2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國財政科學研究院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號70

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國財政科學研究院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

______thatratherthanavoidcapturehepresentedhimselfattheprisongates.

問題1選項

A.Legendhasit

B.Ashaslegend

C.Legendashasit

D.Asithaslegend

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：據(jù)說，為了不被抓，他去自首了。A選項Legendhasit“據(jù)說”為固定搭配，符合題意，其余選項用法錯誤。因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

Plasticbagsareusefulforholdingmanykindsoffood,_______theircleanness,toughnessandlowcost.Buttheyareharmfultoenvironment.

問題1選項

A.byvirtueof

B.inadditionto

C.forthesakeof

D.asopposedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項byvirtueof“由于”；B選項inadditionto“除……之外（還有，也）”；C選項forthesakeof“為了……的利益”；D選項asopposedto“與……截然相反”。句意：塑料袋雖然_______干凈、韌性強和成本低，可以盛裝很多種食物，但是對環(huán)境有害。根據(jù)語境，這里指塑料袋因為干凈等特點，所以可以盛裝食物，所以byvirtueof“由于”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

3.單選題

Mostcellsaretransparent—inotherwords,theyarenotverygoodatreflectingorabsorbinglight.Tolookatthemunderamicroscopethusrequirestrickery.Manyofthesetrickskillthecells,andeventhosethatkeepthemalivelookonlyatslicesthrougheachcell,ratherthanseeingthewholethinginthreedimensions.MichaelFeld,oftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,andhiscolleagues,thinktheycanchangethat.Theyhaveinventedawaytolookatcellsthatarestillalive.Moreover,theycandosointhreedimensions.Theirmethodiscalledtomographicphasemicroscopy,anditisreportedinthisweek’sNatureMethods.Insteadofrelyingonabsorbedorreflectedlight,Dr.Feld’stechniquecelebratestransparencybylookingatlightthatgetsthroughunaltered.Itdoessobymeasuringapropertycalledtherefractiveindex.

Thisindexmeasuresthespeedoflightinamaterial.(Lightzipsalongattheactual“speedoflight”,fasterthanwhichnothingcango,onlywhenitistravellingthroughavacuum.)Thedifferentcomponentsofacell,thoughtransparent,havedifferentrefractiveindices.Dr.Feldandhisteamthereforesetouttomapwhatthesedifferencesare,withaviewtousingthemtodistinguishbetweencellularcomponents.

Tomeasuretherefractiveindicesofdifferentpartsofacelltheyuseatechniquecalledinterferometry,whichinvolvessplittingabeamoflightintwo.Onehalf,knownastheobjectbeam,passesthroughthecell;theotherisdirectedalongadifferentpathandactasareference.Thelengthofthereferencepathissuchthatifnosampleispresent,thetwodaughterbeamswillbeasperfectlyinphasewhentheymeetastheywerewhentheywereseparated.Thecrestsandthetroughsoftheirwaveswillreinforceeachother,andtheresultwillbebrightness.Themorethatthelightpassingthroughthesampleissloweddown,however,themorethetwobeamswillbeoutofphase.Crestwillfallontrough,andtheresultwillbedarkness.ItisthisphaseshiftthatgivesDr.Feld’snewformofmicroscopyitsname.

Asinglepairofbeamsdoesnot,however,produceausefulimage.Todothatrequiresscanningtheobjectbeamthroughthetargetaboutahundreddifferentways.Fromtherefractiveindexofeachpathitispossible—withtheapplicationofsomesuitablycrunchycomputingpower—toproduceathree-dimensionalimage.

Totesthisidea,Dr.Feldlookedatcervical-cancercells.Ifyouidentifythiscancerearly,thepatientwillprobablysurvive.Missit,andhe/shewilldie.Dr.Feldwonderedifthechangesthatoccurduringcancerwouldshowupusinghisnewmethod.Theydid,inapartofthecellcalledthenucleolus.Thisistheplacewherethecomponentsofproteinfactoriesaremade.Sincecancercellsgrowrapidly,andthushaveahighdemandforproteins,itwasalikelyplacetoexpectchanges.

Dr.Feldalsohasplanstousebeamsofdifferentcolors,sinceeachcolorhasaslightlydifferentrefractiveindexinagivenmaterial.Thatwouldprovideextradataforthecomputertochewon,andprobablyresultinbetterpictures.Withenoughpictures,Dr.Feld’stechniquemaymakebiologyastransparentasthecellsitstudies.

31.Tomographicphasemicroscopyisdifferentfromtheothertricksthatlookatcellsinthat________.

32.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofthespeedoflightinmaterials?

33.Theresultofdarknessinthetechniqueofinterferometryimpliesthat________.

34.Dr.Feld’smethodcouldbeappliedintoidentifyingcancerearlyby________.

35.Thebesttitleifthepassagecouldbe________.

問題1選項

A.thelightthatgetsthroughthecellsisunalteredintomographicphasemicroscopy

B.itdoesnotrequirethetrickerytokillcells

C.itisnotdependentonabsorbedorreflectedlight

D.itcouldseeallthecomponentsofthecellsfromthreedimensions

問題2選項

A.Lightrunsthefastestwhenitpassesthroughtransparentmaterialsintherealworld.

B.Thespeedoflightcanonlybepreciselymeasuredwhenthelightistravellinginvacuum.

C.Thespeedoflightinanymaterialisslowerthantheactual“speedoflight”.

D.Thespeedoflightshiftswhenthelighttravelsthroughdifferentcells.

問題3選項

A.thereisnolightpassingthroughthesample

B.therefractiveindexofthesampleisverygreat

C.thespeedofthelightpassingthroughthesampleisveryslow

D.thetwodaughterbeamsweakeneachother

問題4選項

A.detectingchangesofrefractiveindicesinthecomponentsofproteinfactories

B.findingoutthechangesoftherefractiveindicesinsomepartsofthecervical-cancercells

C.examiningthechangesoftherefractiveindicesinthenucleolus

D.identifyingthechangesoftherefractiveindicesinpartofthenucleolusofthecancercells

問題5選項

A.ImageoftheTransparentCells

B.NewTechniqueofCelebratingTransparency

C.RefractiveIndicesoftheTransparentCells

D.NewMethodofDetectingCancerCells

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】31.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句Insteadofrelyingonabsorbedorreflectedlight,Dr.Feld’stechnique…（費爾德博士的技術(shù)不依賴于吸收光或反射光），可知層析相顯微鏡技術(shù)最獨特的地方在于C選項“不依賴于吸收或反射光”，所以C選項正確。A選項“通過細胞的光在層析相顯微鏡中是不變的”：根據(jù)第三段第一句Tomeasuretherefractiveindicesofdifferentpartsofacell…whichinvolvessplittingabeamoflightintwo.（為了測量細胞不同部分的折射率……這種技術(shù)包括將一束光一分為二。），可知在層析相顯微鏡技術(shù)中，通過細胞的光會變化，故錯誤。B選項“不需要技巧來殺死細胞”：根據(jù)第一段第三句Manyofthesetrickskillthecells,andeventhosethatkeepthemalivelookonlyatslicesthrougheachcell（許多這樣的把戲殺死了細胞，甚至那些使細胞存活的把戲也只能看到每個細胞的切片），可知不是殺死細胞才能觀察，而是在觀察的過程中殺死了細胞，故錯誤。D選項“它可以從三維空間看到細胞的所有組成部分”：文中沒有提到，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句Lightzipsalongattheactual“speedoflight”,fasterthanwhichnothingcango,onlywhenitistravellingthroughavacuum.（只有在真空中，光以實際的“光速”移動，才能超過任何物體的速度。），可知光在真空中最快，所以C選項“任何物質(zhì)中的光速都比實際的‘光速’要慢?！闭_，B選項“只有當光在真空中傳播時，才能精確測量光速?！卞e誤。A選項“在現(xiàn)實世界中，光通過透明材料時跑得最快?！焙虳選項“當光通過不同的細胞時，光的速度會發(fā)生變化”文章沒有提到，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段ifnosampleispresent,thetwodaughterbeamswillbeasperfectlyinphasewhentheymeet…Thecrestsandthetroughsoftheirwaveswillreinforceeachother,andtheresultwillbebrightness…themorethetwobeamswillbeoutofphase.Crestwillfallontrough,andtheresultwillbedarkness（如果沒有樣本存在，兩個子光束相遇時的相位完全相同……波浪的波峰和波谷會相互加強，結(jié)果就是明亮……兩束光的相位就越不一致。波峰將落在波谷上，結(jié)果將是黑暗。），可知如果兩個子光束相遇時相位相同，波峰和波谷會相互加強，結(jié)果是明亮，那么如果結(jié)果是黑暗，兩個子光束相位不一致，兩個子光束就是相互削弱，所以D選項“兩個子光束相互削弱”正確。A選項“沒有光通過樣品”的結(jié)果是明亮，故錯誤。B選項“樣品的折射率非常大”文中沒有提到，故錯誤。C選項“光通過樣品的速度非常慢”：通過很慢不一定是唯一原因，子光束的相位不同才是直接原因，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

34.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段第二、三句Dr.Feldwonderedifthechangesthatoccurduringcancerwouldshowupusinghisnewmethod.Theydid,inapartofthecellcalledthenucleolus.Thisistheplacewherethecomponentsofproteinfactoriesaremade.（菲爾德博士想知道，如果使用他的新方法，癌癥期間發(fā)生的變化是否會顯現(xiàn)出來。他們在細胞的核仁中找到了。這里是制造蛋白質(zhì)工廠成分的地方。），可知通過細胞核仁可以診斷癌癥，所以C選項“檢查核仁折光指數(shù)的變化”正確。A選項“檢測蛋白質(zhì)工廠成分的折射率變化”：文中指的是制造蛋白質(zhì)工廠成分的核仁，而不是這些成分，故錯誤。B選項“發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮頸癌細胞某些部位的折光指數(shù)變化”和D選項“識別部分癌細胞核仁的折光指數(shù)的變化”中不是觀察癌細胞的核仁，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

35.主旨大意題。本文主要在講通過層析相顯微術(shù)觀察透明細胞，包括原理和運用，所以B選項“觀察透明物的新技術(shù)”正確。根據(jù)A選項“透明細胞的圖像”，C選項“透明細胞的折射率”和D選項“檢測癌細胞的新方法”不能概括全文，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Recorded______oftoday’sbigfootballgamewillbeshownafternews.

問題1選項

A.summits

B.peaks

C.heights

D.highlights

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項summits“最高點；首腦會議”；B選項peaks“高峰的（時期）；（過程、活動的）頂峰”；C選項heights“頂點；高潮”；D選項highlights“最精彩的部分”。句意：今天錄制的足球______將在新聞之后播放。根據(jù)語境，這里指足球比賽的精華集錦，D選項highlights“最精彩的部分”符合題意。因此D選項正確。

5.翻譯題

SectionA:EnglishtoChinese(20points)

TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

AllthesignsarethatBritainiscavinginonthethreeissuesinthefirstphaseoftheBrexit(BritishexitEU)talks.TheresaMaywastoldshehadtoyieldbynextweektopersuadetheEuropeanUnionsummitonDecember14th-15thtoagreethattherehadbeensufficientprogresstobegintalksontransitionandafuturetradeframework.TheprimeministerhasdulymadebigconcessionsontherightsofEUcitizensinBritainandontheexitbill,perhapsenoughtopassthetest.Thereevenseemstobesomemovementonthetrickiestissueofall,howtoavoidahardborderbetweenNorthernIrelandandtheRepublic,makingaDecemberdealmorelikely—butstillnotcertain.

(36)Yetbehindthegoodnewlurksapersistentanddangerousthreat.ThemorethatMrs.Mayyields,themoresomeBrexiteersarguethatBritainshouldleaveonMarch29th2019withoutanydealatall.Evenifshewinsagreementtomovetophasetwoofthetalks,thelureofnodealwillnotdisappear.Brexiteershatetheconcessionsthatarebeingmadeinphaseone,especiallyovermoney.Andtradebuffsareunitedinpredictingthatthephasetwocouldproveevenmorepainful,withtheEUstickingtoarigidlineontradeterms.

(37)Evenso,mostpeopleseeBrexitwithnodealasadisastertobeavoidedatalmostanycost.Yettheideakeepsreturning,intwoguises.Thefirstistactical.Inanynegotiation,itissaid,onemustbewillingtowalkawaytogetagooddeal.ManyBrexiteersfaultDavidCameron,Mrs.May’spredecessor,formakingclearinhisrenegotiationofBritain’sEUmembershipbeforethereferendumthathewouldcampaigntostaynomatterwhatMrs.Maystillsaysnodealisbetterthanabaddeal.Brexiteerswerecock-a-hoopwhenthechancellor,PhillipHammond,setaside￡3bn($3.6bn)forBrexitpreparations,includingfornodeal,inhisNovemberbudget.

(38)Thesecondguiseistheassertionthatnodealwouldnotreallybesobad.InsteadofpursuingthechimeraofagenerousfreetradedealwithacurmudgeonlyEU,BritaincouldreverttotradingonWorldTradeOrganizationterms(nevermindthatthiswouldnotbesimple).DavidDavis,theBrexitsecretary,saysnodealactuallymeansa“bare-bones”deal.Onthisbasis,thereisnoseriousriskthataircraftstopflyingornuclearmaterialsarenolongerimported.Rationalpeopleonbothsidescanseehowdamagingthiswouldbetoall,sotheywillpreventit.

Yetthisideaofa“soft”nodealisnotpersuasive.Ano-dealBrexitwoulddamageotherEUcountries,buthitBritainharder.(39)Anditdefiespoliticallogictothinkthatadecisiontowalkoutwithnodealcanbeharmonious.Itwouldmeannotpayingtheexitbill.ItwouldjeopardizethepositionofEUcitizensinBritain.AnditwoulddashhopesofthedeepnewpartnershipthatMrs.Maysaysshewants.Amidtherecriminationsandbadblood,theEUwouldsurelylooktoitsowninterestsfirst.

BrexiteersoftenforgetthattheEUisalegalasmuchasapoliticalconstruct.IfBritainleftwithnodealandnotransition,itwouldfalloutofallEUorganizations,fromEuratomtotheEuropeanMedicinesAgency(EMA).TheEuropeanCourtofJustice(ECJ)wouldlosejurisdiction.EvenifallsideswantedBritaintostayinsuchbodies,itmightnotbelegallypossible.

(40)OxfordEconomicshasmodelledtheeffectsofBrexitwithnodealandsaysthatitwouldlopacumulative2%offBritain’sGDPbytheendof2020,equivalenttosome￡40bn.ThatisfarbiggerthantheimpactonotherEUcountries.Beforethereferendum,theTreasuryforecastevenbiggerlossesofoutput.Suchnumbersareespeciallydauntingwhenannualgrowthforecastsforthenextfewyearshavejustbeentrimmedtoaslittleas1.3%.

【答案】36.然而，在這良好新局勢的背后隱藏著持久而危險的威脅。特蕾莎?梅越是屈服，一些英國脫歐支持者就越爭辯說英國應(yīng)該在2019年3月29日無協(xié)議脫歐。即使她贏得準許進入第二階段談判的協(xié)議，但無協(xié)議的誘惑也不會消失。英國脫歐支持者討厭在第一階段做出的讓步，尤其是在金錢方面。貿(mào)易愛好者一致預(yù)測，由于歐盟在貿(mào)易條件上堅持的強硬態(tài)度，第二階段可能會更加艱難。

37.即便如此，大部分人認為英國無協(xié)議脫歐是一場災(zāi)難，應(yīng)該幾乎不惜一切代價避免。然而，這種看法一直受到兩種形式的反擊。首先是戰(zhàn)術(shù)上的。通常來說，在任何談判中，一方必須愿意離開以達成良好交易。許多英國脫歐支持者指責戴維?卡梅倫（特蕾莎?梅的前任），因為在公投前就英國的歐盟成員國資格重新談判時，他明確表示無論梅說什么，無協(xié)議總比糟糕的協(xié)議好，他都會努力爭取留在歐盟。

38.第二種是斷定無協(xié)議不會真的那么糟糕。英國可以回歸到按照世貿(mào)組織的條款進行交易（盡管這不簡單），而不是爭取和一個吝嗇的歐盟達成慷慨的自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議。英國“脫歐”事務(wù)大臣大衛(wèi)戴維斯表示，無協(xié)議實際上意味著“降到最低限度的”協(xié)議?；诖?，不存在飛機停飛或不再進口核材料的嚴重風險。

39.如果英國可以沒有爭端地無協(xié)議退出歐盟，這就有違政治邏輯。這意味著不賠償就退出，會降低歐盟公民在英國的地位，也會破壞特蕾莎?梅所希望的和新伙伴的親密關(guān)系。在相互指責和嫌隙中，歐盟肯定會首先考慮自己的利益。

40.牛津經(jīng)濟研究院模擬了英國無協(xié)議脫歐的影響，稱到2020年底，英國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將累計減少2%，相當于約400億英鎊。這比對其他歐盟國家的影響要大得多。在公投前，財政部預(yù)測產(chǎn)量損失甚至更大。未來幾年的年度增長預(yù)測下調(diào)至1.3%，這令人尤為畏懼。

6.單選題

AmItounderstandthathisnowpost______noresponsibilitywithitatall?

問題1選項

A.keeps

B.supports

C.carries

D.possesses

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項keeps“保持”；B選項supports“支持”；C選項carries“懷揣；攜帶”，carryresponsibilitywithsth“對……負責”；D選項possesses“擁有”。句意：我是否應(yīng)該理解，他現(xiàn)在的職位對此事不______任何責任嗎？根據(jù)短語carryresponsibilitywithsth.和這里表示負責任，C選項carries“懷揣；攜帶”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

7.單選題

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodation,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginlineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”

Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.

Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.

Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.

21.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould________.

22.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare________.

23.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices________.

24.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered________.

25.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe________.

問題1選項

A.takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience

B.makefunofthedisorganizedpeople

C.addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople

D.showsympathyforyourlisteners

問題2選項

A.impolitetonewarrivals

B.veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole

C.entitledtosomeprivileges

D.verybusyevenduringlunchhours

問題3選項

A.havebenefitedmanypeople

B.arethefocusofpublicattention

C.areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor

D.haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock

問題4選項

A.inwell-wordedlanguage

B.asawkwardlyaspossible

C.inexaggeratedstatement

D.ascasuallyaspossible

問題5選項

A.UseHumorEffectively

B.VariousKindsofHumor

C.AddHumortoSpeech

D.DifferentHumorStrategies

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】21.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.（如果你想在你的談話中使用幽默使人們微笑，你必須知道如何識別共同的經(jīng)歷和問題。）和第三句Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.（根據(jù)你的談話對象，問題會有所不同。），可知幽默最重要的是討論的問題，并且針對不同的人要用不同的問題，故C選項“向不同的人提出不同的問題”正確。A選項“利用不同類型的觀眾”和D選項“對聽眾表示同情”：根據(jù)第一段第二、三句，幽默必須與聽眾相關(guān)，是因為有助于同情聽眾從而親近聽眾，策略在于談?wù)摰膯栴}。B選項“取笑那些沒有條理的人”：文章沒有提到。因此C選項正確。

22.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句theaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors（所有的聽眾都對醫(yī)生有相同的看法）和最后一句“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”（“哦，那是上帝，”他回答說，“但有時他認為自己是一名醫(yī)生?！保┛芍谧o士眼中，醫(yī)生把自己當成神一樣，可以不講道理，故B選項“非常清楚他們神一樣的角色”正確。A選項“對新人無禮”，C選項“有權(quán)享有某些特權(quán)”和D選項“即使在午餐時間也很忙”不符合題意。因此B選項正確。

23.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句it’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfood（你就適合對餐廳難以下咽的食物開玩笑），可知對公共服務(wù)開玩笑往往幽默效果很不錯，故D選項“經(jīng)常拿來開玩笑”正確，C選項“不合適做幽默主題”錯誤。A選項“使許多人受益”和B選項“是公眾關(guān)注的焦點”：文章沒有提到。因此D選項正確。

24.語義推測題。根據(jù)第四段Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural…inarelaxedandunforcedmanner…makingalight-heartedremark（如果你在幽默時感到尷尬，必須練習到更自然……用一種輕松和自然的方式……輕松愉快地說話），可知幽默需要傳達出自然和隨意，故D選項“盡可能隨意”正確，B選項“盡可能尷尬”錯誤。A選項“良好措辭”：措辭方面沒有提到，故錯誤。C選項“陳述夸張”：是方法，不是必要條件，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

25.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile（如果你想在談話間用幽默讓人發(fā)笑），后文通過原則和各種方法在講如何恰當?shù)厥谷税l(fā)笑，故A選項“有效運用幽默”正確。B選項“各式的幽默”，C選項“為演講增添幽默”，D選項“不同的幽默策略”是其中的一個方面或者細節(jié)，不足以概括全文。因此A選項正確。

8.單選題

Icouldthenrealizethathewasafeverspecialistofworld_______.

問題1選項

A.renown

B.domain

C.prominence

D.authority

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項renown“聲譽，名望”；B選項domain“領(lǐng)域；產(chǎn)業(yè)”；C選項prominence“顯著；卓越”；D選項authority“權(quán)威；權(quán)力”。句意：那時我才意識到他是一位世界_______的治療發(fā)燒的專家。根據(jù)語境，這里指這位專家很出名，所以renown“聲譽，名望”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

Thedevil,astheoldsayinggoes,isinthedetails.Or,inthecaseofthenewEstonianlawsettingupanationalgeneticdatabank,thereisreasonforconcernthatthedevilmaygetinvolvedintheactualworkingsofthatcountry’sHumanGeneResearchAct.

Theauthorsofthe34-sectionacthavemadeaseriousefforttopreventmisuseofthedataandtoprotectgenedonors’rightsandprivacy.Participationintheprojectisstrictlyvoluntary,onthebasisofinformedconsent.Itwillbeillegaltoaskanyoneifheorsheisparticipatinginthefreeprogram.Peoplewon’tbepaidforprovidingatissuesample,medical,andfamilyhistorytotheEstonianGeneBank.Thatinformationisimmediatelygiven“auniquecodeconsistingofatleast16randomcharacters”.GeneticandmedicaldatabecomeandremainthepropertyoftheEstonianGeneBank—exceptthatindividualdonorshavetheright,“atanytime,”torequest“destructionofthedatawhichenablesdecoding.”

Theycanalsohavetheirsamplematerialsdestroyediftheiridentityhasbeenunlawfullydisclosed.

Donorsareentitledtotheirowngeneticdata,atnocharge,asaretheirdesignatedphysicians.Nooneelsehaslawfulaccesstothisinformation.Indeed,itisunlawfultoask—andtheactcontainsspecificparagraphsthatforbidemployersandinsurancecompaniestogathersuchinformation,ortotreat“peoplewithdifferentgeneticrisks”differentlyasemployeesorinsuranceclients.Geneticinformationmaybereleasedtoresearchers“onlyincodedform,asasetofdataandontheconditionthattissuesamplesordataconcerningatleastfivegenedonorsareissuedatatime.”

SupportersoftheprojectexpectthattheEstonianGeneBankwillbecomeafavoritesourceofinformationforresearchersassociatedwithbiotechnologyandpharmaceuticalcompaniesthatareexpectedtopayhandsomelyforaccesstothedecoded(andanonymous)information.SomefirmsareexpectedtosetupshopinEstonia,presumablyinorneartheUniversityCityofTartuwheremostEstoniangeneticistsliveandwork.Theprojectisexpectedto“putEstoniaonthemap”andleadtoaneconomicbonanzaforanewlyindependentcountrywithfewnaturalresources.

Noteverybodysharesthatview.Regardlessofthefavorablepollresults,anumberofobjectionshavebeenpublishedinEstonian-languagenewspapers.Theserangefromthesimplistic“Ifit’ssuchagreatidea,howcometheFrenchandGermansaren’tdoingitalready?”toargumentsthatthestart-upmoneycouldbespentonbetterthings.Somecommentatorsarealsoconcernedaboutprivacy.Informationinthedatabankcouldbeusedforblackmailandisthereadatabankintheworldthatistrulysecurefromhackers?Andwhataboutleaks?Allegationsofcorruptionareafactofpubliclifeinpost-Sovietindependentstates.Estonia’sscandalshavebeenlessluridthanthoseofotherstates,buttherehavebeenenoughtoengenderconsiderablecynicism,notjustaboutleakeddata,butalsoaboutpayoffswherelucrativecontractsareinvolved.

16.Thesaying“Thedevilisinthedetails”isusedtoimplythat________.

17.UnderEstonianlaw,donorsmayrequesttohavetheirtissuesamplesdestroyed________.

18.Thephrase“putEstoniaonthemap”(para.5)mostlikelymeans________.

19.Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat,inregardtothenewgeneticdatabank________.

20.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsEstonia’snewlawsgoverningthegeneticdatabankseemstobe________.

問題1選項

A.Estonia’snewgeneticdatabankhasimmoralimplications

B.whiletheoverallideaisgood,thedetailsofthegeneticbank’sworkingsareflawed

C.despitetheirefforts,thenewlawsmaynotpreventmisuseofgeneticdata

D.itisinherentlywrongtocollectgeneticdata

問題2選項

A.atanytime

B.iftheirsecretcodehasbeendecoded

C.iftheiridentityhasbeenrevealedillegally

D.withtheirphysician’sapproval

問題3選項

A.gaininternationalfamefortheEstoniangovernment

B.confirmEstonia’spost-Sovietindependence

C.gainrespectforgeneticsresearchconductedinEstonia

D.bringglobalrecognitiontothislittle-knowncountry

問題4選項

A.publicpollingwasmostlikelycorrupt

B.mostEstoniansapproveofit

C.onlylesseducatedcitizensareobjectingtothenewlaws

D.Estoniansaresharplydividedontheissue

問題5選項

A.ambivalence

B.caution

C.approval

D.skepticism

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Thedevil,astheoldsayinggoes,isinthedetails.Or,inthecaseofthenewEstonianlawsettingupanationalgeneticdatabank,thereisreasonforconcernthatthedevilmaygetinvolvedintheactualworkingsofthatcountry’sHumanGeneResearchAct.（正如一句老話所說，細節(jié)決定成敗。或者，在愛沙尼亞建立國家基因數(shù)據(jù)庫的新法律中，人們有理由擔心魔鬼可能會參與該國《人類基因研究法》的實際運作。），第一句話的重點是細節(jié)，按照兩句話的先后順序，推理出作者想要表達基因數(shù)據(jù)庫存在細節(jié)上的缺陷，B選項“雖然總體想法是好的，但基因數(shù)據(jù)庫的工作細節(jié)是有缺陷的”正確。A選項“愛沙尼亞新的基因數(shù)據(jù)庫有不道德的成分”，C選項“盡管他們做出了努力，新的法律可能不會防止基因數(shù)據(jù)的濫用”和D選項“收集基因數(shù)據(jù)本身就是錯誤的”不是這里表達的重點，不符合題意。因此B選項正確。

17.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段Theycanalsohavetheirsamplematerialsdestroyediftheiridentityhasbeenunlawfullydisclosed.（如果他們的身份被非法泄露，他們的樣本材料也可能被銷毀。），可知組織樣本被銷毀的條件是C選項“如果他們的身份被非法揭露”。A選項“隨時”：根據(jù)第二段最后一句GeneticandmedicaldatabecomeandremainthepropertyoftheEstonianGeneBank—exceptthatindividualdonorshavetheright,“atanytime,”torequest“destructionofthedatawhichenablesdecoding.”（遺傳和醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)成為并仍然是愛沙尼亞基因庫的財產(chǎn)，但個人捐助者有權(quán)“在任何時候”要求“銷毀可解碼的數(shù)據(jù)”。），可知任何時候可以銷毀的是可解碼的數(shù)據(jù)，而非樣本，故錯誤。B選項“如果他們的密碼被破譯”和D選項“得到他們的醫(yī)生的批準”文章沒有提到。因此C選項正確。

18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句Theprojectisexpectedto“putEstoniaonthemap”andleadtoaneconomicbonanzaforanewlyindependentcountrywithfewnaturalresources.（這個項目有望“讓愛沙尼亞在地圖上嶄露頭角”，并為這個剛剛獨立、自然資源貧乏的國家?guī)斫?jīng)濟上的巨大財富。），可知愛沙尼亞獨立不久，需要國際社會的認可，這是一個國家在國際社會上基礎(chǔ)的需求，D選項“為這個鮮為人知的國家?guī)砣蛘J可”正確，A選項“為愛沙尼亞政府贏得國際聲譽”是在被認可的基礎(chǔ)上更進一步的需求，屬于過度推斷。B選項“確認愛沙尼亞在后蘇聯(lián)時代的獨立”：愛沙尼亞已經(jīng)獨立了，不需要通過其他方式證明。C選項“在愛沙尼亞進行的遺傳學研究獲得了尊重”：不是表達的重點，不符合題意。因此D選項正確。

19.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第六段第二句Regardlessofthefavorablepollresults,anumberofobjectionshavebeenpublishedinEstonian-languagenewspapers.（不管民調(diào)結(jié)果如何，愛沙尼亞語報紙上刊登了許多反對意見。），句子是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，表明前面想要表達大多數(shù)人贊成，B選項“大多數(shù)愛沙尼亞人贊成”正確。A選項“公眾投票很可能是墮落的”：根據(jù)第六段倒數(shù)第二句Allegationsofcorruptionareafactofpubliclifeinpost-Sovietindependentstates.（對墮落的指控是后蘇聯(lián)獨立國家公共生活的一個事實。），這里指的是公共生活墮落的大背景，而非投票這件事，故錯誤。C選項“只有教育程度較低的公民反對新法律”：文中沒有提到教育程度不同的人對此的看法，故錯誤。D選項“愛沙尼亞人在這個問題上有尖銳的分歧”：不是表達的重點，沒有體現(xiàn)尖銳，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

20.觀點態(tài)度題。作者首先客觀地講述這項立法的細則，再分別表達支持者和反對者的觀點，而沒有直接表達自己對此的看法，所以B選項“謹慎”正確，A選項“矛盾”，C選項“贊同”和D選項“懷疑”不符合題意。因此B選項正確。

10.翻譯題

40.地球快速變暖到了非常嚴峻的程度，而世界上最貧窮的國家成了極端氣候的最大受害者。未來的氣候變化可能帶來更頻繁和更嚴重的洪澇、旱災(zāi)和其他極端氣候事件，發(fā)展中國家至今還沒有良好的能力對付它們。

41.即使現(xiàn)在，地球上最貧窮的十億人口所產(chǎn)生的排放只占全球排放的3%，而最富有的十億人口占了全球排放的50%。全球還有16億人口無法獲得現(xiàn)代能源，沒有能源，國家就不能繁榮。富國只有采取強有力的行動以騰出一些大氣層的“污染空間”，當?shù)褪杖雵以趯黹_始更多排放時，才可能使全球排放達到重新平衡。

42.未來十年發(fā)生的事情將深刻影響可供我們后代進行的選擇。延遲或不采取行動的代價是非常高的，我們必須現(xiàn)在就行動，必須用全人類的聰明才智和合作精神，來對付氣候危機。

43.雖然越來越多的人都知道氣候變暖，相信需要采取行動，但很少有人把它放在首位，太多的人在機會面前并沒有采取行動。所以，最大的挑戰(zhàn)在于改變行為方式和制度，尤其是富國。

【答案】40.Theplanetiswarmingrapidlytoseverelevels,andtheworld’spoorestcountriesarethebiggestvictimsofextremeweather.Futureclimatechangeislikelytobringmorefrequentandseverefloods,droughtsandotherextremeweathereventsthatdevelopingcountriesarenotyetwellequippedtodealwith.

41.Evennow,thepoorestbillionpeopleontheplanetaccountforonly3%ofglobalemissions,whiletherichestbillionpeopleaccountfor50%.Andtherearestill1.6billionpeopleintheworldwhodonothaveaccesstomodernenergy.Acountrycannotprosperwithoutenergy.Rebalancingglobalemissionswillbepossibleonlyifrichcountriestakestrongactiontofreeupsomeatmospheric“pollutionspace”,thuslow-incomecountriesstarttoemitmoreinthefuture.

42.Whathappensinthenextdecadewillprofoundlyaffectthechoicesavailabletofuturegenerations.Thecostsofdelayorinactionaretoohigh,andwemustactnowtotackletheclimatecrisiswiththeingenuityandcooperationofallhumanity.

43.Althoughagrowingnumberofpeopleareawareofglobalwarmingandbelievethatactionisneeded,fewputitfirst,andtoomanypeopledonottakeactioninthefaceofopportunity.Sothebiggestchallengeisaboutchangingbehaviorandsystem,especiallyinrichcountries.

11.單選題

ThomasEdison’sfirstpatentedinventionwasadevice______inCongre