專業(yè)外語論文

1、Theory and practice of city image by Kevin lynchAbstract：Kevin lynch, a famous scholar of urban design, initiated the era of research on urban image and plays an important role in the theory of urban planning. With the construction of beautiful rural planning in China, there is a situation that the

2、traditional rural image is lost and the style quality declines in the current situation of rural landscape 1. Therefore, in the relevant planning and design, the application of urban image is also extensive. In the course work, I also have some understanding and application of this theory.Key words：

3、Planning and design; City image; Rural imagery; Local characteristics0. LeadAt the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, urban planning in the United States was based on the traditional urban landscape design method and the theory of rural city. Urban design is emphasized to create a beautiful and or

4、derly environment. By the 1950s and 1960s, the form determinism in design was facing the public challenge and strong challenge from sociologists. 2 against this background, Kevin lynch, an expert in urban planning and design in the United States, published a book called urban imagery combining with

5、the investigation and analysis of urban imagery of Boston, jersey city and Los Angeles.1. Urban image theoryA highly imageable city (visible, readable, or visible) should look appropriate, unique, and unusual, and should attract visual and auditory attention and engagement, writes Kevin lynch. This

6、kind of city has a highly continuous form, with many distinct parts clearly connected to each other, and can be understood gradually. 3 in lynchs concept, the arbitrariness needs to be built on a certain spatial sequence, that is, the unity and continuity that he emphasized again and again in the bo

7、ok. If a series of readable image elements can be arranged in an orderly manner in the city, then a number of environmental images that are combined within a system can jointly establish a recognizable overall structure.1.1 concept of city imageThe so-called city image refers to the direct or indire

8、ct experience and cognition of the surrounding environment caused by the influence of the surrounding environment on the residents. It is the impression of the city that can be recalled by the human brain through imagination, and it is also the subjective environment space in the minds of the reside

9、nts. In a city, most urban residents have a common impression of the areas where they hope to reach agreement in the interaction of a single physical entity, a common cultural background and a basic physiological feature. This is the public image, which is what urban planners are interested in and a

10、re eager to create an environment that can be used by many people 4.1.2 five elements of city imageAn important contribution of Kevin lynch in the field of urban image research is to put forward the five elements of urban image - road, boundary, region, node and landmark, as well as a set of imageab

11、le theory and design methodology composed of these five elements. Many researchers have applied this method to the rural image, especially the research results obtained from the analysis of village space, which are also of great significance. However, the differences of rural image elements in diffe

12、rent regions and types are obvious, and the discrimination and study of rural image elements that are different from the urban image are of great significance to the rural design.1.2.1 districtA large area of the city in which observers can enter or leave at will and which has a common character. Th

13、is type of neighborhood has a distinct theme. In general, this theme can be highlighted from the aspects of culture, characteristics, space, form, details, symbols, USES, activities, residents, maintenance level and even topography. The cohesion of these thematic features, through peoples imaginatio

14、n and comprehension, will form peoples image of the character of the block.1.2.2 edgeThe linear component of a city that is not considered a gateway is usually the dividing line between two areas. Lynch believes that the best edge is not only visually obvious, but also continuous, with no crossing f

15、unction.1.2.3 pathAn observers habitual, accidental, or potential moving channel. Such as streets, sidewalks, transport channels, canals, railways, etc. Lynch investigated the influence of the expressway, the function of the road, the special structure of the road, the facade on both sides of the ro

16、ad, the spatial continuity of the elements such as trees, the direction of the road and the form of the urban road network on the urban image, and believed that the road is the key to many individual images.1.2.4 landarkPeople recognize cities, observe them, form impressions, and have a memorable ex

17、troversion reference point. According to lynch, people who are more familiar with a city are increasingly relying on signs on the ground as guides to enjoy its unique, exclusive character.1.2.5 nodeKey points that the observer can enter and that can impress. Typical nodes in a city are mainly compos

18、ed of road intersections, squares, subway stations, etc., such as tian anmen square in Beijing.Generally, people regard buildings, structures and signs with obvious ersonality as the signs to understand a city, but all the five elements are of great significance to the deconstruction of a city, and

19、the combination of all elements is the comprehensive image of a city, which is unique, unique and non-repetitive 5.2. Design case of urban image theoryurban design of nancheng, dongguan cityDongguan international business district is located in dongguan city, guangdong province, south Beijing CBD ar

20、ea of 214.25 hectares, the central area is located in dongguan city in south central activity area, between the administrative and cultural center and south headquarters, geographical location is superior, the CBD of the overall design concept to create complex diverse, stereo, ecological and pleasa

21、nt city center district.2.1 districtFunctional zoning: it is mainly divided into three functional zones: north, middle and south. The northern zone continues the functions of the administrative and cultural center and is planned as a financial business district. Combined with the comprehensive devel

22、opment of the rail station, the central area is planned as an international consumption area. The southern area is planned as an innovation zone for science and trade, connecting with the headquarters base of nancheng.2.2 edgeThe orderly space of the street interface not only guides the pedestrians,

23、 but also brings a better spatial visual experience. The unified retraction of buildings is conducive to the formation of a beautiful and harmonious urban street interface. The rhythmic fluctuation of the skyline brings a better spatial experience and enhances the sense of sequence and rhythm of the

24、 open space.2.3 pathIn terms of transportation system, dongguan international business district adheres to the principle of small streets and dense road network, and is closely connected with the rail transit to build a three-dimensional and multi-layer slow travel network. The path plays the role o

25、f controlling the traffic and axis, and the walking space is continuous, safe and comfortable, which increases the attraction. The scale of the space provides a comfortable environment for the space.2.4 landmarkThe landmark buildings of the three areas are combined with the central square of the are

26、a, and the important tower blocks are arranged in the weekly map of the square. Form each area building group. Place the landmarks at the gateway and boundary of the area. Important buildings and local emphasis on the treatment of the building, marking the different heights of the building to enrich

27、 the skyline, providing the flow of people from the external reference experience.2.5 nodePublic open space sign node is a public area constructed by square space and greening. Through the north-south open space corridor of the base, the longitudinal axis of public space is formed. The northern end

28、of the axis corresponds to the government axis, and from north to south it passes through the financial district, the consumption district and the science and trade district. And in the three areas of the core location of the layout of three central squares. The central square surrounding the buildi

29、ng interface is unified, the sense of encircle is strong, the building and the square provide pleasant spatial scale feeling.The region forms a framework by nodes and limits the space by boundaries. The roads and landmarks are scattered throughout the region, and various elements overlap and complem

30、ent each other regularly. In the process of urban design, we should carefully consider every aspect, so as to create a city design that meets the development requirements on the macro level.3. The practice of urban image theory in the scheme - landscape garden designThis project is designed for the

31、fourth year of the curriculum, landscape design can be understood as a comprehensive application of the knowledge of architecture and urban planning.3.1 design requirementsIn order to develop leisure agriculture and rural tourism and create a new style of Chinas beautiful idyllic - peach blossom lan

32、dscape in hewan, we plan to carry out landscape planning of 10,000 mu peach garden in the ecological sightseeing agriculture demonstration area of Chinas peach land. It is required to design a tourist reception center of 3000 square meters, including peach culture display, tourist reception, casual

33、dining, tea room, souvenir sales and other functions. 1 ecological greenhouse of 300 square meters, used for breeding and display of new varieties; 1 viewing pavilion and gallery; Organic vegetable and fruit picking gardens; Picnic and barbecue area; A small eco-farm and a parking lot.3.2 base overv

34、iewThe base is located in liuping township, 4000 meters east of the city of qin an county. The terrain is low in the west and high in the east.3.3 scheme designBecause the whole terrain is distributed in a ladder, sloping from northeast to southwest, it is divided into different groups according to

35、the terrain and design requirements, forming the planning structure of one axis, two belts and six zones. Abstract the historic pottery vase of qinan dadi bay head as a water system, running through each area, and then endow the local culture with specific nodes in each area, so that it has a specia

36、l local flavor.3.4 theoretical practice3.4.1 districtAccording to different functions, different areas are arranged in the tour route. There are six areas in total: the tourist reception center is located at the entrance of the scenic spot, and there is a parking lot on the east side; The viewing sq

37、uare is located on the north elevation of the reception center and is used for performances. The barbecue area is located at the north end. The greenhouse can provide food materials and planting and breeding for the barbecue area. The parent-child experience area is arranged in combination with the

38、water system. Ecological farm can raise small animals; Fruit and vegetable picking area planted apple, peach and other fruit trees, spring flower autumn fruit picking; Museums are used to display historical artifacts or to hold exhibitions in conjunction with local culture.3.4.2 edgeComposite of aqu

39、atic environment of buildings and green space of each functional partition, the road system is to assume the role of the boundary, node and viewing gallery form interface, at the border as the terrain and buildings of different heights also enriched the stereo space interface, night lighting configu

40、ration also made the image of the border, boundary space and help to improve the environment surround close feeling.3.4.3 pathGarden road configuration is divided into inside, and pedestrians, the car is mainly used for road carriage of goods by park and fire fighting, one part into the view on the

41、promenade, the rest for the connection of each functional area small road, winding, step one scene, full of fun, visitors can see the park in different angles of various views and vegetation.3.4.4 landmarkThe park is marked by a memorial archway at the entrance, a visitor reception center and a muse

42、um. The tourist reception center, as the gateway of the scenic spot, has two floors and adopts the new Chinese style to provide tourists with services such as ticket sales, consultation, catering and retail. As an exhibition building in the scenic area, the folk museum is located in the highlands, w

43、ith a total of one floor, combined with the layout of the river system, as a place for exhibition and stay, and a landmark building for the end of the landscape3.4.5 nodeAs the planning design is landscape design, so the layout of nodes are more, and distributed in each area. With the elevation of t

44、he terrain, each node is located at a different height. With the advance of the landscape corridor, the node of the pavilion in the middle of the lake in the north pool becomes a turning point, and then the climax is formed to the museum of homestay. The distribution of nodes constitutes the sequenc

45、e of landscape in the garden and also enriches the composition of the garden.4. To summarizeOur government and the whole society in recent years in the countryside construction in the field of all kinds of investment is very big, but from the national level, have not been comprehensive improvement a

46、nd improve rural culture, rural culture assimilation of urbanization, and low-quality is playing a more and more outstanding, a series of problems, such as copying city model, out of the country, actually the country style, and there is still some outstanding problems in aspects of natural ecology.

47、Urban image of urban space shape is strong, but with the construction of the city, a lot of cities in the central district construction model of CBD area, and the use of the fixed mode is bound to lead to thousands of the city surface phenomenon appears, in the process of rural planning, considerati

48、on should be given in the image of the specific to the city to the countrys intentions to build, such as add local unique culture in landscape design, etc., into the local characteristics, make it become a regional characteristic of architecture and planning.Rural landscape image can be interpreted

49、as many people in the rural landscape image features of concrete and formed in peoples mind reflects the essential characteristics of rural landscape overall impression, and Chinas rural landscape image is in the process of peoples cognition of the rural landscape in the Chinese tradition of nature

50、and humanity, heaven knows what the personnel philosophy under the guidance of gradually formed, such as common psychological image, a xanadu poetic magnet, is the living environment of the Chinese ideal picture pursuit 6. The practice of the urban image theory in the garden design also reflects the

51、 similarities and differences between the city and the countryside. Therefore, in the design, we should put people first, seek the connection with the site, take measures according to the local conditions, and should combine with the local culture to design and plan the space that ADAPTS to the site

52、.reference1 dong wei. Research on the ideological system framework of urban design by Kevin lynch D. Harbin: masters thesis of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2006.2 shen yi people. Urban characteristics and urban image J. Urban problems, 2004.3 Kevin lynch. City image M. Translated by fang yiping a

53、nd he xiaojun. Beijing: huaxia press, 2001.4 li guoqin. Landscape image and community landscape planning D. Beijing: masters thesis of Beijing forestry university, 2007.5 Yang jian, dai zhizhong. Analysis of Kevin lynchs urban image research methods J. Journal of chongqing university of architecture

54、, 2007.6 li hezhang. Reflections on rural image and new rural planning and design: a case study of dachang village renovation planning J. Anhui agricultural science, 2010.凱文林奇城市意象理論認(rèn)識與實(shí)踐摘 要：城市設(shè)計(jì)的著名學(xué)者凱文林奇開啟了對城市意象研究的時代，在城市規(guī)劃的理論中有著重要的地位。隨著我國美麗鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃的建設(shè)，鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)貌現(xiàn)狀中存在著傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村意象迷失與風(fēng)貌品質(zhì)下降的情況1，因此，在相關(guān)的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)中，城市意象的應(yīng)用也較

55、為廣泛，在課程作業(yè)的過程中，我對此理論也有所認(rèn)識與應(yīng)用。關(guān)鍵詞：規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)；城市意象；鄉(xiāng)村意象；鄉(xiāng)土特色 0.引 言在十九世紀(jì)與二十世紀(jì)交替之際, 美國的城市規(guī)劃以傳統(tǒng)的城市景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法和田園城市理論為基礎(chǔ)。強(qiáng)調(diào)城市設(shè)計(jì)為創(chuàng)造美好而有秩序的環(huán)境。到了二十世紀(jì)五六十年代, 設(shè)計(jì)中的“形態(tài)決定論”面臨著來自社會學(xué)家的公開質(zhì)疑和強(qiáng)烈挑戰(zhàn)。2在這種背景下, 美國城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)專家凱文林奇結(jié)合對美國波士頓、澤西城和洛杉磯這三個主要城市的“城市形象性”調(diào)查分析，出版了城市意象一書。1.城市意象理論凱文林奇在書中寫道：“一個高度可意象的城市（外顯的、可讀或是可見的）應(yīng)該看起來適宜、獨(dú)特而不尋常，應(yīng)該能夠吸引視

56、覺和聽覺的注意和參與?！薄斑@種城市具有高度連續(xù)的形態(tài)，由許多各具特色的部分互相清晰連接，能夠逐漸被了解。3”在林奇的觀念中，可意象性需要建立在一定的空間序列之上，即他在書中所一再強(qiáng)調(diào)的“統(tǒng)一”與“連續(xù)”。如果一系列可供“閱讀”的意象元素能夠被有序地排列在城市之中，那么，被組合在一個體系范圍之內(nèi)的諸多環(huán)境意象，就能夠共同建立起一個容易被識別的整體結(jié)構(gòu)。1.1城市意象的概念所謂城市意象,是指由于周圍環(huán)境對居民的影響而使居民產(chǎn)生對周圍環(huán)境的直接或間接的經(jīng)驗(yàn)認(rèn)識空間,是人的大腦通過想象可以回憶出來的城市印象,也是居民頭腦中的“主觀環(huán)境”空間。在一個城市中,大多數(shù)城市居民心中擁有的共同印象,即在單個物質(zhì)

57、實(shí)體,一個共同文化背景以及一種基本生理特征三者的互相作用過程中,希望可能達(dá)成一致的領(lǐng)域。這就是“公眾意象”這正是城市規(guī)劃師所感興趣的問題,并渴望通過它創(chuàng)造出一個供眾多人使用的環(huán)境4。1.2城市意象的五大要素凱文林奇在城市意象研究領(lǐng)域的一個重要貢獻(xiàn)是提出了城市意象的五元素道路、邊界、區(qū)域、節(jié)點(diǎn)與標(biāo)志物，以及由這五個元素組合而成的一套可意象理論及設(shè)計(jì)方法論。不少研究者將這套方法應(yīng)用于鄉(xiāng)村意象尤其是村落空間分析得出的研究成果也很有意義，但是，不同區(qū)域、不同類型的鄉(xiāng)村意象元素的差異性顯而易見，區(qū)別于城市意象的鄉(xiāng)村意象元素判別與研究對鄉(xiāng)村設(shè)計(jì)有著重要的意義。1.2.1區(qū)域指觀察者可以在市區(qū)內(nèi)隨意進(jìn)出其間

58、,而且具有共同特征的較大區(qū)域。 這類街區(qū)具有鮮明的主題。一般可以從文化、特色、空間、形態(tài)、細(xì)節(jié)、象征、用途、活動、居民、保養(yǎng)程度甚至地形等方面烘托這一主題。這些主題特征的凝聚,再經(jīng)過人們的想象領(lǐng)悟, 便形成了人們對街區(qū)性格的意象。1.2.2邊界城市中不被視為通道的線性成分, 其通常是兩個區(qū)域的分界線。 林奇認(rèn)為, 最好的邊緣不僅僅在視覺上明顯, 而且連續(xù)不斷, 具有不準(zhǔn)穿越的功能。1.2.3道路指觀察者習(xí)慣、偶然或是潛在的移動通道。如街道、人行道、運(yùn)輸通道、運(yùn)河 、鐵路等。 林奇考察了城市中的高速公路、道路的功能、特殊的道路結(jié)構(gòu)、道路兩旁的門面、樹木等要素的空間延續(xù)性、道路的方向以及城市路網(wǎng)的

59、形式等對城市意象的影響, 并認(rèn)為“道路是許多個體意象的關(guān)鍵”。1.2.4標(biāo)志人們認(rèn)識城市、觀察城市、形成印象、便于記憶的外向性參考點(diǎn)。林奇認(rèn)為, 對某一個城市較熟悉的人,越來越依賴地上的標(biāo)識作為向?qū)硐硎艹鞘歇?dú)特、專一的特色。1.2.5節(jié)點(diǎn)觀察者可以進(jìn)入、能夠使人留下深刻印象的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。城市中典型的節(jié)點(diǎn)主要由道路的交叉口、廣場、地鐵站等組成,例如北京的天安門廣場。人們一般將具有明顯個性的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物、標(biāo)識牌等作為認(rèn)識城市的標(biāo)志, 但五種要素都對解構(gòu)城市具有重要的意義, 各個要素間形成的組合才是人們對城市形成的綜合意象, 這種意象具有獨(dú)特性、唯一性和不重復(fù)性5。2.關(guān)于城市意象理論的設(shè)計(jì)案例東莞

60、市南城城市設(shè)計(jì)東莞市南城國際商務(wù)區(qū)位于廣東省東莞市，商務(wù)區(qū)面積達(dá)214.25公頃，該片區(qū)位于東莞市南城中央活力區(qū)中部，行政文化中心與南城總部基地之間，地理區(qū)位優(yōu)越，CBD總體設(shè)計(jì)理念為打造復(fù)合多元的、立體的、生態(tài)的、宜人的城市中心街區(qū)。2.1區(qū)域功能分區(qū):主要劃分為北、中、南三個功能片區(qū)，北部片區(qū)延續(xù)行政文化中心的職能，規(guī)劃為金融商務(wù)區(qū)；中部片區(qū)結(jié)合軌道站點(diǎn)的綜合開發(fā)，規(guī)劃為國際消費(fèi)區(qū)；南部片區(qū)對接南城總部基地，規(guī)劃為科貿(mào)創(chuàng)新區(qū)。2.2邊界沿街界面有序的空間收放指引行人的同時也帶來了更好的空間視覺感受，建筑物統(tǒng)一退線有助于形成優(yōu)美、和諧的城市沿街界面，有節(jié)奏的天際線波動帶來更好的空間感受，加強(qiáng)