英國文學作品選讀復(fù)習筆記

1、=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=PartonePre-ClassicismTheMiddleAges(449-1485)GeneralColorsofEnglishLiterature：1.Elegantandstandardinlanguage;2.Melancholyandironicalinstyleorintone;3.Conventionalandconservativeinthematicconcernandinliterarythoughts.MainLiteraryAchievements1.TheAnglo-SaxonPeriodBeowulf-Englandsnat

2、ionalepicItwellrevealsthefeaturesofAngloSaxonEnglish,suchas1)wideuseofalliteration,2)metaphorsandunderstatements,3)mixtureofpaganandChristianelements.Alliteration：Twoormorewordsinaphraseorlinehavethesameinitialsound.TheAnglo-NormanPeriod1）TheRomancesSirGawainandtheGreenKnight2）EnglishBallads(Popular

3、Ballads)“ThecharacterofRobinHoodismanysided.Strong,braveandclever,heisatthesametimetender-heartedandaffectionateButthedominantkeyinhischaracterishishatredforthecrueloppressorsandhisloveforthepooranddowntrodden.”(LiuBingshan,20)3)TheMedievalDrama3.GeoffreyChaucer(13401400)ChaucersmaincontributionstoE

4、nglishliterature(language)canbefoundfromlanguageaspect.1)ItisChaucerwhoformallyfinishedtheblendofthreelanguages,Anglo-SaxonEnglish,NormansFrenchandLatintoshapetheearlyformofmodernEnglish.ItishewhofirstusedLondonDialectEnglishinformalwriting,anditisduetohiswritingthatmodernEnglishbecametheonlynationa

5、llanguageacceptedbyallEnglishpeople.2)BasedonhisapplicationofLondonDialectEnglishinhiswritings,Englishbecameabridgebetweenliteratureandthegreatpublic.3)Firstuseof“heroiccouplet”(therhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter/therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter)4)HedevotedamasterpieceTheCanterburyTalestoEngl

6、ishliterature,whichremainsaclassicwithsufficientheritageinbothlanguageandartisticachievements.TheCanterburyTales(GeneralPrologue)Itssocialsignificance:TheCanterburyTalesismorethanamerecollectionoftrue-to-lifepictures.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,Chauceraffirmsmenandwomensrighttopursuetheirha

7、ppinessonearthandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisedmansenergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofthetimeandattackthecorruptionofthechurch.(LiuBingshan,28)2）samplereadingTheysuggestastateofstrength,vigor,vitality,lifeandimp

8、lythereturnoflife.StudyonImages:Incategory,wecanclassifytheimagesinthispartintofourgroups1Showers,liquidareconcernedwithwaterorrainthatbecomesthesourceoflifeandvitality;2.Root,bud,flowers,woodandfieldarethesignsoflivingthingswhichsuggestthereturnoflife;3.Zephyrs,sun,birdsarethelivingthingswhicheithe

9、rbringsaboutorengenderslifeorthereallifeform;4.Palmers,pilgrimsandpeoplearethewakenpeoplewhoarehopefulandpious,longingforbetter-完滿版學習資料分享-=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=futureanddedicatingtothemartyredsaint.3）FeaturesofChaucersWriting:a:Simpleandexpressivelanguage;b:Optimistictone;c:Thematicconcerntherisingand

10、advancingsociety.ParttwoTheEnglishRenaissance(1485-1660)Renaissance:rebirthoflearningI:BackgroundInformation1.Historically,wehavetopayattentiontothefollowingeventsinthisperiod:1)Henrycametopowerin1485；2)HenrysbreakwiththeRomeCatholicsin1533(ProtestantReformation);3)VictoryoverSpainbydefeatingSpanish

11、Armadain1588.2.Economically,wehavetorememberthesefacts:1)TheEnclosureMovement(“SheepDevouredMen”);2)Theexpansionoftheterritory.3.Culturally,wehavetobeawareofthefollowingfacts:1)JamesauthorizedthepublicationoftheBible2)ThePuritanRevolution3)TheRenaissance:a)Historicalsignificanceb)“Threeworships”c)Ma

12、intraitsa)HistoricalSignificance:Itsignifiedthebeginningofthedisruptionoffeudalsystemandbecameamovementagainstfeudalismandhierarchyastimewenton.Itwasthegreatestprogressiverevolutionthatmankindhassofarexperienced,atimewhichcalledforgiantsandproducedgiantsgiantsinpowerofthought,passion,character,inuni

13、versalityandlearning.-Engelsb)“ThreeWorships”:Classicalworks;Humanism;ScienceandknowledgeTheloveofclassicswasbutanexpressionofthegeneraldissatisfactionatCatholicandfeudalideas.AnotherfeatureoftheRenaissanceisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGoda

14、ndafutureworld.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarose,whogaveexpression,sometimesinanoldguise,though,tothenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement,afeelinginasharpcontrastwiththeology.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissancewhichreflectedthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass.(LiuBingshan:34)What

15、apieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculty!Informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable!Inactionhowlikeanangel!Inapprehensionhowlikeagod!Thebeautyoftheworld!Theparaganofanimals!人是一件多么優(yōu)異的優(yōu)選:多么尊貴的理性!多么偉大的力量雅的行為!行家為上多么象一個天使!在智慧上多么象一個天神!多么優(yōu)越的儀表!多么文!宇宙的精華!萬物的靈長!(哈姆雷特）II:MainLiteraryAchievementsoft

16、heTime1.MainFigures:ThomasMore(1478-1535)EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)BenJonson(1562-1637)WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)FrancisBacon(1561-1626)JohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnMilton(1608-1674)JohnBunyan2.SomeLiteraryTerms1)UniversityWits:ItisappliedtoagroupofwriterswhoflourishedinLond

17、oninthelasttwentyyearsorsoofthe16thcentury.ThemostnotablewereMarlowe,Nashe,GreeneandLylywhoallgraduatedfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,andwhofavoredusingeuphuismandextravaganceinwriting.ComediesofHumors:Itisappliedtoaformofdramafashionableinthelateofthe16thandtheearlyofthe17thcentury.Itissocalledbecause

18、itpresentedcharacterswhoseactionswereruledbyaparticularpassion,traitorhumor.TheleadingfigureofthisformisBen-完滿版學習資料分享-=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=JonsonandhisplayEveryManinHisHumorisoneofthetypical.MetaphysicalPoets:Thisisatermappliedtoagroupofseventeenthcenturypoets,suchasJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbertandAndrewMa

19、rvell.Theysharedsomefeaturesinwriting,forexample,theyfavoredusingconceitsandhyperboles,theylikedtodevelopsomepeculiarthemesbutdidntliketoberestrainedbystrictrhythm.3.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599):-poetspoetSpenseristhefirstmastertomakeModernEnglishthenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions.Spenserhasheldhisposi

20、tionasamodelofpoeticalartamongtheRenaissanceEnglishpoets,andhisinfluencecanbetracedintheworksofMilton,ShelleyandKeats.“FaerieQueen:”Thedominatingthoughtsofthepoemarenationalism,humanism,andPuritanism,alltypicalofthepoetsage(Wang:40).His“FaerieQueen”ismeanttoedifythroughallegorywhichgetsmoreandmoreco

21、mplexasthebooksgoon.Heisamastermusicianandagreatpainter.(Liu:48)4.Shakespeare1)FourperiodsofShakespearesdramaticcomposition:a)Theexperimentalperiodb)Theperiodofcomediesandhistoriesc)Theperiodoftragediesd)Theperiodofdramaticromance2)ChiefAchievementsandFeaturesofShakespearesDramaShakespearessuccesses

22、asagreatplaywrightchieflyrestonthefollowingfiveaspects:a)Theprogressivesignificanceofhisthemes.Livinginthetransitionalperiodfromfeudal-ismtocapitalism,ShakespearepaintsinhisdramaafaithfulpanoramaofthedeclineofoldfeudalnobilityandtheriseoftheTudormonarchy,whichrepresentedtheinterestsoftheEnglishbourg

23、eoisie.Moreover,hedistilledintohisdramathehumanisticspiritoftheRenaissance,andhisdramabecomesanexpression,amonumentoftheEnglishRenaissance.b)Lifelikecharacters-hissuccessfulcharacterportrayalc)Hismasterhandinconstructingplaysd)Theingenuityofhispoetrye)HismasteryofEnglishlanguage3)SampleReadingofShak

24、espeares“Sonnet18”a)HistoricalApproach:“The16thcenturyinEnglandwasaperiodofthebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism.”(WuWeiren)b)Characterstudy-AnalysisofHamlet(AnalysisofHamletsmelancholyanddelay)“Hamletisoneoftheseveralidealists(orRenaissancehumanistsassomecriti

25、cswouldhaveit)createdbyShakespeareasanembodimentofthepoetsownideals.”(ChenJia)“Hamletisahumanist,amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions.”c)Analysisofthesoliloquy:Hamletisinaseriousconflictorcontradiction,(tobeornottobe;thatisthequestion);Hamletisinagreatmelancholyandheissensitiveandaler

26、t;Hamletbelievesmoreinthelifethantheafterlife;Hamletisverycautiousandthoughtful;Hamlethasaveryperceptivemindatthecrueltyandhardshipsofthelifeorthesociety.FrancisBacon:1)FrancisBaconandhisessaysThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy.ThefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.“Essays”havewonpopularityforthe

27、irprecision,clearness,brevityandforce.2)Samplereading:OfStudies(partialanalysis)JohnDonne(1573-1631)andhisMetaphysicalPoetryMetaphysicalPoets:Thisisatermappliedtoagroupofseventeenthcenturypoets,suchasJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbertandAndrewMarvell.Theysharedsomefeaturesinwriting,forexample,theyfavoredusingc

28、onceitsandhyperboles,theylikedtodevelopsomepeculiarthemesbutdidntliketoberestrainedbystrictrhythm.-完滿版學習資料分享-=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=2)Readingandanalysis(AValediction:ForbiddingMourning)Valediction-afarewell,butastrongermeaningthanthat:Valedictionsforpeoplearereadatfunerals,etc,andtiesinwiththefirststan

29、za.FeaturesofthemetaphysicalpoetryTheoriginalimagesandconceits.Conceit:Usuallyreferstoastartling,ingenious,perhapsevenfar-fetched,metaphorestablishingananalogyorcomparisonbetweentwoapparentlyincongruousthings.Skillfuluseofcolloquialspeechorlanguage;Flexiblemeterandrhythm;Extravaganthyperboles;Comple

30、xandevenpeculiarthemes.7.JohnMilton(1608-1674)1)Literaryachievements:“arevolutionaryandwriter,”Poeticworks:ParadiseLost(1665)ParadiseRegained(1667)SamsonAgonistes(1671)Prose(mainlyconcernedwithrevolutionarypropagandaanddefence):Areopagitica(1644)8.JohnBunyan(1628-1688)ThePilgrimsProgress(1678)isanal

31、legoricalstoryintheformofdreamandinthestyleoftheBible.-“Lifeisajourney.”Allegory:（styleofa)story,paintingordescriptioninwhichthecharactersandeventsaremeantassymbolsofpurity,truth,patience,etc.ThreegreatallegoriesSpensersTheFaerieQueenDantesLaDivinaCommdia(theDivineComedy)BunyansThePilgrimsProgressAs

32、Iwalkedthroughthewildernessofthisworld,Ilightedonacertainplacewherewasaden,andlaidmedowninthatplacetosleep;andasIslept,Idreamedadream.Idreamed,andbehold,Isawamanclothedwithrags,standinginacertainplace,withhisfacefromhisownhouse,abookinhishand,andagreatburdenuponhisback.Ilookedandsawhimopenthebook,an

33、dreadtherein;andasheread,heweptandtrembled;andnotbeingablelongertocontain,hebrakeoutwithalamentablecry,saying,WhatshallIdo?PartThreeTheRestorationAndTheEnlightenment(1660-1798)incontrastwithClassicismduringtheRenaissance,thewritersinthisperiodhadagreatrespectfortheclassicalauthors,especiallytheancie

34、ntRomans,amongwhomHorace(658BC)wasthefavorite;theythoughtthatReasonandJudgewerethemostadmirablefacultiesofthehumanbeings;inthethirdplace,theycaredaboutthepainstakingcraftsmanshipinpracticethanaboutthethemeorspiritoftheirwritings.Itisalsocalled,therefore,theAgeofReason.Political,SocialandCulturalBack

35、groundInformation1.Politically,1)TheGloriousRevolution(1688)2)Two-PartyPolitics3)TheAmericanWarofIndependence(1775-1781)andTheFrenchRevolution(1789-1794)Economically,1)Industrialization:IndustrialRevolution:themechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininth

36、elate18thand-完滿版學習資料分享-=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=early19thcentury.2)TerritoryExpansion3.Culturally,1)REASON2)PoliticsandLiterature3)EnlightenmentTheHumanistViewsandtheRationalRules:Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Theyheldthatrationalityorreasonshouldbetheonlycauseofanyhuman

37、thoughtandactivities.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrules.PoliticsandLiterature3)Enlightenment:anprogressiveintellectualmovement,anexpressionofthestruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudice,dogmaandotherfeudalsurvivals.(Wang,155)

38、Itscentralideawastheneedfor(andcapacityof)humanreasontoclearawayancientsuperstition,prejudice,dogma,andinjustice.Enlightenmentthinkingencouragedrationalscientificinquiry,humanitariantolerance,andtheideaofuniversalhumanrights-OxfordConciseDictionaryofLiteraryTermsInthefieldofliterature,theEnlightenme

39、ntMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.1.Neoclassicism1)Neoclassicistideasorconceptsbecamethedominantbelief,thatis,literaturemustfollowtheexamplemadebyancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomer,Virgil,Horace,Ovidandsoontotakeorder,logicandaccura

40、cyasthemostandfirstconcern,simply,itmustbejudgedbyReasonanditsservicetohumansociety.Thisbeliefledwriterstoseekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpressionsinordertodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings.Withthismotivation,condenseandwittylanguageingracefulandpolitemannerbecameapopularvogue.In

41、thisgroupwecantakeDryden,Pope,Johnson,Richardsonasrepresentatives.-OxfordConciseDictionaryofLiteraryTerms2.SomeMainWriters1)JohnDryden(1631-1700)Drydenwasesteemedas“thefatherofEnglishprose”,“thefatherofEnglishliterarycriticism”,andconsequentlytheRestorationisoftencalled“theAgeofDryden”.Hewasauthoriz

42、edthepoetlaureate.HismaincontributionstoEnglishliteraturelieintwoaspects:inproseandinliterarycriticism.Inproseanewtraditionwasestablishedwithhisdirectionandefforts,thatis,atraditionofsimplicity,brevity,orderandgraceinstyle;inliterarycriticism,hismainideascanbefoundintheessay“AnEssayOnDramaticPoesy”(

43、1668)whichsetanexampletohavespecificandcondenseanalysisratherthantheoreticalillustration.AlexanderPope(1688-1744)a)Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.b)Allnatureisbutart,unknowntothee;（所有自然之物皆為藝術(shù)，可是你未領(lǐng)悟）Allchance,direction,whichthoucanstsee;（所有有時之事皆有主宰，可是你未看清，）Alldiscord,harmony,notunderstood;?(所有紛亂之緒皆成友

44、善，可是你未理解；)Allpartialevil,universalgood;?(所有局部丑陋之物，整體察之皆為美；)Onetruthisclear,whateveris,isright.(一條道理很清楚：凡存在的都是合理的。)-完滿版學習資料分享-=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=?（QuotedfromAnEssayonMan）4)Alittlelearningisadangerousthing;(修業(yè)最禁忌一孔之見，)Thereshallowdraftsintoxicatethebrain.(淺嘗輒止，令人眼花繚亂，)?（QuotedfromAnEssayonCriticism）S

45、amuelJohnson(17091784)-apoet,dramatist,proseromancer,biographer,essayist,critic,lexicographerandpublicist.LivesofthePoets(17791781)TheprefaceofShakespeare(1765)LetterToLordChesterfield?-“thedeclarationofindependenceofintellectsofEurope”Analysisofthetone-seeminglyorsuperficiallyhumblebutvirtuallyself

46、-confident.JonathanSwift(1667-1745)-amasterofsatirewhodevotedmuchofhiswritingtothestruggleforIrelandagainsttheEnglishhegemony.MajorWorks:TheTaleofTub(1704)GulliversTravels(1726):afascinatingtaleoftravelinwonderland,andvirtuallyabittersatireatvariousdepravedandvicioussituationsofEnglandinaverysuccess

47、fultoneofcaricature.AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofpoorPeopleinIrelandfrombeingaBurdentotheirParentsorCountry;andformakingthembeneficialtothePublic(1729)whichsatirizesthepovertystrickensituationunderthesuppressionofEnglishrulersandlandlordsbysuggestingtotakethechildrenasgoodsoffoodinaverys

48、eriousandhorriblycooltone.Samplereading:AModestProposal-anexampleofearlymodernwesternsatire?Outline(4parts)Part1:Para1-7(thepresentsituationinIreland)Part2:Para8-17(detailinghisproposal)Part3:Para18-25(illustratingtheadvantagesofhisproposal)Part4:Para26-30(supposinganobjectiontohisproposal)?Inindign

49、ation,Swiftintheguiseofaneconomic“projector”wrotethispamphlet,quietlyrecommendingthatitwouldbemorehumanetobreedupthepoorschildrenasfoodfortherich.Withtheutmostgravity,hesetoutstatisticstoshowtherevenuethatwouldcomeifthisideawereadopted.?ThepamphletshowedSwiftsstrongsympathyforthepoor,hiscondemnation

50、ontherulingclassandthelandlords,aswellashismasterhandinwritingsatires.MoralattributesSwifthadadeephatredforalltherichoppressorsandadeepsympathyforallthepoorandoppressed.HumannatureHisunderstandingofhumannatureisprofound.Inhisopinion,humannatureisseriouslyandpermanentlyflawed.Tobetterhumanlife,enligh

51、tenmentisneeded.Heintendsnottocondemnbuttoreformandimprovehumannatureandhumaninstitutions.Satire(諷刺文學)-完滿版學習資料分享-=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=Akindofliteraturethatridiculeshumanfollyorvicewiththepurposeofbringingaboutreformorofkeepingothersfromfallingintosimilarfollyorvice.Irony(反語)referstosomecontrastordisc

52、repancybetweenappearanceandreality.5)DanielDefoe(16601731)RobinsonCrusoe(TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe).TheadventuresofRobinsonCrusoeontheislandisasongofhiscourage,hiswisdom,andhisstruggleagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Astheveryprototypeofempirebuilderandthepioneercoloni

53、st,RobinsonCrusoecanbeseenasanindividualisticmanwhocarrieshumanlaborandthePuritanfortitudetotheirgreatesteffect.?6)SamuelRichardson(1689-1761)-anepistolarynovelist.?Works:?Pamela,orVirtueRewarded?Clarissa?7)HenryFielding(1707-1754)-“thefatheroftheEnglishnovel.”?HenryFieldingwasthefirstofallthe18thce

54、nturyEnglishnoveliststowrite“acomicepicinprose”,andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.Inform,Fieldingretainsagrandepicstyleandkeepstoarealisticrepresentationofcommonlifeasitis.TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling8)LaurenceSterne(17131768)-“arepresentativeofsentimentalisminthe18thcentury”-“t

55、hetruefatherofthepostmodernistnovel”Works:?TristramShandy(TheLifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy,Gentleman)(項狄傳）ASentimentalJourney(感觸的旅行)Novel1)Novel:First,thenovelisanewgenreorform.Itisnewbecauseitgreatlydiffersfromthosealreadyestablished,namely,poetry.Second,thecontentofannovelisoffictitiousnature.Th

56、ird,thefirstpurposeofanovelistoentertain.Merelytellingstoriesisnonovel.Thenovelisartandartmeansstyle.Novelstellmade-upstories,buttheytelltruth.Thefaithfulnessofanovelisnottothedetailsofreallife,buttothemeaningoressenceoflife.2)ElementsofNovel:Story;Character,Plot;Theme;Setting;NarrativePointofViewSt

57、ory:isaseriesofhappeningsarrangedinthenaturaltemporalorderastheyoccur.Storyisthebasisofthenovel.Toreadnovelforstoryisnothingwrong,butnothingprofessionaleither.?b)Character:Kindsofcharacters:Bytheirroles:heroes(heroine)/protagonist;maincharacters;minorcharacters;foilsBythedegreesoftheirdevelopment(E.

58、M.Forster):roundcharacters;flatcharactersc)Plotd)Theme:thethemeofanovelisitscontrollingideaoritscentralinsight.e)Setting:theparticulartimeandplace.Settingisthebackgroundagainstwhichacharacterisdepictedoraneventnarrated.Itspurposeistoprovideanimaginarylinkbetweenwhathappensinthenovelandwhatthe-完滿版學習資

59、料分享-=WORD完滿版-可編寫-專業(yè)資料分享=readertakestobereality.f)NarrativePointofView:istheattitudeoroutlookofanarratororcharacterinapieceofliterature,oritistherelationshipbetweenthenarratorandthenarrated.Narrator:anarratorisonewhotellsthestory,oftencalledthestoryteller.narratorwriterTheEnlightenmentremainstheageof

60、reasonwhileRomanticismremainstheperiodofemotions.Theformeristheageofprose,whereas,thelattertheageofpoetry.FrenchRevolution-thestormingoftheBastille,14July1789-Liberty,Equality,andFraternity-Jean-JacquesRousseau:glorifyhumannature;claimforsocialdemocracy2.IndustrialRevolution-increasingmechanization;