雷德里克?克萊門茨(FredericClements)所推崇的生態(tài)神秘感，已成為生態(tài)改革者的一種宗教信仰”，最后一段第一句提到Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.（生態(tài)平衡模式變成了一種生態(tài)的神秘性：環(huán)境干擾現(xiàn)在是荒野崇拜的禁忌），由此可知不是一種宗教信仰，B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“生態(tài)學(xué)家和工業(yè)發(fā)展提倡者在環(huán)境問題上的觀點(diǎn)只在最近才變得兩極化”，only（只有）一詞用的不恰當(dāng)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“GeorgeP.Marsh關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)和管理的觀點(diǎn)嚴(yán)重影響了目前關(guān)于環(huán)境的辯論”這只是一個(gè)例子，并不是通篇文章的主要意思，D項(xiàng)不選。因此該題選A。

62.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“作者將生態(tài)學(xué)的平衡模型稱為’生態(tài)的奧秘’(最后一段第一行)最有可能是為了做以下哪一種？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（環(huán)境干擾現(xiàn)在是荒野崇拜的禁忌；自然就像一件未完工的織物，由人類的聰明才智加以完善，已經(jīng)被技術(shù)所貶低和危及的自然形象所替代；啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的自然觀認(rèn)為，理性的管理者構(gòu)建了一個(gè)更加美好的環(huán)境；與之相反，20世紀(jì)改革者的自然觀要求減少人類的干預(yù)，以恢復(fù)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定。），由此可知，作者在這里指出有些改革太過于理論化而很難理解，所以D項(xiàng)“表明20世紀(jì)生態(tài)改革者的思想往往理論性太強(qiáng)，難以理解”正確。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)動(dòng)植物在不受干擾的情況下如何獲得最大程度的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性表示贊賞”，根據(jù)第四段最后一句Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimaxtechnologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時(shí)間；技術(shù)并沒有改善自然，而是破壞了它）可知，作者是對(duì)這一掠奪表示反對(duì)，對(duì)自然表示惋惜，A項(xiàng)內(nèi)容理解錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“指出生態(tài)學(xué)的平衡模型最近得到了實(shí)證科學(xué)研究的支持”，文中沒有提到；C項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)20世紀(jì)改革者對(duì)均衡模型的狂熱”，文中內(nèi)容沒有提到改革者對(duì)均衡模型的狂熱，C項(xiàng)不選。因此該題選D。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“以下哪一個(gè)實(shí)踐是弗雷德里克?克萊門茨的生態(tài)平衡模型最明顯地的應(yīng)用？”。文章第四段中指出Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（從這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來看，大自然最少改變的時(shí)候是最富有成效的；未受干擾的動(dòng)植物群落逐漸獲得了最大的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性；掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時(shí)間：技術(shù)并沒有改善自然，而是破壞了它。），由此可以推斷B項(xiàng)“把一些土地劃出來作為荒野加以維護(hù)，禁止使用或開采自然資源”是這一生態(tài)平衡模型的應(yīng)用；A項(xiàng)“將一個(gè)物種引入非本地物種的環(huán)境，以幫助控制另一個(gè)不再有天敵的物種的傳播”，將物種引入其他環(huán)境算是對(duì)自然的一種干擾，和生態(tài)平衡模型內(nèi)容不符合；C項(xiàng)“在物種瀕臨滅絕的地區(qū)，用科學(xué)的方法來增加動(dòng)植物的穩(wěn)定性”和D項(xiàng)“制定企業(yè)激勵(lì)，采取糾正措施保護(hù)環(huán)境”也是人為的干擾，都不符合這一平衡模型的內(nèi)容。因此該題選B。

64.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“文章表明，GeorgeP.Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者最有可能同意下列哪一種說法？”。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句話ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.（但沒有企業(yè)家或?qū)崢I(yè)家試圖反駁馬什的指控，他認(rèn)為砍伐森林或屠殺野生動(dòng)物在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是必要的，也沒有人認(rèn)為他的生態(tài)警告是歇斯底里的）可知A項(xiàng)“為了保護(hù)環(huán)境而規(guī)范工業(yè)與這些工業(yè)的自身利益并不沖突”有提到；根據(jù)文章第三段第四句Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.（此外，糾正措施似乎不需要犧牲，不需要嚴(yán)厲的補(bǔ)救措施）可知B項(xiàng)“解決環(huán)境危機(jī)不需要激烈和昂貴的補(bǔ)救措施”有提到；根據(jù)文章第三段第一句Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens（馬什和他的追隨者把環(huán)境改善和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展視為既定事實(shí)）可知C項(xiàng)“環(huán)境改善和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是同樣重要的目標(biāo)”也有提到；D項(xiàng)“人類對(duì)地球的掠奪造成了廣泛的環(huán)境破壞”，根據(jù)文章第二段第三句ManandNaturecastigatedEarthsdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”（《人與自然》譴責(zé)了地球的掠奪者，因?yàn)樗麄兯翢o忌憚的貪婪，宣稱人類“已經(jīng)使地球表面像月球表面一樣遭到了徹底的毀滅）和文章末段最后一句twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（20世紀(jì)改革者的自然觀要求減少人類的干預(yù)，以恢復(fù)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定）可推斷，Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者都同意人類的掠奪對(duì)自然造成破壞，所以D項(xiàng)符合，A、B、C選項(xiàng)都是Marsh那個(gè)時(shí)期的觀點(diǎn)，并不是當(dāng)今生態(tài)改革者的觀點(diǎn)，所以A、B、C選項(xiàng)都不正確。因此該題選D。

65.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“這篇文章主要是關(guān)于下列哪一個(gè)？”。作者首段提到Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:Anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.（關(guān)于環(huán)境危機(jī)的爭(zhēng)論并不新鮮：對(duì)工業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境影響的擔(dān)憂已經(jīng)存在了一個(gè)多世紀(jì)。新出現(xiàn)的是觀點(diǎn)的極端兩極分化。），由此可知，文章開篇提到當(dāng)今面對(duì)環(huán)境的爭(zhēng)論出現(xiàn)了兩極化，然后下文通過很多的例子說明，一種過于理論化的論述是不合乎邏輯的，C項(xiàng)“確定當(dāng)前辯論中兩個(gè)相互沖突的觀點(diǎn)中哪一個(gè)更有說服力”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“概述當(dāng)前辯論中相互沖突的觀點(diǎn)的背景和發(fā)展”，概述背景和發(fā)展的目的是為了討論出兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)哪一個(gè)更有說服力，所以A項(xiàng)是一個(gè)論述過程，因此不選；B項(xiàng)“解釋當(dāng)前辯論中相互沖突的觀點(diǎn)如何同樣有效”也是討論的一個(gè)過程，不是文章的主要討論目的，B項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“為當(dāng)前危機(jī)提供可能的解決方案”，文章并沒有給出合適的解決方案，D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。因此該題選C。

10.單選題

InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.

Inthosetimes,rulershadonlyalimitedabilitytoraisetaxes.Theycouldneitherforcetheirsubjectstofightnorpaythemtodoso.Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.

Onesuchdevicewasaruleassertingthattheprisonerhadtoassesshisownvalue.Thiscompelledtheprisonertoestablishavaluewithoutmuchdistortion;indicatingtoolowavaluewouldincreasethecaptive’schancesofbeingkilled,whileindicatingtoohighavaluewouldeitherrushhimfinanciallyorcreateaprohibitivelyexpensiveransomthatwouldalsoresultindeath.

Asecondmeansofreducingcostswasthepracticeofreleasingaprisoneronhiswordofhonor.Thisprocedurewasadvantageoustobothpartiessincethecaptorwasrelievedoftheexpenseofkeepingtheprisonerwhilethecaptivehadfreedomofmovement.Thecaptoralsobenefitedfinanciallybyhavinghiscaptiveraisetheransomhimself.This“parole”wasaviablepracticesincethereleasedprisonerriskedrecaptureorretaliationagainsthisfamily.Moreover,inmedievalsociety,breakingone’swordhadseriousconsequences.When,forexample,KingFrancoisIbrokehiswordtotheEmperorCharlesVin1525,hisreputationsufferedimmensely.

Afindmethodofreducingcostswastheuseofspecializedinstitutionstoestablishcontactbetweenthetwoparties.Twotypesofinstitutionsemerged:professionaldealerswhoactedasbrokers,andmembersofreligiousorderswhoactedasneutralintermediaries.Dealersadvancedmoneyfortheransomandchargedinterestontheloan.TwoofthereligiousordersthatbecameintermediariesweretheMercedariansandtheTrinitarians,whobetweenthemarrangedtheransomofnearlyonemillionprisoners.

61.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

62.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatamedievalsoldier______.

63.Intheauthor’sopinion,asoldier’sdecisiontospareanadversary’slifebelinkedhistoricallyto______.

64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprocessofarrangingransomsduringmedievaltimeswas______.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.discusstheeconomicbasisofthemedievalpracticeofexchangingprisonersforransom

B.examinethehistoryofthetreatmentofprisonersofwar

C.emphasizetheimportanceofawarrior’swordofhonorduringtheMiddleAges

D.explorethreewaysofreducingthecostsofransom

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.hadfeweconomicoptionsandchosetofightbecauseitwastheonlywayto

B.wassimilartoa20th-centuryterroristinthatheoperatedonabasicallyindependentlevelandwasmotivatedsolelybyeconomicincentives

C.waslesslikelytokillcapturedmembersofopposingarmiesthanwasasoldieroftheRomanEmpire

D.wasmotivatedtospareprisonerslivesbyhumanitarianratherthaneconomicideals

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theeconomicrelationshipofthewarringstates

B.theeconomicgainfromtakinganenemyprisonerratherthankillinghimincombat

C.thecasewithwhichasoldiercouldcaptureandsubsequentlyimprisonhisenemy

D.technologicaladvancesinweaponry

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.morelucrativeformedievalsoldiersandkingsthanthewinningofspoils

B.aproceduresocostlythatitwasnoteconomicallyworthwhileforthecaptors

C.futileforthecaptivesincelieriskedrecaptureevenafterhisransomwaspaid

D.apotentialsourceofincomeforothersasidefromthecaptorsoftheprisoners

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Anassertionismade,brieflyexplained,andthenseveralexamplesthatrefutetheassertionaregiven.

B.Ahistoricalanalysisismadeofaphenomenonandsupportingdetailsareoffered.

C.Ahypothesisisoffered,carefullyqualified,andthensupportingdataisanalyzed.

D.Agenerallyacceptedhistoricalviewpointispresentedinordertointroducediscussionofitsstrengthsandlimitations.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題