2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)63

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,”writesBjornLomborg,37,anassociateprofessorofstatisticsatDenmark'sUniversityofAarhusandaformermemberofGreenpeace,inhis1998bookTheSkepticalEnvironmentalist.“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”

Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming."Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood,”hesaysoftheexpenseofcomplyingwiththeKyotoProtocolonglobalwarming.“ForthecostofKyotoforoneyear,wecouldgivecleandrinkingwaterandsanitationtoeveryhumanbeingonearth."

SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.PeterRaven,chairmanoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,callsLomborg“theprimeexampleinourtimeofsomeonewhodistortsstatisticsandstatementstomeethisownpoliticalend.”Adozenesteemedenvironmentalscientists,includingRavenandHarvard’sEdwardO.Wilson,aredemandingthatLomborg’spublishercuthimloose.“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,”theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.

Theproblemis,Lomborggetsmanyofhisfactsrightandprovides2,930footnotestomakethemeasytocheck.Somescientistsandenvironmentaladvocateshavemadeexaggeratedclaimsaboutenvironmentaldoom,andit’snotsurprisingthattheyhavefinallybeencatalogued.YetLomborgisasguiltyofexaggerationandselectiveuseofdataasthosehecriticizes.Heisrightthatairandwaterqualityandagriculturalproductivityhaveimprovedinmuchoftheworld.Buttolookatthedataonglobalwarming,biologicaldiversity,marinedepletionanddeforestationandstillsaythingsaregenerallygettingbettertakesawillfulblindness.That’swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.“I'mmakingafairamountofmoneyfromthebook,’’saysLomborg,‘‘AlotmorethanCambridgethought,

1.WhyisBjornLamborgcriticizedbyenvironmentalists?

2.WecanlearnfromthetextthatTheSkepticalEnvironmentalistisabookthat（

）.

3.ConservativesworldwidesharewithLomborgthesameviewthatdeforestationandglobalwarmingare（

）.

4.Thescientists,accordingtothetext,demandthatCambridgeUniversityPress（）.

5.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthecriticismagainstLomborg'sbook?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becausehehasalwaysbeenagainstprotectingtheenvironment.

B.Becausehebelievesthatenvironmentalproblemsarebecomingworse.

C.Becauseheputforwardanewhypothesisofprotectingtheworldenvironment.

D.Becauseheclaimstobeanenvironmentalistbutdoubtsthatenvironmentalproblemsareasseriousastheyusedtobe.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.hasattractedattentionfromboththepublicandthescholars

B.hasbeenneglectedbythereaderssinceitspublication

C.hasbeengreatlypraisedbythereaderssinceitspublication

D.hasbeengreatlycriticizedbythereaderssinceitspublication

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.gettingworseandworsebecausenothinghasbeendoneaboutthem

B.gettingbetterandbetterbecausemuchmoneyhasbeenspentonthem

C.notseriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatgreatcostatpresent

D.seriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatanycost

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.sellallthebookstoapopular,non-scholarlypress,forthebookisfulloferrors

B.stoppublishingthebookandsellthepublishingrightstoanon-scholarlypress,forthebookisnotanacademicbook

C.stoppublishinganybookswrittenbyLomborg,forheisnotacceptedbyhispeerstransferthepublishingrightsofthebooktoanotherpress,forthebookisnotwellreferenced

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itisnotfair,forthebookiswell-referenced.

B.Itisfairandhasbeenconductedinagoodway.

C.ItpreventsLomborgfromgettingmoremoneyfromthebook.

D.Itshouldnotbename-callingbutshouldbecarriedoutinawaythatcouldstartameaningfuldiscussiononhowtosolveenvironmentalproblems.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一段第一句HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?可知他遭到了環(huán)保主義者的反對(duì)；再根據(jù)下一句Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”我們沒有耗盡能源或自然資源，”“我們周圍的空氣和水污染越來(lái)越少。實(shí)際上，人類的命運(yùn)在每一個(gè)可衡量的指標(biāo)上都有所改善?！贝_定他表達(dá)自己是一個(gè)環(huán)保主義者，但是他的一些論點(diǎn)和看法與此相悖，所以遭到了很多環(huán)保主義者的反對(duì)，所以D選項(xiàng)‘因?yàn)樗暦Q自己是一個(gè)環(huán)保主義者但是質(zhì)疑環(huán)境問(wèn)題和以前一樣’正確。

2.根據(jù)第二段第一句Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinaction..可知這本書是一本暢銷書，全世界很多保守黨都關(guān)注了這本書；再由SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.可知很多的科學(xué)家也都關(guān)注了這本書，綜合分析確定A選項(xiàng)‘這本書受到了很多公眾以及專家學(xué)者的關(guān)注’符合題意。

3.根據(jù)第二段中的內(nèi)容andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming.“Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood，一些保守黨根據(jù)這一觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為對(duì)于采伐森林和全球變暖這些問(wèn)題并不嚴(yán)重，認(rèn)為他們對(duì)于這些問(wèn)題采取的不作為態(tài)度是正當(dāng)?shù)?，確定C選項(xiàng)“這個(gè)問(wèn)題并不是一個(gè)需要花大成本去解決的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題”符合題意。

4.根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句內(nèi)容“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,’’theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.科學(xué)家呼吁劍橋大學(xué)出版社不應(yīng)該出版這樣的錯(cuò)誤滿篇、參考不足、沒有先行評(píng)審的書籍，應(yīng)該把這本書出版權(quán)給一個(gè)普遍的、非學(xué)術(shù)性的出版社，確定B選項(xiàng)‘停止出版這本書，把出版權(quán)賣給非學(xué)術(shù)出版社，因?yàn)檫@本書不是學(xué)術(shù)著作’符合正確。

5.根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容That'swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.這就是為什么如此多對(duì)隆伯格的攻擊都是靠罵人來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。所有這些都是為了避免一場(chǎng)關(guān)于環(huán)境政策實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的有價(jià)值的辯論，當(dāng)然，也是為了幫助隆伯格賣書。確定作者認(rèn)為對(duì)于Lomborg的攻擊只會(huì)使得他的書賣的更好，對(duì)于解決環(huán)境問(wèn)題以及這樣有價(jià)值的研究討論是沒有作用的，所以D選項(xiàng)‘這不應(yīng)該是謾罵，而是應(yīng)該以一種能夠就如何解決環(huán)境問(wèn)題展開有意義的討論的方式來(lái)進(jìn)行‘符合題意。

2.翻譯題

Oneofthedilemmasofthisdecadehasbeenwhethertoapproachmodemeducationintermsofthegeneralistorthespecialist.Someuniversitiesrequireallstudentstotakeacommoncoreofcoursesfromabroadrangeofdisciplines,appealingtothegeneralistapproachtoeducation.Yet,choosingthecorecoursesinlightoftoday’sexplosionininformationanddiversemulticulturalstudentpopulationshasnotbeenaneasytask.Howdoesoneselectwhatitisthateveryoneshouldknow?Otheruniversitiescontinuetotailortheircoursestothemoreimmediateprofessionalneedsoftheirstudents,appealingtothespecialistapproachtoeducation.Butwithoutacorecurriculum,studentsoftenlackthesharedknowledgenecessarytoparticipateeffectivelyinanintegratedsociety.

【答案】這十年我們所面臨的矛盾之一，究竟應(yīng)該從通才還是專才的角度來(lái)看待現(xiàn)代教育。有些大學(xué)要求所有的學(xué)生都要選修一門涵蓋廣泛學(xué)科的共同核心課程，這對(duì)通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考慮到今天的信息爆炸和學(xué)生來(lái)自不同的文化背景，選擇共同課程不是一件容易的事。如何確定哪些是每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該知道的東西？另一些大學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)專才教育，根據(jù)學(xué)生更直接的專業(yè)需要來(lái)調(diào)整他們的課程。但是沒有一個(gè)共同課程，學(xué)生常常缺乏有效參與一個(gè)綜合的社會(huì)所需要的共同知識(shí)。

【解析】這十年我們所面臨的矛盾之一，究竟應(yīng)該從通才還是專才的角度來(lái)看待現(xiàn)代教育。有些大學(xué)要求所有的學(xué)生都要選修一門涵蓋廣泛學(xué)科的共同核心課程，這對(duì)通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考慮到今天的信息爆炸和學(xué)生來(lái)自不同的文化背景，選擇共同課程不是一件容易的事。如何確定哪些是每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該知道的東西？另一些大學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)專才教育，根據(jù)學(xué)生更直接的專業(yè)需要來(lái)調(diào)整他們的課程。但是沒有一個(gè)共同課程，學(xué)生常常缺乏有效參與一個(gè)綜合的社會(huì)所需要的共同知識(shí)。

3.單選題

Coralreefsareoneofthemostfragile,biologicallycomplex,anddiversemarineecosystemonEarth.Thisecosystemisoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiosphere:howdoclearandthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?Partoftheanswerlieswithinthetissuesofthecoralsthemselves.Symbioticcellsofalgaeknownaszoozanthellaecarryoutphotosynthesisusingthemetabolicwastesofthecoraltherebyproducingfoodforthemselves,fortheircorals,hosts,andevenforothermembersofthereefcommunity.Thissymbioticprocessallowsorganismsinthereefcommunitytousesparsenutrientresourceefficiently.

Unfortunatelyforcoralreefs,however,avarietyofhumanactivitiesarecausingworldwidedegradationofshallowmarinehabitatsbyaddingnutrientstothewater.Agriculture,slashandbumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?

3.Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(line17)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefs

B.explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunities

C.discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwaters

D.explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.

B.Thenutrientsonwhichcoralcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.

C.Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.

D.Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeterioration

B.explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvival

C.identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthrive

D.indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.

B.Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.

C.Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.

D.Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.

B.Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanover-abundanceofalgaeinhabitingtheirwaters.

C.Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.

D.Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文第一段講了珊瑚礁是如何在清澈且無(wú)養(yǎng)料的海水中繁衍的。第二段開頭開始轉(zhuǎn)折，作者指出人類活動(dòng)是怎樣對(duì)珊瑚礁的棲息地造成破壞的，所以B選項(xiàng)‘解釋人類活動(dòng)如何對(duì)珊瑚礁群落構(gòu)成威脅’為正確答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“howdoclear,andthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?”用一個(gè)反問(wèn)句表明珊瑚礁適合在低養(yǎng)料的清澈海水中生長(zhǎng)。確定A選項(xiàng)符合題意。珊瑚礁很難在淺水灘邊繁殖，所以B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致海水中的養(yǎng)料增加，而并非增加了海水的溫度，從而破壞了珊瑚礁的棲息地，C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。食草動(dòng)物數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定并不是珊瑚礁生長(zhǎng)造成的，而是珊瑚礁遭到破壞的一種表現(xiàn)，D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。

3.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.珊瑚礁衰退的典型癥狀是食草動(dòng)物種群的不穩(wěn)定，以及藻類和濾食性動(dòng)物數(shù)量的增加。”確定作者提到filter-feedinganimals是為了說(shuō)明珊瑚礁減少的特征。A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Agriculture,slash-and-bumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.農(nóng)業(yè)、刀耕火種、污水處理以及制造業(yè)向海水中排放了大量的垃圾，從而增加了海水的營(yíng)含量。”和“Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.珊瑚礁對(duì)養(yǎng)料排入海水中發(fā)生的微妙變化很敏感，隨著人口的增加，排放到海水的養(yǎng)料也隨之増加，珊瑚礁的數(shù)量也就減少了?！笨芍祟惻欧诺睦黾恿撕Ｋ臓I(yíng)養(yǎng)含量，從而威脅著珊瑚礁的生長(zhǎng)。D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。作者在第一段提到珊瑚礁之所以能在清澈并且少養(yǎng)料的海水中生長(zhǎng)，是因?yàn)橛幸环N叫蟲黃藻的水藻與它共生。蟲黃藻能夠與珊瑚礁的糞便進(jìn)行光合作用，從而又為珊瑚礁提供食物。因此，盡管在食物資源極度缺乏的環(huán)境下，珊瑚礁也能夠生長(zhǎng)。所以C選項(xiàng)‘它們能夠在食物資源有限的環(huán)境中生存’符合題意。

4.單選題

ThoughEnglishwasonthewholeprosperousandhopeful,thoughcomparisonwithherneighborssheenjoyedinternalpeace,shecouldnotevadethefactthattheworldofwhichsheformedapartwastombyhatredandstrifeasfierceasanyinhumanhistory.Menwerestillfarfromrecognizingthattworeligionscouldexistsidebysideinthesamesociety;theybelievedthatthetolerationofanotherreligiondifferentfromtheirown,andhencenecessarilyfalse,mustinevitablydestroysuchasocietyandbringthesoulsofallitsmembersintodangerofhell.Sothestrugglewentonwithincreasingfurywithineachnationtoimposeasinglecreeduponeverysubject,andwithinthegeneralsocietyofChristendomtoimposeituponeverynation.InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.AgainstEngland,themostimportantofalltheProtestantnationstoreconquer,militarymightwasnotyetpossiblebecausetheCatholicPowersweretoooccupiedanddivided:andso,inthe1570’sRomebentherefforts,asshehaddoneathousandyearsbeforeinthedaysofSaintAugustine,towinEnglandbackbymeansofhermissionaries.

ThesewereyoungEnglishmenwhohadeithernevergivenuptheoldfaith,orhavingdoneso,hadreturnedtoitandfeltcalledtobecomepriests.Therebeing,ofcourse,noCatholicseminariesleftinEngland,theywentabroad,atfirstquiteeasily,laterwithdifficultyanddanger,tostudyintheEnglishcollegesatDouaiorRome:theformerestablishedforthetrainingofordinaryorsecularclergy,theotherforthemembertheSocietyofJesus,commonlyknownasJesuits,anewOrderestablishedbySt.IgnatiusLoyolasomethirtyyearsbefore.Thesecularscamefirst;theyachievedasuccess,whicheventhemosteagercouldhardlyhaveexpected.Cool-mindedandwell-informedmen,likeCecil,hadlongsurmisedthattheconversionoftheEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete;many-Cecilthoughteventhemajority-hadconformedoutoffear,self-interestor-possiblythecommonestreasonofall-sheerbewildermentattherapidchangesindoctrineandformsofworshipimposedontheminsoshortatime.Thusithappenedthatthemissionariesfoundawelcome,notonlywiththefamilieswhohadsecretlyofferedthemhospitalityiftheycame,butwithmanyotherswhomtheirfirsthostsinvitedtomeetthemorpassedthemonto.Theywouldandattheportsindisguise,asmerchants,courtiersorwhatnot,professingsomeplausiblebusinessinthecountry,andmakebydeviouswaysfortheirfirsthouseofrefuge.TheretheywouldadministertheSacramentsandpreachtothehouseholdsandtosuchoftheneighborsastheirhoststrustedandpresentlygoontosomeotherlocalitytowhichtheyweredirectedforfromwhichtheyreceivedacall.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis（

）.

2.Thereligiousstrifementionedinthepassageisbetween（

）.

3.WhatwasMartinLuther'sreligion?

4.ThroughwhatwaydidtheRomerecoversomeofthelostland?

5.Whatdidthesecondparagraphmainlydescribe?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thecontinuityofthereligiousstruggleinBritaininnewways

B.theconversionofreligioninBritain

C.thevictoryofthenewreligioninBritain

D.Englandbecameprosperous

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ReformersandProtestants

B.CatholicpoursandJesuits

C.Catholicpowersandprotestants

D.MartinLutherandSt.Augustine

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Buddhism

B.Protestantism

C.Catholicism

D.Orthodox

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Civilandmilitaryways

B.Propagandaandaback,

C.Persuasionandcriticism

D.Religiousandmilitaryways

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheactivitiesofmissionariesinBritain.

B.TheconversionofEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete.

C.TheyounginBritainbegantoconverttoCatholicism.

D.Mostfamiliesofferedhospitalitytomissionaries.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.這篇文章的中心思想是“英國(guó)宗教斗爭(zhēng)以新的方式繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，所以A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)‘英國(guó)宗教的轉(zhuǎn)變’、C選項(xiàng)‘新教在英國(guó)的勝利’和D選項(xiàng)‘英國(guó)變得繁榮’都是文章談到具體事情，不是主題思想。

2.根據(jù)文章第一段：InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury在英國(guó)，改革者，或新教徒，在國(guó)王權(quán)力的幫助下，在這個(gè)階段取得了勝利，但是在整個(gè)歐洲，羅馬開始收復(fù)在本世紀(jì)早期馬丁?路德起義后失去的部分失地。和Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,它通過(guò)兩種方式做到了這一點(diǎn)，通過(guò)傳教士的活動(dòng)，比如在德國(guó)的部分地區(qū)，或者通過(guò)天主教強(qiáng)國(guó)的軍事力量，確定C選項(xiàng)‘天主教勢(shì)力與新教的勢(shì)力’正確。

3.因?yàn)榱_馬教皇推行的是天主教。這在第一段第四句InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.“在英國(guó)，宗教改革者，或者說(shuō)基督教，在英國(guó)皇權(quán)的協(xié)助下，此時(shí)己取得勝利；而作為整個(gè)歐洲來(lái)說(shuō)，羅馬教皇已經(jīng)開始恢復(fù)世紀(jì)初馬丁?路德反叛后所失去的一些地盤?！瘪R丁?路德是改革者，也就是基督教。所以B選項(xiàng)‘新教‘正確。

4.第一段第五句Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.教皇用兩種辦法進(jìn)行恢復(fù)，一種就像在部分德國(guó)地區(qū)進(jìn)行的那樣通過(guò)傳教士的活動(dòng)，另一種象在低地國(guó)里進(jìn)行的，通過(guò)天主教國(guó)家的軍事力量。那里荷蘭的幾個(gè)省份在西班牙的軍事壓力下，常常是被逼迫得幾乎走投無(wú)路的。所以D選項(xiàng)‘宗教和軍事方式’正確。

5.第二段講到：這些英國(guó)青年或者根本沒有放棄老的信仰，或者放棄以后又重新歸返舊教，應(yīng)召成為牧師。英國(guó)當(dāng)然沒有剩下天主教神學(xué)院，他們就出國(guó)，開始很容易，后來(lái)，有困難甚至有危險(xiǎn)，到杜?；蛄_馬英文學(xué)院就讀。前者專為培養(yǎng)一般或修道院外的牧師而建。后者是培養(yǎng)耶酥會(huì)教士，通稱天主耶酥會(huì)會(huì)士，是約三十年前圣?羅拉創(chuàng)建的一種神職。在杜埃學(xué)習(xí)的牧師先回來(lái)，他們?nèi)〉昧肆钊艘庀氩坏降某晒?。頭腦冷靜，信息靈通人士，像西塞爾這種政治家，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，一直猜度，英國(guó)人歸返基督教新教的過(guò)程遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有完成。許多人--西塞爾甚至認(rèn)為是大多數(shù)的人，因出于恐懼、利己或者可能是其它原因——他們被在那么短的時(shí)期內(nèi)強(qiáng)加到他們身上的信仰形式，飛快變更的教義搞糊涂了。所以A選項(xiàng)‘傳教士活動(dòng)在英國(guó)‘正確。B選項(xiàng)‘英國(guó)人歸反基督教的事情遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有完成’和C選項(xiàng)‘在英國(guó)青年開始?xì)w反天主教’都是傳教活動(dòng)開始的原因，不是第二段主要內(nèi)容。D選項(xiàng)‘大多數(shù)家庭禮待傳教士‘是第二段最后幾行談到這些傳教士秘密來(lái)到英國(guó)后的情況。

5.單選題

Tworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearch

effortonnitrogenfixation,(固氮)theprocessbywhichbacteriasymbioticallyrenderleguminous(豆科的)plantsindependentofnitrogenfertilizer,onedevelopmenthasbeentherapid,sustainedincreaseinthepriceofnitrogenfertilizer.Theotherdevelopmenthasbeentherapidgrowthofknowledgeofandtechnicalsophisticationingeneticengineering.Fertilizerprices,largelytiedtothepriceofnaturalgas，hugeamountsofwhichgointothemanufactureoffertilizer,willcontinuetorepresentanenormousandescalating,economicburdenonmodemagriculture,spurringthesearchforalternativestosynthetic(合成的)fertilizers.Andgeneticengineeringisjustthesortoffundamentalbreakthroughthatopensupprospectsofwhollynovelalternatives.Onesuchnovelideaisthatofinsertingintothechromosomes(染色體)ofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousplantsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousplantstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.

Nitrogenfixationisaprocessinwhichcertainbacteriauseatmosphericnitrogengas,whichgreenplantcannotdirectlyutilize,toproduceammonia(氨)anitrogencompoundplantscanuse.Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowtheventhoughtheplants’sleavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.Theleguminousplantsamongthemcropplantssuchassoybeans,peas,alfalfa,andclover-havesolvedthenitrogensupplyproblembyenteringintoasymbiotic(共生的)relationshipwiththebacterialgenusRhizobium(根瘤菌);asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsuppliesthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogendepletedsoil.

Unfortunatelymostofthemajorfoodcropsincludingmaize,wheat,rice,andpotatoescannot.Onthecontrary,manyofthehigh-yieldinghybrid(雜種的)varietiesofthesefoodcropsbredduringtheGreenRevolutionofthe1960’swereselectedspecificallytogivehighyieldsinresponsetogenerousapplicationsofnitrogenfertilizer.Thisposesanadditionalformidablechallengetoplantgeneticists:theymustworkonenhancingfixationwithintheexistingsymbioses.Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifthegenesinlegumesthatequipthoseplantstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound,becomespossible.Theoveralltasklooksforbidding,butthestakesaretoohighnottoundertakeit.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereiscurrentlynostrainofRhizobiumthatcanenterintoasymbiosiswith（

）.

3.ThepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingistrueofthebacterialgenusRhizobium?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwasthemostinfluentialfactorinbringingaboutintensifiedresearchonnitrogenfixation?

5.Whichofthefollowingsituationsismostcloselyanalogoustothesituationdescribedbytheauthorasoneofnature’sgreatironies.(thesentenceinitalicsinparagraph2)

6.Accordingtothepassage,theultimategoalofthecurrentresearchonnitrogenfixationistodevelop（

）.

7.Theauthorregardstheresearchprogramunderdiscussionas（

）.

8.Mostnearlyparallel,initsfundamentalapproach,totheresearchprogramdescribedinthepassagewouldbeaprogramdesignedto（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exposethefragilenatureofthefoundationsonwhichthehighyieldofmodemagriculturerest.

B.arguethatgeneticengineeringpromisestoleadtoevenhigheryieldsthanareachievablewithsyntheticfertilizers.

C.arguethatthecapacityfornitrogen-fixingsymbiosesistransferabletononleguminousplants.

D.explainthereasonsforandtheobjectivesofcurrentresearchonnitrogen—fixingsymbioses.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.alfalfa

B.clover

C.maize

D.peas

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Rhizobiumbacteriaarefoundprimarilyinnitrogen-depletedsoils.

B.SomestrainsofRhizobiumarenotcapableofenteringintoasymbiosiswithanyplant

C.Rhizobiumbacteriaproducesomeammoniafortheirownpurposes.

D.Rhizobiumbacteriacannotsurviveoutsidetheprotectedhabitatprovidedbyhostplants.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thehighyieldoftheGreenRevolution

B.thepersistentupwardsurgeinnaturalgasprices.

C.thevarietyofRhizobiumstrains.

D.themechanizationofmodemagriculture

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thatofafarmerwhosecropshavefailedbecausethenormalmidseasonrainsdidnotmaterializeandnopreparationsforirrigationhadbeenmade.

B.Thatofalong——distancerunnerwholosesamarathonracebecauseofawrongturnthatcosthimtwentyseconds.

C.Thatofshipwreckedsailorsatseainalifeboat,withoneflaskofdrinkingwatertoshareamongthem.

D.Thatofamotoristwhorunsoutofgasamerefivemilesfromthenearestgasstation.

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.strainsofRhizobiumthatcanenterintosymbioseswithexistingvarietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonleguumes

B.strainsofRhizobiumthatproducemoreammoniaforleguminoushostplantsthandoanyofthestrainspresentlyknown

C.varietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonlegumesthatyieldasmuchasdoexistingvarieties,butrequirelessnitrogen

D.varietiesofwheat,rice,andothernonlegumesthatmaintainanadequatesymbioticrelationshipwithnitrogen-fixingbacteriaandproducehighyield

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.originalandextensivebutill-definedastomethod

B.necessaryandambitiousbutvulnerabletofailure

C.cogentandworthwhilebutseverelyunderfunded

D.prohibitivelyexpensivebutconceptuallyelegant

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.achievegreaterfrostresistanceinfrosttenderfoodplantsbymeansofselectivebreeding,therebyexpandingthoseplantareaofcultivation

B.Achievegreateryieldfromfoodplantsbyinterplantingcropplantsthataremutuallybeneficial.

C.Findinginexpensiveandabundantnaturalsubstancesthatcouldwithoutreducingyields,besubstitutedforexpensivesyntheticfertilizes

D.Changethegeneticmakeupoffoodplantsthatcannotliveinwaterwithhighsalinity,usinggenesfromplantadaptedtoslotwater.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:B

第8題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章開篇解釋了由于化肥價(jià)格上漲以及遺傳工程學(xué)技術(shù)增強(qiáng)，讓研究者加大對(duì)固氮作用的研究，這是原因。后面緊接著講到研究的具體內(nèi)容以及將要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。所以D選項(xiàng)“解釋研究固氮作用的原因以及研究的目標(biāo)”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。文章第二段末尾處提到“soybeans，peas,alfalfa,andclover”可以與根瘤菌實(shí)現(xiàn)共生關(guān)系。第三段開始處使用“Unfortunately”表轉(zhuǎn)折，“maize,wheat,rice,andpotatoescannot.”此處的cannot緊著上文的邏輯，指無(wú)法和根瘤菌實(shí)現(xiàn)共生，所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.語(yǔ)義理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段末尾“asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsuppliesthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogendepletedsoil.事實(shí)上，對(duì)于每一種豆類植物而言都存在一種特定的根瘤菌，寄主植物為根瘤菌提供食物以及一個(gè)充分保護(hù)的棲息處，而作為交換手段，將剩余的氨接過(guò)來(lái)。這樣，豆科植物在氨肥缺失的土壤中仍能茂盛生長(zhǎng)。確定B選項(xiàng)“根瘤菌自身創(chuàng)造氨肥”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)作者沒有提及根瘤菌最初發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點(diǎn)，B項(xiàng)與文章意思相悖，D選項(xiàng)根瘤菌雖然和寄生植物是共生關(guān)系，但文章沒有提及根瘤菌的細(xì)菌離開寄生植物就無(wú)法生存。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。文章第一段提到由于化肥的價(jià)格很大程度上和天然氣的價(jià)格相關(guān)，天然氣的價(jià)格上漲直接導(dǎo)致肥料價(jià)格上漲，給現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)帶來(lái)了巨額并給不斷上升的經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)負(fù)擔(dān)，直接刺激人們?nèi)ふ铱商娲暮铣煞柿稀６z傳工程學(xué)的進(jìn)步為尋找替代肥料創(chuàng)造了良好的條件。所以B選項(xiàng)“持續(xù)上漲的天然氣價(jià)格”正確。

5.語(yǔ)義理解題。文章第二段提到“Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowth