2022年考研考博-考博英語-西安建筑科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)59

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-西安建筑科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Oneoftheconsequencesofadvancedcognitiveabilityhasbeentheemergenceofculturallife.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.commendable

B.compiling

C.perceptive

D.pertinent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。cognitive“認(rèn)知的；認(rèn)識(shí)的”；A選項(xiàng)commendable“值得贊美的；很好的；可推薦的”；B選項(xiàng)compiling“編譯；編制；編輯的”；C選項(xiàng)perceptive“感知的，知覺的”；D選項(xiàng)pertinent“相關(guān)的；中肯的；切題的”。句意：高級(jí)認(rèn)知能力的結(jié)果之一是文化生活的出現(xiàn)。cognitive為cognition的名詞形式，cognition有“認(rèn)識(shí)”的意思，可推知cognitive為“認(rèn)知的”的意思，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thenastylanguageoflocalofficialsmakesthemseemveryignorantandrude.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.artificial

B.indecent

C.humorous

D.lively

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。nasty“下流的；脾氣不好的；險(xiǎn)惡的”；A選項(xiàng)artificial“人造的；虛偽的；非原產(chǎn)地的”；B選項(xiàng)indecent“下流的；不禮貌的；不得體的”；C選項(xiàng)humorous“詼諧的，幽默的；滑稽的，可笑的”；D選項(xiàng)lively“活潑的；生動(dòng)的；真實(shí)的”。句意：地方官員的臟話使他們顯得非常無知和粗魯。根據(jù)句中“makesthemseemveryignorantandrude讓他們顯得非常無知且無禮”可知nasty在這里的意思為“下流的”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid-1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessesheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1910s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patient’sfightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.

Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingdaytodaycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.

1.Whichofthefollowinghappenedinmentalinstitutionsaftereconomicdepression?

2.Itcanbeinferredthat,hadtheCivilRightsmovementnotpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychangedbecauseof（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whoisresponsibleforsurveillanceofgoodpatientcare?

5.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Patientsbecameinflexibleandinsensitive.

B.Fewerpatientsledtoshortageoffundsandinhumanecare.

C.Morepatientswerereluctanttogethelpfromphysicians.

D.Patientsweredisappointedtoliveinasylums.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill

B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested

C.theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective

D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.agroupofyoungangrymeninthe1900s

B.activeyounglawyersinthe1910s

C.innocentinsanepatient’sprotest

D.powerfulcourtinterventions

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thestatecourts.

B.Thepublicinterestlawyers.

C.Thestatementalhealthadministrators.

D.Thehospitals.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare

B.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

C.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

D.describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.精神病院變得人滿為患，像監(jiān)獄一樣?！焙汀癕entalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.精神病院成了令人恐懼和沮喪的地方，病人的權(quán)利幾乎被遺忘?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“病人變得僵硬和麻木”，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“病人減少導(dǎo)致資金短缺和不人道的護(hù)理”，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“更多的病人不愿意得到醫(yī)生的幫助”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“病人住在精神病院里很失望”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當(dāng)時(shí)，民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)促使律師們調(diào)查美國的監(jiān)獄，那里的黑人比例不成比例，他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進(jìn)入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機(jī)構(gòu)——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“國家將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)為精神病人建立精神病院”，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“針對(duì)主要精神病的新治療將可能仍然未被檢驗(yàn)”，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“美國的民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)在政治上是無效的，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“精神病院的條件可能逃脫了司法審查”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當(dāng)時(shí)，民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)促使律師們調(diào)查美國的監(jiān)獄，因?yàn)槟抢锏暮谌吮壤怀杀壤?，他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進(jìn)入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機(jī)構(gòu)——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院。”和“Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.這些年輕的公益律師骨干喜歡他們?cè)诰癫≡旱慕巧??！笨芍狟項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)一群憤怒的年輕人”，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)10年代活躍的年輕律師”；C項(xiàng)“無辜的精神病患者的抗議”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)大的法院干預(yù)”，與原文不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“...administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.……管理人員必須承諾制定規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并提供培訓(xùn)和監(jiān)督，以確保給予治療和尊重患者的權(quán)利?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“州法院”；B項(xiàng)“公益律師”；C項(xiàng)“國家精神衛(wèi)生行政人員管理員”；D項(xiàng)“醫(yī)院”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:主旨大意題。全文主要講述了美國對(duì)于精神患者治療的發(fā)展進(jìn)程，可知A項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“提供精神衛(wèi)生保健問題的歷史視角”；B項(xiàng)“提高公眾對(duì)精神病患者困境的認(rèn)識(shí)”；C項(xiàng)“對(duì)精神病院的生動(dòng)描述使讀者震驚”；D項(xiàng)“描述一種新的精神疾病治療方法的發(fā)明”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Asinthecaseofsomanywordsusedbythebiologistandphysiologist,thewordacclimatizationishardtodefine.Withincreaseinknowledgeandunderstanding,meaningsofwordschange.Originallythetermacclimatizationwastakentomeanonlytheabilityofhumanbeingsoranimalsorplantstoaccustomthemselvestonewandstrangeclimaticconditions,primarilyalteredtemperature.Apersonorawolfmovestoahotclimateandisuncomfortablethere,butafteratimeisbetterabletowithstandtheheat.Butasidefromtemperature,thereareotheraspectsofclimate.Apersonorananimalmaybecomeadjustedtolivingathigheraltitudesthanthoseitwasoriginallyaccustomedto.Atreallyhighaltitudes,suchasaviatorsmaybeexposedto,thelowatmosphericpressurebecomesafactorofprimaryimportance.Inchangingtoanewenvironment,apersonmay,therefore,meetnewconditionsoftemperatureorpressure,andinadditionmayhavetocontendwithdifferentchemicalsurroundings.Onhighmountains,theamountofoxygenintheatmospheremayberelativelysmall;incrowdedcities,apersonmaybecomeexposedtorelativelyhighconcentrationsofcarbondioxideorevencarbonmonoxide,andinvariousareasmaybeexposedtoconditionsinwhichthewatercontentoftheatmosphereisextremelyhighorextremelylow.Thusinthecaseofhumans,animals,andevenplants,theconceptofacclimatizationincludesthephenomenaofincreasedtolerationofhighorlowtemperature,ofalteredpressure,andofchangesinthechemicalenvironment.

Letusdefineacclimatization,therefore,astheprocessinwhichanorganismorapartofanorganismbecomesusedtoanenvironmentwhichisnormallyunsuitabletoitorlethalforit.Byandlarge,acclimatizationisarelativelyslowprocess.Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking.Thistypeofadjustmentiscommonlyreferredtobyphysiologistsas“adaptation”.

Thusourtouchsensesoonbecomesaccustomedtothepressureofourclothesandwedonotfeelthem;wesoonfailtohearthetickingofaclock;obnoxiousodorsafteratimefailtomakemuchimpressiononus,andoureyesinstronglightrapidlybecomeinsensitive.

Thefundamentalfactaboutacclimatizationisthatallanimalsandplantshavesomecapacitytoadjustthemselvestochangesintheirenvironment.Thisisoneofthemostremarkablecharacteristicsoflivingorganisms,acharacteristicforwhichitisextremelydifficulttofindexplanations.

1.Accordingtothereadingselection,allanimalsandplants（）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthereadingselectionthat（）.

3.Accordingtothereadingselection,acclimatization（）.

4.Byinferencefromthereadingselection,whichoneofthefollowingwouldnotrequiretheprocessofacclimatization?

5.Accordingtothepassage,amajordistinctionbetweenacclimatizationandadaptationisthatacclimatization（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.haveanabilityforacclimatization

B.canadjusttoonlyonechangeintheenvironmentatatime

C.aresuccessfulinadjustingthemselvestochangesintheirenvironments

D.canadjusttonaturalchangesintheenvironmentbutnottoartificiallyinducedchanges

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.everychangeintheenvironmentrequiresacclimatizationbylivingthings

B.plantsandanimalsaremorealikethantheyaredifferent

C.assciencedevelops,theconnotationoftermsmaychange

D.biologistandphysiologistsstudyessentiallythesamethings

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.issimilartoadaptation

B.ismoreimportanttodaythanitformerlywas

C.involvespositiveaswellasnegativeadjustment

D.maybeinvolvedwithapartofanorganismbutnotwiththewholeorganism

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Anoceanfishplacedinalake

B.Askindivermakingadeepdive

C.Anairplanepilotmakingahigh-altitudeflight

D.Apersongoingfromdaylightintoadarkenedroom

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ismoreimportantthanadaptation

B.isrelativelyslowandadaptationisrelativelyrapid

C.appliestoadjustmentswhileadaptationdoesnotapplytoadjustments

D.isapplicabletoallanimalsandplantsandadaptationonlytohigheranimalsandman

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由allanimalsandplants定位到文章最后一段第一句“Thefundamentalfactaboutacclimatizationisthatallanimalsandplantshavesomecapacitytoadjustthemselvestochangesintheirenvironment.”，適應(yīng)環(huán)境的根本事實(shí)是，所有的動(dòng)物和植物都有一定的能力來適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化。A選項(xiàng)“haveanabilityforacclimatization”意為“有適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力”，與原文相符；B選項(xiàng)“canadjusttoonlyonechangeintheenvironmentatatime”意為“一次只能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的一種變化”，原文沒有相關(guān)表達(dá)；C選項(xiàng)“aresuccessfulinadjustingthemselvestochangesintheirenvironments”意為“能成功地讓自身適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化”，有一定的適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的能力，并不等于成功；D選項(xiàng)“canadjusttonaturalchangesintheenvironmentbutnottoartificiallyinducedchanges”意為“能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的自然變化，但不能適應(yīng)人為誘導(dǎo)的變化”，原文未提及人為誘導(dǎo)的變化。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第2題:判斷推理題。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)和題干可知，本題需要四個(gè)選項(xiàng)逐個(gè)分析。A選項(xiàng)“everychangeintheenvironmentrequiresacclimatizationbylivingthings”，意為“環(huán)境的任何變化都需要生物適應(yīng)”，原文是適應(yīng)與生物不適合或者致命的環(huán)境，但不是所有變化都要適應(yīng)；B選項(xiàng)“plantsandanimalsaremorealikethantheyaredifferent”意為“植物和動(dòng)物的相似之處多于它們的不同之處”，原文并未就動(dòng)植物的相似處與不同處進(jìn)行比較；C選項(xiàng)“assciencedevelops,theconnotationoftermsmaychange”意為“隨著科學(xué)的發(fā)展，術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵可能會(huì)發(fā)生變化”與原文相符，原文“Withincreaseinknowledgeandunderstanding,meaningsofwordschange”隨著知識(shí)和理解的增加，單詞的意義也在變化；D選項(xiàng)“biologistandphysiologistsstudyessentiallythesamethings”意為“生物學(xué)家和生理學(xué)家本質(zhì)上研究的是相同的東西”，原文沒有相關(guān)表達(dá)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第3題:判斷推理題。由acclimatization定位到文章第二段第一句“Letusdefineacclimatization,therefore,astheprocessinwhichanorganismorapartofanorganismbecomesusedtoanenvironmentwhichisnormallyunsuitabletoitorlethalforit”，因此，讓我們把適應(yīng)性定義為一個(gè)生物體或生物體的一部分逐漸適應(yīng)一個(gè)通常不適合它或?qū)λ鼇碚f是致命的環(huán)境的過程。由此可知，適應(yīng)也包括負(fù)面的適應(yīng)。A選項(xiàng)“issimilartoadaptation”，意為“類似于適應(yīng)”，與原文相反，adaptation與acclimatization是兩個(gè)概念；B選項(xiàng)“ismoreimportanttodaythanitformerlywas”意為“現(xiàn)在比以前更重要”，原文并未將過去與現(xiàn)在的重要性進(jìn)行比較；C選項(xiàng)“involvespositiveaswellasnegativeadjustment”意為“包括積極和消極的適應(yīng)”與原文相符；D選項(xiàng)“maybeinvolvedwithapartofanorganismbutnotwiththewholeorganism”意為“可能與一個(gè)生物體的一部分有關(guān)，但與整個(gè)生物體無關(guān)”，與原文不符，原文是生物體或生物體的一部分，因此與整個(gè)生物體有關(guān)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第4題:判斷推理題。由notrequiretheprocessofacclimatization定位到文章第二段第三句“Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking”，這一術(shù)語不應(yīng)包括我們的感覺器官不斷做出的相對(duì)迅速的調(diào)整。由此可知，感官做出相對(duì)迅速的調(diào)整不屬于acclimatization。A選項(xiàng)“anoceanfishplacedinalake”，意為“一條被放在湖里的海魚”，B選項(xiàng)“askindivermakingadeepdive”意為“深潛的赤身潛水員”，C選項(xiàng)“anairplanepilotmakingahigh-altitudeflight”意為“進(jìn)行高空飛行的飛行員”，都屬于相對(duì)緩慢的適應(yīng)過程，因此屬于acclimatization。D選項(xiàng)“apersongoingfromdaylightintoadarkenedroom”意為“一個(gè)人從有日光的房間進(jìn)入昏黑的房間”，此時(shí)我們的眼睛也就是視覺器官會(huì)立刻做出反應(yīng)，所以這不屬于acclimatization。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第5題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由majordistinction定位到文章第二段第二、三句“Byandlarge,acclimatizationisarelativelyslowprocess.Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking”，總的來說，適應(yīng)環(huán)境是一個(gè)相對(duì)緩慢的過程。這一術(shù)語不應(yīng)包括我們的感覺器官不斷做出的相對(duì)迅速的調(diào)整。由此可知，適應(yīng)環(huán)境是個(gè)相對(duì)緩慢的過程，而適應(yīng)是個(gè)相對(duì)快速的過程。A選項(xiàng)“ismoreimportantthanadaptation”意為“比適應(yīng)更重要”，原文未將兩者的重要性進(jìn)行比較；B選項(xiàng)“isrelativelyslowandadaptationisrelativelyrapid”意為“相對(duì)緩慢，適應(yīng)相對(duì)快速”，符合原文；C選項(xiàng)“appliestoadjustmentswhileadaptationdoesnotapplytoadjustments”意為“適用于調(diào)整，而適應(yīng)不適用于調(diào)整”，與原文不符，適應(yīng)也適用于調(diào)整，如感覺器官不斷做出的相對(duì)迅速的調(diào)整；D選項(xiàng)“isapplicabletoallanimalsandplantsandadaptationonlytohigheranimalsandman”意為“適用于所有動(dòng)物和植物，適應(yīng)只用于高等動(dòng)物和人”，原文沒有后半句的相關(guān)表述。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

Sheansweredwithan（）“No”totherequestthatsheattendthepublichearing.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.eloquent

B.effective

C.emotional

D.emphatic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)eloquent“意味深長的；雄辯的，有口才的；有說服力的”；B選項(xiàng)effective“有效的，起作用的；實(shí)際的，實(shí)在的”；C選項(xiàng)emotional“情緒的；易激動(dòng)的；感動(dòng)人的”；D選項(xiàng)emphatic“著重的；加強(qiáng)語氣的；顯著的”。由本句“Sheansweredwithan______‘No’”（她回答不）可知她對(duì)否定這件事情的態(tài)度的堅(jiān)決，所以emphatic的意義與其對(duì)應(yīng)。句意：對(duì)于要求她出席公開聽證會(huì)的要求，她斷然地說了“不”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Excellentelementaryschools,openattitudestowardnewtechnology,premiumsforinventions,andageniusforcreativethinkinginteractwitheachotherontheUSmainlandandproducetheAmericancharacteristic,（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.emanation

B.emulsion

C.emulation

D.emancipation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)emanation“發(fā)出，散發(fā)”；B選項(xiàng)emulsion“乳劑；乳液”；C選項(xiàng)emulation“仿真；效仿；競(jìng)爭”；D選項(xiàng)emancipation“解放；釋放”。句意：在美國本土，優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育、對(duì)新技術(shù)的開放態(tài)度、對(duì)發(fā)明的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，以及空間思維天賦相互作用，造就了美國人的特征——競(jìng)爭。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Furthermore,thecampaignitselfwaslavishlyfinanced,withplentyofmoneyfortop-flightstafftravelandtelevisioncommercials.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dubiously

B.potently

C.profusely

D.candidly

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。橫線單詞lavishly意為“豐富地；浪費(fèi)地；大方地”；A選項(xiàng)“dubiously”意為“懷疑地；可疑地”；B選項(xiàng)“potently”意為“有說服力地；強(qiáng)有力地；有效力地”；C選項(xiàng)“profusely”意為“豐富地；不吝惜地；大量地”；D選項(xiàng)“candidly”意為“坦白地；率直地；直率而誠懇地”。句意：此外，競(jìng)選活動(dòng)本身得到了慷慨的資助，有足夠的錢用于一流的工作人員旅行和電視廣告。由題干可知，withplentyofmoney（有足夠的錢）說明financed（資助）肯定是充足的，或者數(shù)量巨大的。由此可知，lavishly在此處最可能是“大方地”的意思。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

NewmineralresourcesmaybediscoveredduringtheforthcomingAntarctic（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.excursion

B.execution

C.extraction

D.expedition

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)excursion“遠(yuǎn)足；短程旅行；游覽”；B選項(xiàng)execution“執(zhí)行；完成；死刑”；C選項(xiàng)extraction“取出；拔出；抽出物”；D選項(xiàng)expedition“探險(xiǎn)；探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)；考察”。句意：新的礦產(chǎn)資源可能在即將來臨的南極探險(xiǎn)期間被發(fā)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)句中“Antarctic南極的”可知“探險(xiǎn)”符合語境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Substanceswhichallowlighttopassthroughthemwithoutobjectsontheothersidebeingclearlyseenaresaidtobe（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.transparent

B.translucent

C.luminous

D.opaque

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)transparent“透明的；顯然的；坦率的”；B選項(xiàng)translucent“半透明的”；C選項(xiàng)luminous“發(fā)光的；明亮的；清楚的”；D選項(xiàng)opaque“不透明的；不傳熱的；遲鈍的”。句意：那些允許光通過而另一邊的物體看不清楚的物質(zhì)被稱為半透明。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

The1982OilandGasActgivespowertopermitthedisposalofassetsheldbytheCorporation,and_______theCorporation’sstatutorymonopolyinthesupplyofgasforfuelpurposessoastopermitprivatecompaniestocompeteinthissupply.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.defers

B.curtails

C.triggers

D.sparks

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“defers”意為“推遲；延期；服從”；B選項(xiàng)“curtails”意為“縮減；剪短；剝奪……特權(quán)”；C選項(xiàng)“triggers”意為“觸發(fā)，引起；開動(dòng)（裝置）”；D選項(xiàng)“sparks”意為“發(fā)出火花；點(diǎn)燃；導(dǎo)致；求婚”。句意：1982年的《石油和天然氣法案》賦予了允許處理公司持有資產(chǎn)的權(quán)力，并在供應(yīng)天然氣充當(dāng)燃料的目的上，剝奪了公司的法定壟斷特權(quán)，從而允許私人公司在供應(yīng)方面競(jìng)爭。由題干可知，橫線后是theCorporation’sstatutorymonopoly（公司的法定壟斷特權(quán)）而后文又說到topermitprivatecompaniestocompete（允許私人公司在供應(yīng)方面競(jìng)爭），由此可以推測(cè)出應(yīng)該是剝奪了公司的壟斷特權(quán)，所以私人公司才能在供應(yīng)方面競(jìng)爭。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.單選題

I’msurprisedtheyarenolongeronspeakingterms.It’snotlikeeitherofthemtobeara（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.disgust

B.curse

C.grudge

D.hatred

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)disgust“厭惡，嫌惡”；B選項(xiàng)curse“詛咒；咒罵”；C選項(xiàng)grudge“怨恨；不滿”；D選項(xiàng)hatred“憎恨；怨恨；敵意”。由本句“I’msurprisedtheyarenolongeronspeakingterms”（我很驚訝他們不說話了）可知他們之前的關(guān)系是很好的，所以這里的語義最有可能是不滿，沒有到有敵意那么嚴(yán)重。句意：我很驚訝他們不再說話了，他們倆不像是對(duì)對(duì)方不滿。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Insomesocieties,whenpeopleexchangegifts,thegiverwillsayhisgiftisoflessvalue,whilethereceiver_______itsvalue.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.magnifies

B.manipulates

C.abandon

D.abbreviate

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“magnifies”意為“放大；贊美；夸大”；B選項(xiàng)“manipulates”意為“操縱；操作；巧妙地處理；篡改”；C選項(xiàng)“abandon”意為“遺棄；離開；放棄；終止；陷入”；D選項(xiàng)“abbreviate”意為“縮寫，使省略；使簡短”。句意：在某些社會(huì)中，當(dāng)人們交換禮物時(shí)，送禮者會(huì)說他的禮物價(jià)格低廉，而收禮的人會(huì)夸大禮物的價(jià)值。由題干可知，while表示前后構(gòu)成了對(duì)比關(guān)系，前文說送禮者貶低價(jià)格，那么收禮者就是夸大價(jià)格。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.單選題

Stressfulenvironmentleadstounhealthybehaviorssuchaspooreatinghabits,which______increasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandheartdisease.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inturn

B.bychance

C.byfortune

D.incase

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)“inturn”意為“反過來；轉(zhuǎn)而；輪流”；B選項(xiàng)“bychance”意為“偶然；意外地”；C選項(xiàng)“byfortune”意為“由于幸運(yùn)”；D選項(xiàng)“incase”意為“萬一；假使”。句意：壓力大的環(huán)境會(huì)導(dǎo)致不健康的行為，如不良的飲食習(xí)慣，而這些行為反過來增加了患高血壓和心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由題干可知，unhealthybehaviors（不健康的行為）是由壓力大的環(huán)境導(dǎo)致的，但它反過來又導(dǎo)致了highbloodpressureandheartdisease（高血壓和心臟?。Ｒ虼薃選項(xiàng)符合題意。

14.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

TheAmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbooks,DoingOurOwnThing,TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960s’counter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,WhyWeShouldLike,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onepaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.

1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish（）.

2.Theword“talking”(paragraph1)denotes（）.

3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementsisMcWhortermostlikelytoagree?

4.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s（）.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms

B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment

C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture

D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.modesty

B.personality

C.liveliness

D.informality

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.interestintheirlanguage

B.appreciationoftheirefforts

C.admirationfortheirmemory

D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.“temporary”isto“permanent”

B.“radical”isto“conservative”

C.“functional”isto“artistic”

D.“humble”isto“noble”

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由本文最后一段的最后一句話“Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone”（也許這是一種遺憾，但也許是不可避免的）可知，在語言發(fā)展過程中，正式英語的衰落是非常正常的，這段介紹了正式英語的衰落，最后一句話是對(duì)這個(gè)衰落過程的總結(jié)。A選項(xiàng)“在激進(jìn)的教育改革中是不可避免的”沒有原文依據(jù)、C選項(xiàng)“引發(fā)了反主流文化的爭議”、D選項(xiàng)“在20世紀(jì)60年代改變了公眾的態(tài)度”均說法錯(cuò)誤，20世紀(jì)60年代反文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的勝利是正式英語衰落的原因。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:語義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“talking”定位到第一段第四句話“Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,‘doingourownthing’,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic”（但是，“做我們自己的事”這種對(duì)真實(shí)和個(gè)人的狂熱已經(jīng)宣告了正式演講、寫作、詩歌和音樂的死亡）再聯(lián)系本段最后一句話“InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft”（在英語口語和書面語中，說勝于演講，自發(fā)性勝于技巧）可以推測(cè)talking對(duì)應(yīng)的是非正式的意思。A選項(xiàng)“謙遜”、B選項(xiàng)“個(gè)性”、C選項(xiàng)“活力”均為干擾項(xiàng)，與語義不符。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到第二段最后一句話“Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper”（他并不像許多人那樣，認(rèn)為我們不能再正確地思考，因?yàn)槲覀冋f話不恰當(dāng)）可知McWhorter認(rèn)為邏輯思維不一定與我們說話的方式有關(guān)。B選項(xiàng)“黑人英語可能比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語更有表現(xiàn)力”說法錯(cuò)誤，文中提到黑人這樣的非官方語言具有強(qiáng)大的表現(xiàn)力，但沒有與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語作比較；C選項(xiàng)“各種非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人類語言也同樣有趣”；D選項(xiàng)“在所有的變體中，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語最能傳達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想”均為干擾項(xiàng)，沒有原文依據(jù)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)oveofmemorizingpoetry”定位到最后一段第二句話“Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful”（麥克沃特先生承認(rèn)正式語言并不是絕對(duì)必要的，也沒有提出激進(jìn)的教育改革——他實(shí)際上是在為那些美好而不是有用的東西的喪失而悲傷）可知是表示了對(duì)他們努力的欣賞，所以才會(huì)對(duì)這些事物的喪失感到悲傷。A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)他們語言的興趣”說法過于表面，且文中沒有詳細(xì)描述；C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)他們記憶的欽佩”沒有原文依據(jù)；D選項(xiàng)“蔑視他們的守舊”說法錯(cuò)誤，沒有體現(xiàn)出蔑視的感情。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“paperplates”和“china”定位到最后一段第二、三句話“Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish‘onepaperplatesinsteadofchina’.”（麥克沃特先生承認(rèn)正式語言并不是絕對(duì)必要的，也沒有提出激進(jìn)的教育改革——他實(shí)際上是在為那些美好而不是有用的東西的喪失而悲傷。我們現(xiàn)在用我們的英語是“一個(gè)紙盤子，而不是瓷器”）可知紙盤子是功能型的，而瓷器是藝術(shù)型的，所以是功能與藝術(shù)之間的比較。A選項(xiàng)“暫時(shí)的和永久的”；B選項(xiàng)“激進(jìn)的和保守的”；D選項(xiàng)“謙虛的與高尚的”為干擾項(xiàng)，不符合語義。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.marineproducts

B.dairyproducts

C.industrialproducts

D.avianproducts

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。橫線單詞poultry意為“家禽；家禽肉”；A選項(xiàng)“marineproducts”意為“海產(chǎn)品；水產(chǎn)及制品”；B選項(xiàng)“dairyproducts”意為“乳制品，奶制品；乳酪產(chǎn)品”；C選項(xiàng)“industrialproducts”意為“工業(yè)產(chǎn)品”；D選項(xiàng)“avianproducts”意為“禽類產(chǎn)品”。句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，美國賓夕法尼亞州最近爆發(fā)的禽流感促使中國禁止從該州進(jìn)口家禽。由題干可知，thelatestoutbreakofthebirdflu（最近爆發(fā)的禽流感）肯定和家禽相關(guān)。所以中國禁止進(jìn)口的應(yīng)該是家禽。由此可知，poultry在此處最可能是“家禽”的意思。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

16.單選題

Ifoundthisveryprofitableindiminishingtheintensityofnarrow-mindedprejudice.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.lessening

B.reflecting

C.removing

D.increasing

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。diminish（其現(xiàn)在分詞為diminishing）“使減少；使變小”；A選項(xiàng)lessen（其現(xiàn)在分詞為lessening）“減少；使縮小，使減輕”；B選項(xiàng)reflect（其現(xiàn)在分詞為reflecting）“反映；反射；反省”；C選項(xiàng)remove（其現(xiàn)在分調(diào)為removing）“移動(dòng)，遷移；調(diào)動(dòng)”；D選項(xiàng)increase（其現(xiàn)在分詞為increasing）“增加，加大”。句意：我發(fā)現(xiàn)這對(duì)于減少狹隘的偏見非常有益。根據(jù)句中“veryprofitable非常有利可圖”與“theintensityofnarrow-mindedprejudice偏見的強(qiáng)度”可知diminish在這里的意思為“減少”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

17.單選題

DoyouknowTim’sbrother?Heis（）thanTim.?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.muchmoresportsman

B.moreofasportsman

C.moreofsportsman

D.moreasportsman

【答案】C

【解析】語法題——考查beof+名詞的用法。beof+名詞相當(dāng)于所對(duì)應(yīng)名詞的形容詞意義。句意：你知道蒂姆的弟弟嗎？他比蒂姆更像運(yùn)動(dòng)員。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Theheatinsummerisnoless（）hereinthismountainregion.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.concentrated

B.extensive

C.intense

D.intensive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)concentrated“集中的；濃縮的；全神貫注的”；B選項(xiàng)extensive“廣泛的；大量的；廣闊的”；C選項(xiàng)intense“強(qiáng)烈的；緊張的；非常的；熱情的”；D選項(xiàng)intensive“加強(qiáng)的；集中的”。由本句主語“Theheatinsummer”（夏天的炎熱）后接noless（不相上下）可知此處的意思應(yīng)與強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)應(yīng)，表示夏天的炎熱程度。句意：在這片山區(qū)，夏季的酷暑同樣強(qiáng)烈。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

19.單選題

Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,（）thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.onoccasion

B.onpurpose

C.oncondition

D.onlyif

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)onoccasion“有時(shí)；偶爾”；B選項(xiàng)onpurpose“有目的地，故意地”；C選項(xiàng)oncondition“只要”；D選項(xiàng)onlyif“只要……就……”，引導(dǎo)從句的時(shí)候，一般不接that。由本句后半句“thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek”（他下周還給我）可知這是前者借錢的一個(gè)條件，“只要”符合此處的語境。句意：他要我借給他一些錢，只要他下周能還給我，我就借給他。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

20.單選題

Thereceptionwasattendedbyvariousprominentmembersoftheidealcommunityandrepresentativesofregionalindustries.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.congested

B.projecting

C.conspicuous

D.outstanding

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。橫線單詞prominent意為“突出的，顯著的；杰出的；卓越的”；A選項(xiàng)“congested”意為“堵塞的，擁擠的”；B選項(xiàng)“projecting”意為“突出來的；伸出的”；C選項(xiàng)“conspicuous”意為“顯著的；顯而易見的”；D選項(xiàng)“outstanding”意為“杰出的；顯著的；未解決的；未償付的”。句意：出席招待會(huì)的有理想社區(qū)的杰出人士和區(qū)域行業(yè)代表。由題干可知，and是并列連詞，and前后意思相近。所以可推測(cè)出prominentmembers與representatives（代表）意思相近。由此可知，prominent在此處最可能是“杰出的，卓越的”的意思，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中outstanding具有“杰出的”的意思，與此相近。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

21.單選題

Inadivorce,themotherusuallyisgranted（）ofherchildren.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.support

B.retention

C.perseverance

D.custody

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)support“支持；供養(yǎng)；支持者”；B選項(xiàng)retention“保留；扣留，滯留”；C選項(xiàng)perseverance“堅(jiān)持不懈；不屈不撓”；D選項(xiàng)custody“保管；監(jiān)護(hù)；拘留；撫養(yǎng)權(quán)”。句意：在離婚中，母親通常獲得子女的撫養(yǎng)權(quán)。由關(guān)鍵詞“divorce離婚”可知“撫養(yǎng)權(quán)”符合語境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確