初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法賓語(yǔ)從句

1、9/9初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法English Grammar 賓語(yǔ)從句*第十四章 賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句歌訣賓語(yǔ)從句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展風(fēng)采。展風(fēng)采有三關(guān)，引導(dǎo)詞、語(yǔ)序、時(shí)態(tài)在把關(guān)。主從時(shí)態(tài)要一致，陳述語(yǔ)序永不變。陳述請(qǐng)你選that，疑問(wèn)需用if/whether連。特殊問(wèn)句作賓從，原來(lái)問(wèn)詞不用換。三關(guān)過(guò)后莫得意，人稱、標(biāo)點(diǎn)需注意。留意變臉的if/when，從句的簡(jiǎn)化記心間。一、三姊妹賓語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞的不同可分為三種類(lèi)型：1. 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：We knew （that）we should learn from each other.2. 由if/whether

2、引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.3. 由who，where，how等連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？二、三關(guān)1. 引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)如果從句是陳述句，引導(dǎo)詞用that（that在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略）；如果從句是一般疑問(wèn)句，引導(dǎo)詞用if/whether；如果從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句，引導(dǎo)詞用由疑問(wèn)詞轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)的疑問(wèn)代詞/副詞。2. 語(yǔ)序關(guān)陳述句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句，語(yǔ)序不變，即仍用陳述語(yǔ)序。如：He is an

3、 honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句，語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z(yǔ)序。如：Does he work hard？I wonder.I wonder if/whether he works hard.When did he leave？I dont know. I dont know when he left.3. 時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。如：I have heard（that）he will come back next week.

4、如果主句是過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)，那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定要用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。如：He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.注意：如果賓語(yǔ)從句表述的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象等時(shí)，不管主句是什么時(shí)態(tài)，從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.三、人稱的變化和標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用1. 從句的主語(yǔ)如果是第一人稱，變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句則與主句的主語(yǔ)一致；如果是第二人稱，則與主句的賓語(yǔ)一致；如果是第三人稱，不用變化。如：“May I use your knife？”He asked me. He asked

5、me if he might use my knife.“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. He asked me if I know her telephone number.2. 賓語(yǔ)從句的標(biāo)點(diǎn)均由主句決定。主句是陳述句，用句號(hào)；主句是疑問(wèn)句，用問(wèn)號(hào)。如：Who will give us a talk？I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk.Do you know？Where does he live？Do you know where he lives？四、兩副面孔if和

6、when既能引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，又能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。因此，遇到它們就要認(rèn)真分析一下，它們究竟屬于“兩副面孔”的哪一副。如：If it rains tomorrow，I wont come.（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. （賓語(yǔ)從句）五、從句的簡(jiǎn)化1. 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是find，see，watch，hear等感官動(dòng)詞時(shí)，從句常簡(jiǎn)化為“賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，賓補(bǔ)為不帶to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. She found the wallet

7、 lie/lying on the ground.2. 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主語(yǔ)與從句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，從句可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths.3. 在連接代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)或間接賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“連接代詞/副詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the station？Can yo

8、u tell me how to get to the station？一、如何變?nèi)朔Q：學(xué)生在將直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)。常常弄不清人稱變化。下面有一句順口溜“一隨主。二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”?！耙浑S主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果從句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，若從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱。或被第二人你所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主

9、句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)。也可以用第一人稱，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then?！暗谌朔Q不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)。如果從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何變時(shí)態(tài)：直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)它需改為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)改為完成時(shí)；過(guò)

10、去完成時(shí)則保留原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)。如：1)She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen2)She said. We hope so.She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend。She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理。The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around

11、the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。直接引語(yǔ)是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。直接引語(yǔ)中有具體的過(guò)去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，

12、時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，變間接引語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去時(shí)的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過(guò)去時(shí)的形式時(shí)，（例：could, shoul

13、d, would, might）不再變。如：Peter said. You had better come have today。 Peter said I had better go there that day。三、如何變狀語(yǔ)：直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來(lái)”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday。變?yōu)?the day before）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ)，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this 改為that),如：He said, These books are mine. He said those books we

14、re his.四、如何變句型：直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引語(yǔ)如果是反意疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句.如：He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the homework, havent y

15、ou? my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)該改為由疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句（賓語(yǔ)從句必須用陳述句語(yǔ)序）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinn

16、er. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如：Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是以“Lets”開(kāi)頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用“suggest +動(dòng)句詞（或從

17、句）?！比纾篐e said, Lets go to the film. He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.引述別人的話有兩種方式：一是使用引號(hào)引出人家的原話，這叫做直接引語(yǔ)；一是用自己的話把人家的話轉(zhuǎn)述出來(lái)，這叫做間接引語(yǔ)。例如：John said, Im going to London with my father.約翰說(shuō)：我要和父親到倫敦去。（引號(hào)內(nèi)是直接引語(yǔ)）John said that he was going to London with his fathe

18、r. 約翰說(shuō)，他要和他父親去倫敦。（賓語(yǔ)從句是間接引語(yǔ)）【配套練習(xí)題及參考答案】（ ）1. Please tell me_. I have some good news for him.A. where Robert lives B. where does Robert liveC. where Robert lived D. where did Robert live（ ）2. We dont know It is said that he was born in CanadaAwhat he is Bwhen he was bornCwhere he comes from Dif he l

19、ives here（ ）3. May I come in? Im sorry I am late.Come in, please. But could you please tell me _?A. why you are late again B. what were you doing thenC. who you talked with D. how do you came to school（ ）4. Could you tell me_?A. When will Mary come back B. When Mary comes backC. When Mary will come

20、back （ ）5.What did you say just now?I asked _.A. that I could open the door B. could I open the doorC. how could I open the door D. how I could open the door（ ）6.Do you know _, Mike?On May 12th,2008A. when the earthquake took place in Wen ChuanB. when did the earthquake take place in Wen ChuanC. whe

21、n the earthquake will take place in Wen Chuan參考答案：1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. AI從下列A、B、C、D中選擇一個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)填空。 1I dont know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes，Ill tell you Aif；Whether Bwhether；Whether Cif；That Dif；If 2I dont know _ the day after tomorrow Awhen does he come Bhow will he come Cif he comes Dwhe

22、ther hell come 3Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is？ Awhat Bhow Cwhether Dwhere 4Could you tell me _ the radio without any help？ Ahow did he mend Bwhat did he mend Chow he mended Dwhat he mended 5I want to know _ Awhom is she looking after Bwhom she is looking Cwhom is she looking Dwhom she

23、is looking after 6Do you know where _ now？ Ahe lives Bdoes he live Che lived Ddid he live 7Do you know what time _ ？ Athe train leave Bdoes the train leave Cwill the train leave Dthe train leaves 8I dont know _ Can you tell me，please？ Ahow the two players are old Bhow old are the two players Cthe two players are how old Dhow old the two players are 9The small children dont know _ Awhat is their stockings in Bwhat is in their stockings Cwhere is their stockings in Dwhat in their stockings is 10I cant understand _ Awhat does Christmas mean Bwhat Christm