ITS 系統(tǒng)發(fā)展趨勢課件

1、ITS 系統(tǒng)發(fā)展趨勢1IntroductionThe planning aspects of transport engineering relate to urban planning, and involve technical forecasting decisions and political factors.Human factors are an aspect of transport engineering, particularly concerning driver-vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, si

2、gnals, and markings.Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually involves an urban transportation planning model, requiring the estimation of trip generation (how many trips for what purpose), trip distribution (destination choice, where is the traveler going), mode choice (what mode is being t

3、aken), and route assignment (which streets or routes are being used).More sophisticated forecasting can include other aspects of traveler decisions, including auto ownership, trip chaining (the decision to link individual trips together in a tour) and the choice of residential or business location (

4、known as land use forecasting).Transportation engineering, as practiced by civil engineers, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. Operations and management involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on the road or

5、 track. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and tolling. Newer technologies involve intelligent transportation systems (ITS), including advanced traveler information systems (such as variable message signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle infrastru

6、cture integration. What is ITS?智慧型運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)(ITS, Intelligent Transportation System)乃是應(yīng)用先進(jìn)的電子、通信、資訊與感測等技術(shù)，以整合人、路、車的管理策略，提供即時(shí)(real-time)資訊以增進(jìn)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的安全、效率及舒適性，同時(shí)也減少交通對環(huán)境的衝擊。78Congestion reduces efficiency of transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution, and fuel consumption.Road oper

7、ators, infrastructure, vehicles, their drivers and other road users will cooperate to deliver the most efficient, safe, secure and comfortable journey. The vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure co-operative systems will contribute to these objectives beyond the improvements achievable with stan

8、d-alone systems.為什麼要發(fā)展ITS交通擁擠交通事故能源消耗空氣汙染11運(yùn)輸需求大幅增加，道路建設(shè)緩不濟(jì)急，交通擁擠造成運(yùn)輸機(jī)動(dòng)性與經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)力的降低。車禍死傷嚴(yán)重，造成龐大的社會(huì)成本與負(fù)擔(dān)。公路運(yùn)輸過度消耗石油能源，造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡。大量的汽、機(jī)車排放廢氣，威脅大自然與環(huán)境的永續(xù)發(fā)展。ITS目標(biāo)增進(jìn)交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)降低環(huán)境衝擊(減少空氣、噪音污染，提高能源使用效率)改善運(yùn)輸效率(降低交通擁擠，提高運(yùn)輸機(jī)動(dòng)性)提昇經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)力(促進(jìn)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì))12Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid ma

9、ss evacuation of people in urban centers after large casualty events such as a result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and planning involved with ITS parallels the need for homeland security systems.In the developing world, the migration of people from rural to urbanized h

10、abitats has progressed differently and supported by a multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation, motorcycles, buses, and trains. 15九大服務(wù)領(lǐng)域17執(zhí)行架構(gòu)18The success of ITS is heavily dependent on the availability of timely and accurate estimates of traffic conditions. The needed system is to util

11、ize advanced traffic models to analyze data, especially real-time traffic data, from different sources to estimate and predict traffic conditions so that proactive (前瞻性) Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) and Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) strategies can be implemented to meet

12、various traffic control, management, and operation objectives. 先進(jìn)交通管理系統(tǒng)(Advanced Traffic Management Systems, ATMS)ATMS為智慧型運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)(ITS)的核心與基礎(chǔ)。利用偵測、通訊及控制等技術(shù)，將交通監(jiān)控所得之交通狀況，經(jīng)由通訊網(wǎng)路傳輸?shù)娇刂浦行模贫霸u估交通控制策略，執(zhí)行整體性的交通管理。相關(guān)資訊傳送給用路人與相關(guān)道路管理單位，以達(dá)到運(yùn)輸效率最大化及運(yùn)輸安全之目的。20Active traffic management (ATM), also known as managed la

13、nes or smart lanes, is a scheme for improving traffic flow and reducing congestion on motorways. It has been implemented in several countries, including Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It makes use of automatic systems and human intervention to manage traffic flow and ensure the

14、safety of road users.交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關(guān)係 22ATMS之相關(guān)技術(shù)電腦交通號誌匝道儀控事件自動(dòng)偵測動(dòng)態(tài)交通預(yù)測自動(dòng)車輛定位可變訊息標(biāo)誌地理資訊系統(tǒng)行進(jìn)間測重自動(dòng)車輛分類電子式自動(dòng)收費(fèi)自動(dòng)車輛辨識最佳路線導(dǎo)引2425Many ETC systems use transponders like this one to electronically debit the accounts of registered cars without their stoppingNorway now has 25 toll roads operating with electro

15、nic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology is called (see AutoPASS). In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls in the country,電子式自動(dòng)收費(fèi)28Automated vehicle identificationSome early AVI (Automated vehicle identification) systems used barcodes

16、affixed to each vehicle, to be read optically at the toll booth. Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially when faced with inclement weather and dirty vehicles.Most current AVI systems rely on radio-frequency identification, where an antenna at the toll gate communicates wi

17、th a transponder on the vehicle via Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC).High occupancy toll lanesHigh occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) is a road pricing scheme that gives motorists in single-occupant vehicles access to high-occupancy vehicle lanes (or HOV lanes). Typically, these tolls incre

18、ase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increases, a policy known as congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.Cordon zones with congestion pricingThe main objective of this charge is to reduce traffic congestion with

19、in the cordon area. This fee or toll is charged automatically using electronic toll collection or automatic number plate recognition, since stopping the users at conventional toll booths would cause long queues, long delays, and even gridlock (市區(qū)交通大堵塞).Congestion pricing gantry at North Bridge Road,

20、 Singapore.Cordon zones (管制區(qū)) have been implemented in Singapore, Stockholm, and London, where a congestion charge or fee is collected from vehicles entering a congested city center.Variable speed limitsVariable speed limits which change with road congestion and other factors. Typically such speed l

21、imits only change to decline during poor conditions, rather than being improved in good ones.Example variable speed limit sign in the United States.Emergency vehicle notification systemsThe in-vehicle eCall is an emergency call generated either manually by the vehicle occupants or automatically via

22、activation of in-vehicle sensors after an accident. When activated, the in-vehicle eCall device will establish an emergency call carrying both voice and data directly to the nearest emergency point. The minimum set of data contains information about the incident, including time, precise location, th

23、e direction the vehicle was traveling, and vehicle identification.Cooperative systems on the roadCommunication cooperation on the road includes car-to-car, car-to-infrastructure, and vice versa. Data available from vehicles is acquired and transmitted to a server for central fusion (結(jié)合) and processi

24、ng. This data can be used to detect events such as rain (wiper activity) and congestion (frequent braking activities). The goal of cooperative systems is to use and plan communication and sensor infrastructure in order to increase road safety. 先進(jìn)用路人資訊系統(tǒng)(Advanced Traveler Information Systems, ATIS)AT

25、IS係藉由先進(jìn)資訊、通訊及其他相關(guān)技術(shù)，提供旅行者必要之資訊。使其能於車內(nèi)、家裡、辦公室、車站等地點(diǎn)方便地取得所需之資訊，作為旅次產(chǎn)生、運(yùn)具與路線選擇之決策參考，以順利到達(dá)目的地。36ATIS之相關(guān)技術(shù)可變訊息標(biāo)誌公路路況廣播全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)地理資訊系統(tǒng)車內(nèi)顯示系統(tǒng)最佳路線導(dǎo)引無線電通訊電視路況報(bào)導(dǎo)、電傳視訊旅行服務(wù)資訊整體服務(wù)數(shù)位網(wǎng)路37可變訊息標(biāo)誌(Changeable Message Signs, CMS)可變訊息標(biāo)誌乃是一種可程式化的交通管理設(shè)施，其透過文字或圖形符號來傳達(dá)各項(xiàng)動(dòng)態(tài)的控制或警告訊息給道路使用者，藉以增進(jìn)道路使用率，並減低意外事故。當(dāng)其應(yīng)用於高速公路時(shí)，主要在顯示前方交通

26、管制或警告、一般狀況以及宣導(dǎo)等訊息。38CMS常顯示內(nèi)容39CMS常顯示內(nèi)容40先進(jìn)公共運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)(Advanced Public Transportation Systems, APTS)先進(jìn)大眾運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)(APTS)係將先進(jìn)交通管理系統(tǒng)(ATMS)、先進(jìn)用路人資訊系統(tǒng)(ATIS)與先進(jìn)車輛控制及安全系統(tǒng)(AVCSS)之技術(shù)應(yīng)用於公共運(yùn)輸，以改善公共運(yùn)輸服務(wù)品質(zhì)，提高營運(yùn)效率，增加公共運(yùn)輸之吸引力。 APTS服務(wù)項(xiàng)目:路徑中大眾資訊大眾運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)管理個(gè)人大眾運(yùn)輸大眾運(yùn)輸旅行安全41APTS之相關(guān)技術(shù)包括自動(dòng)車輛監(jiān)視（Automatic Vehicle Monitoring, AVM）自動(dòng)車輛定位（

27、AVL）雙向無線電通訊電子式自動(dòng)付費(fèi)（Electronic Fare Payment, EFP）最佳路線導(dǎo)引公車電腦排班公車電腦輔助調(diào)度車內(nèi)顯示系統(tǒng)42APTS系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)圖優(yōu)先號誌資訊查詢站同質(zhì)單位：北市交控中心異質(zhì)單位：公車、鐵路、捷運(yùn)、飛航管理單位TMIC之公車營管中心交通資訊站TCIS路側(cè)子系統(tǒng)RSU2.廣域WAN1.區(qū)域LAN信號柱無線通訊業(yè)者車輛子系統(tǒng)(OBC)聯(lián)外子系統(tǒng)(ISP)中心子系統(tǒng)3.短距無線通訊DSRC3.短距無線通訊DSRC4.長距無線通訊WAC4.長距無線通訊WAC2.廣域WAN5.廣域WAN公司、家戶DesktopWAPPDA聯(lián)外子系統(tǒng)其他用路人子系統(tǒng)智慧型公車站牌公車車載電腦定位承載率行車記錄交通資訊接收到站訊息交通資料庫優(yōu)先號誌策略資料融合資料交換定位資料WEB伺服43APTS運(yùn)作示意簡圖44目前應(yīng)用APTS通訊系統(tǒng)之規(guī)劃公車站牌動(dòng)態(tài)資訊顯示 車上資訊顯示公車定位輔助 車隊(duì)運(yùn)作與管理 大眾運(yùn)輸旅行安全系統(tǒng) 45先進(jìn)車輛控制及安全系統(tǒng)(Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems, AVCSS)AVCSS係結(jié)合感測器、電腦、通訊、電