12意義一致主謂三原則版

1、第六節(jié)：主謂一致 2006/10/08 10:21 北京安通學(xué)校主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來不外乎三種一致原則，即：語法形式一致；概念一致(語言內(nèi)容上一致)；毗鄰一致(謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語一致)。另外，根據(jù)代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致，還有指代一致。一、語法形式一致1、單數(shù)主語、單個動詞不定式、動名詞短語以及句子作主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語，用and或bothand連接的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Serving the people is my great happiness. HYPERLINK /

2、n?k=? 為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福。Whether well go depends on the weather. 我們是否去要取決于天氣的好賴。What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.我所思考的和我所尋求的都在這個論文中體現(xiàn)了出來。2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition

3、to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語后面，不能看作是并列主語，該主語不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語的影響，主語如是單數(shù)，其謂語動詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如：The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.教材加上參考書對大學(xué)學(xué)生是非常有益的。The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.那個人和他妻兒老小坐在沙發(fā)上看電視。3、有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們在句子中作主語

4、時，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語動詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：Neither likes the friends of the other. 兩人都不喜歡對方的朋友。Everything around us is matter. 我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。4、當(dāng)and連

5、結(jié)的兩個名詞是指同一個人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黃油和面包。5、當(dāng)one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：One of those students has passed the examina

6、tion. 這些學(xué)生只有一個考試及格了。A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.為語音課提前準(zhǔn)備了一系列錄音磁帶。6、由one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the majority of + 名詞作作主語時，謂語動詞視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。例如：The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的損壞品都容易修理。7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads

7、of, scads of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里還有好多水。There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多雞蛋。8、由more than one (或more than one + 單數(shù)名詞)，many a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一個學(xué)生通過了這次考試。Many a b

8、oy learns to swim before he can read. 許多孩子在認字前就學(xué)會了游泳。9、如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分數(shù)或百分數(shù) + of + 名詞”，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已經(jīng)收回了。Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.到場的三分之二的人都反對這個計劃。10、定語從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：He is one of the

9、men who were chosen to represent the group.被選出來代表該組的人他是其中之一。“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.“鎮(zhèn)靜”是事故發(fā)生時應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記的第一條原則。二、概念一致(語言內(nèi)容上一致)1、有些集合名詞如crowd, family, team, orchestra(管弦樂隊), group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它們作主語

10、時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個集體單位時，動詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個成員來說，則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：His family is going to move. 他準(zhǔn)備搬家。His family are very well. 他家人身體都好。2、有些表示總體意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry(家禽)等。例如：The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.警察正在搜尋一位膚色黝黑、長胡子的高

11、個子男人。3、有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news, means, works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它們作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：Politics is a complicated business. 政治學(xué)是一門復(fù)雜的東西。Here is the news. 下面播送新聞。4、用and連接的單數(shù)主語，前面有each, every, many a, no等修飾時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語與each連用時，應(yīng)不受each的影響，謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Every b

12、oy and girl is treated in the same way.每個男孩、女孩都是以同樣的方式對待的。Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 很多姑娘小伙子都見過。The old workers and the young each have their own tools.青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。5、表示重量、度量、衡量、價值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 二十里地可是個不近的路程。Three pints isnt enough to get me

13、 drunk. 三品脫還不至于把我灌醉。the +形容詞作主語時，如主語指的是一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指的是單個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：The departed was a good friend of his. 死者是他的一位好友。三、毗鄰一致(就近原則)1、由連詞or, neitheror, eitheror, not only also, nor等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原則，與貼近它的主語一致。例如：Either you or he is no telling the truth. 不是你就是他沒講真話。Not only the swit

14、ches but also the old wiring has been changed.不僅開關(guān)，連那些老化了電路都已經(jīng)更換了。2、在there be 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則。例如：There is a desk and four benches in the office. 辦公室有一張桌子，四條長凳。There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 辦公室有兩把椅子一張桌子。四、代詞的指代一致指代一致是指句中的代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致。也是考試中的一個?？键c。1、當(dāng)everyone, every

15、body, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主語時，相應(yīng)的代詞一般采用單數(shù)形式。例如：If anyone calls, tell him Ill be back later. 如果有人找我，就說我一會回來。Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 每個人都認為自己是宇宙的中心。2、由neither nor, not only but also, either or, not but, or等連結(jié)的并列主語，其后的附加疑問部分主語用復(fù)數(shù)代詞。例如：Neither you no

16、r I am wrong, are we? 你我都沒錯，對吧？Both Tom and Jack came, didnt they? 湯姆和杰克都來了，對不對？3、當(dāng)句子的主語是one, 并要在句子中多次出現(xiàn)時，一般用第三人稱單數(shù)代詞來代替后面將出現(xiàn)的one或ones;當(dāng)one在句子中泛指人時，在反意疑問句中也可用you來代替。例如：One should never blame his friends even his friends committed some careless mistakes.當(dāng)朋友犯了疏忽的小錯時不要老指責(zé)朋友的過失。One cant be too careful,

17、can you (one)? 一個人無論怎么樣小心都不為過，對不對？五、主謂一致強化練習(xí)題1. Economics, several courses of which I have taken thus far, _ to be difficult but useful for almost all students.A. prove B. proves C. have been proved D. are proved2. A thousand miles no longer _ much to us today, for modern jets can easily get us to a

18、 great distance within a matter of a few hours.A. meant B. means C. mean D. will mean3. The secretary and treasurer of our company _ the meeting.A. were to attend B. are to attend C. is attend D. is to attend4. Cattle_ to graze on the village common.A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow5.

19、Mathematics as well as other subjects _ a science.A. was B. is C. are D. belong to6. Either of these young ladies _ perfectly qualified to teach Greek, Latin and French.A. were B. are C. is D. have been7. Large quantities of water _ cooling purposes.A. are needed for B. is needed to C. are needed to

20、 D. is needed for8. Copper as well as most metals_.A. is a good conductor B. is a good insulatorC. are good conductors D. are good insulators9. There used to be some trees by the lake, _ ?A. was there B. were there C. werent there D. wasnt there10. Cattle_ to graze on the village common.A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow六、主謂一致練習(xí)詳解1.【答案】B?！窘馕觥吭摼淇疾鞂W(xué)生主、謂語一致。其中several courses of which I have taken thus far為設(shè)置的干擾項。由于主語為表示學(xué)科的單數(shù)名詞，故謂語應(yīng)是單數(shù)形式。2.【答案】B?！窘馕觥勘硎局亓?、度量、衡量、價值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。3.【答案】D?！窘馕觥緾項結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤，可先排除；由and所連接的兩個名詞，如果and后面的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語要用單數(shù)。故D項為正確答案。4.【答案】A?！窘馕觥縞at