分詞的用法小結(jié)

1、分詞的用法小結(jié)分詞時(shí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式之一。分詞可以分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種。二者的基本區(qū)別是現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，而及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成，不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞僅表示完成。分詞主要考查兩類分詞的區(qū)分： 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)；分詞作狀語(yǔ)；分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)問(wèn)題等。一、分詞的句法功能1、分詞作表語(yǔ)分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)是該句子的主語(yǔ)。主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ) 的特征和性質(zhì)，過(guò)去分詞則常用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。如：The scene is moving.這個(gè)場(chǎng)面很感人。The crowd are moved.人們很感動(dòng)。The piece of news

2、is disappointing.這條消息令人失望。I am very disappointed.我很失望。Tom sounds very muchin the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.A. Interested B interesting C interestingly D interestedly2、分詞作定語(yǔ)1)作定語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞分詞形式為：V-ing； being+done；過(guò)去分詞。當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用V-ing；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用being+done； 當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分

3、詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表完成時(shí)，用過(guò)去分詞。The crying baby is her son.The houses being built are for the teachers.The broken glass is Toms.作定語(yǔ)的不及物動(dòng)詞分詞形式為：V-ing和過(guò)去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。Falling leaves正在飄落的葉子 fallen leaves落下的葉子；boiling water正在沸騰的水boiled water開(kāi)過(guò)的水； developing countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家the risen

4、 sun the rising sun;分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)放在被修飾的詞后。意思同定語(yǔ)從句差不多。a boy named Tom 一個(gè)叫 Tom 男孩I received a letter offering me a job(= which offered me a job).The girl sitting by the window(= who is sitting) is my best friend.Tell the children playing outside(= who are playing outside ) not to make too much noise.The

5、book, written about 15 years ago (= which was written about 15 years ago), is published now.The people injured in the accident(= who were injured in the accident), were sent to the nearest hospital.3、分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)它前邊的賓語(yǔ)。分詞和邏輯主語(yǔ)間時(shí)主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；兩者是被動(dòng)關(guān)系 用過(guò)去分詞。分詞常常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)之后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1）

6、感官動(dòng)詞 see,hear,watch,feel,notice,observe,listen to,look at 以hear為例，hear sbdoing （表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)I Do(表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系或動(dòng)作完成，即看見(jiàn)動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程)Y Done(表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系或動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成)Being done (表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系且動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行)I heard her sing an English song just now. (主動(dòng), 完成)I heard her singing an English song when I pass by her room yesterday.住動(dòng)，正

7、在進(jìn)行）I heard an english being sung when I passed her room yesterd。（被動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行）I heard an English song sung by her。2）Find/catch sb doing/done A cook will be fired if he is found smoking in the kitchenHe found his wallet stolen.3)leave后接三種形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，意為“使之處于某種狀態(tài)” leave sb. Doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事 You should not l

8、eave the water running.leave sb to do 留下某人去做某事 He left me to do all the rest work.leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做 She left mang clothes to be washed.4）have, ge詬接三種形式作賓補(bǔ) get/have sth done 讓某事由別人去做 I will get my hair cut.have sb/sth doing讓某人持續(xù)做某事get sb doing讓某人開(kāi)始做某事have sb do sth /get sb to do sth 讓某人去做某

9、事 I cant get him to stop smoking.4、分詞作狀語(yǔ)分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨等。1）用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)典型例句Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off.見(jiàn)到貓，老鼠就跑了。The work finished, he went home.工作做完后，他就回家了。理解技巧分詞（短語(yǔ)）用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的從屬連詞需根據(jù)句意來(lái)確定），如上 面兩句也可轉(zhuǎn)換成：When As soon as the mouse saw the cat, it ran off.After t

10、he work was finished, he went home.高考實(shí)例 When different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the manysimilarities. （2006 浙江卷）A. compared B. being comparedC. comparing D. having compared【分析】此題答案選C，分詞短語(yǔ)when comparing different cultures相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從 句 when we compare diff

11、erent cultures。2）用作原因狀語(yǔ)典型例句Being very weak, she couldnt move.她由于身體虛弱而不能行動(dòng)。His car broken down, he had to walk .他的車(chē)壞了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged, she moved on to London.她很沮喪，搬到了倫敦。理解技巧分詞（短語(yǔ)）用作原因狀語(yǔ)通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成由as, because, since, now that等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，如：As she was very weak, she couldnt move.Because his car was b

12、roken down, he had to walk.Because she was much discouraged, she moved on to London.高考實(shí)例（1）with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. （2006 四川卷）A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face【分析】答案選 Ao faced with so much trouble 可轉(zhuǎn)換成原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because we were faced with so much trouble。（2）for t

13、he breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. （2006福建卷）A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed【分析】答案選B。現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network可轉(zhuǎn)換成原因狀語(yǔ)從句because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network,3）用作條件狀語(yǔ)典型例句Working

14、hard, you will succeed.如果努力工作，你就可以成功。Adding them all up, we can find the answer.如果把它們加起來(lái)，我們就可以得到答案。United, we stand; divided, we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。Given more time, we could have done it better.如果多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我們可以做得更好。理解技巧分詞（短語(yǔ)）用作條件狀語(yǔ)通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成由從屬連詞if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，如上面幾句也可轉(zhuǎn)換成：If you work hard, you will succeed.If we ad

15、d them all up, we can find the answer.If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.高考實(shí)例 time, hell make a first-class tennis player. （2003 北京春）A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given【分析】答案選Do give與其邏輯主語(yǔ)he是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用過(guò)去分詞，故選D。分詞短

16、語(yǔ)Given time可轉(zhuǎn)換成條件 狀語(yǔ)從順 If he is given time。4）用作讓步狀語(yǔ)典型例句Living miles away, he attended the course.雖然住在幾英里以外，他仍去上課。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.雖然被擊敗了，他仍是一個(gè)受歡迎的拳擊手。理解技巧分詞（短語(yǔ)）用作讓步狀語(yǔ)通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成由從屬連詞though, although, no matter.等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，如： Although he lived miles away, he attended the course.Thought

17、 he was defeated, he remained a popular boxer.高考實(shí)例No matter how frequently, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. （2006廣東卷）A. performed B. performingC. to be performed D. being performed【分析】答案選 A。現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) performed 在此相當(dāng)于 they are performed。No matter how frequently they are pe

18、rformed 的意思是“無(wú)論它們（指貝多芬的作品）被演奏多少次”。5）用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)典型例句He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.他坐在椅子上看報(bào)。Dont you sit there doing nothing.別什么也不干坐在那里。He came in, followed by his wife.他走了進(jìn)來(lái)，后面跟著他的妻子。理解技巧理解“伴隨狀語(yǔ)”的關(guān)鍵是要理解“伴隨”二字。分詞（短語(yǔ)）用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它表示的動(dòng)作伴隨句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 作同時(shí)發(fā)生，即句子謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作為主要?jiǎng)幼?，分詞短語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作伴隨性的次要?jiǎng)幼?。高考?shí)例（1）Dont sit t

19、herenothing. Come and help me with this table. （2006 湖北卷）A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing（2）My cousin came to see me from the country,me a full basket of fresh fruits. （2006 安徽卷）A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought（3）Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer c

20、arelessly, alwaysthe same thing. （2006江 蘇卷）A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said（4）We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs,that all children like these things. （2006全 國(guó)卷）A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought【分析】以上四題答案分別為CBAA。6）用作方式狀語(yǔ)典型例句He earns a living driving

21、a truck.他靠開(kāi)卡車(chē)謀取生。Im returning you letter as requested.我按要求給你退信。理解技巧分詞（短語(yǔ)）用作方式狀語(yǔ)與用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的情形比較接近。有時(shí)用作方式狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換成by doing sth的結(jié) 構(gòu)，如上面第一句也可換成：He earns a living by driving a truck.注：近幾年高考對(duì)分詞用作方式狀語(yǔ)的情形考得較少。7）、用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)典型例句He fired, killing one of the passers-by.他開(kāi)槍了，打死了 一個(gè)過(guò)路人。He died, leaving his wife with

22、five children .他死了，留下他妻子和五個(gè)兒子。理解技巧分詞（短語(yǔ)）用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常可轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句，如上面兩句也可轉(zhuǎn)換成：He fired and killed one of the passers-by.He died and left his wife with five children.It rained and rained, and vehicles were bogged and bridges were washed out.高考實(shí)例（1） He glanced over at her,that though she was tiny, she seemed v

23、ery well put together. （2005廣東卷）A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted【分析】答案選 A，此句也可換成：He glanced over at her and noted that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.（2） Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year,a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. （2005

24、山 東卷）A. have reached B. reachingC. to reach D. to be reaching【分析】答案選 B,此句也可換成：Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year and reached a record US 6）獨(dú)立成分作狀語(yǔ)。有些分詞短語(yǔ)，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨(dú)立成分。如：Generally/frankly/honestly/strictly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, o cons

25、ideration,to tell the truth, to be honest, compared with/toto make things worseConsidering everything, John isnt so bad after all.Supposing there was a war, what would you do?提示：使用分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)1 ）分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（懸垂分詞）分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。但如果分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)該在分詞前面 加上其邏輯主語(yǔ)，即構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)通常由“名詞或代詞主格+分詞”構(gòu)成。Mr. Cook being away from home, his wife has to do all the house work.（原 因狀語(yǔ)）Work done, they went out to play basketball.（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）There being no buses, we had to walk to go home.Weather permitting , we ll go for an outing tomorrow .2）現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)以及否定式：doing :用來(lái)表示主動(dòng)，且前后動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。R