Public Speaking An AudienceCentered Approach – 7th edition公開演講的觀眾為中心的方法第七版

1、Public Speaking:An Audience-Centered Approach 7th editionChapter 7Gathering SupportingMaterial This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; prep

2、aration of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.Steven A. Beebe & Susan J. Beebe “Learn, compare,collect the facts!.Always havethe courageto say toyourself I am ignorant. - Ivan Petrovich PavlovSupporting Mate

3、rial is Important There are various potentialsources of supporting material. World Wide Web has resources. Carefully judge the quality ofWeb sites Libraries offer resources. Effective interviews can provideuseful supporting material. Be sure to properly document resources.Potential Sourcesof Support

4、ing Material Personal Knowledge &Experience Skills. Hobbies. Personal experience.These can boost your credibility. Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material The Internet Most popular place forinformation. Directories: lead tosubjects (e.g., Google). Search engines: use key-wordor subject searches (e.g

5、., Yahoo!). Vertical search engines: focused and specialized searches (e.g., Google Scholar). Boolean search: includes “AND or “+.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Evaluating Web Resources Accountability: Is information about authorities disclosed? Accuracy: is information truthful? Correct? E

6、xact? Objectivity: does site represent special interests? Date: is site current? Usability: does site have easy access?Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Library Resources Books. Periodicals. Full-text databases. Newspapers. Reference resources. Government documents. Special services. Potential

7、 Sourcesof Supporting Material Library Resources - Books Stacks: book collections. Card catalog: information file aboutlibrary books. Indexed. Computerized.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Library Resources - Periodicals General-interest magazines(e.g., Newsweek, Sports Illustrated). Trade &

8、professional journals (e.g., American Psychologist, Communication Monographs). Indexes: bibliographic listingsof articles in periodicals.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Full-Text Databases Online: key word or subject search. Periodicals typically found. Newspapers, books, and government docu

9、ments included. Academic Search Complete: largest multidisciplinary database. ABI/Inform: business & trade database. ERIC: education database.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Newspapers More current thanperiodicals. Allow more detailedcoverage. Cover stories oflocal importance. Indexes contai

10、nbibliographic entries.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resources Encyclopedias. Dictionaries. Directories. Atlases. Almanacs & Yearbooks. Books of Quotations. Bibliographic Dictionaries.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resources - Encyclopedias General encyclopedia

11、s. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Americana. Wikipedia (BEWARE!). Specialized encyclopedias(e.g., art, philosophy,music, psychology).Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resources - Dictionaries Comprehensive. Oxford English Dictionary. Websters Collegiate Dictionary. Specialize

12、d. Blacks Law Dictionary. Others (geography, music, economics, etc.) Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resources - Directories Encyclopedia of Associations. National Directory of Nonprofit Organizations. Telephone directories. Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resourc

13、es - Atlases Focus on geographic data. Examples include: Goodes World Atlas. Rand McNally College World Atlas. Township Atlas of the United States. Specialized atlases (e.g., history, politics). Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resources Almanacs & Yearbooks Collections of facts. Ex

14、amples include: Statistical Abstract of the United States. World Almanac.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resources Books of Quotations Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Bartletts FamiliarQuotations.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Reference Resources Biographical Dictionaries

15、 Whos Who series. Dictionary of National Biography. Dictionary of American Biography. Directory of American Scholars. Biography Index.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Government Documents Records of official proceedings. Pamphlets, special reports & speech texts. Most important index: Monthly

16、 Catalog of U.S. Government Publications.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Special Services Interlibrary loans. Reciprocal borrowing with libraries of other colleges & universities.Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Interviews Prepare ahead of time. Determine purpose. Schedule interview.

17、Plan questions beforehand. Conduct interview promptly and with structure. Follow up with reviewing notes. Potential Sourcesof Supporting Material Special-Interest Groups & Organizations Can be found through: Web searches. Encyclopedias. Directories. Critically review the quality of information. Rese

18、arch Strategies Develop a Preliminary Bibliography Should include possible resources to use in the speech. Be consistent withthe format (APA, MLA, etc.). Know yourinstructors preference. Research Strategies Locate Resources Check if librarysubscribes toperiodicals. Realize thatphotocopying might be necessary Consider asking librarians for assistance.Research Strategies Evaluate the Usefulness of Resources Determine if resourceshave informationto support ideas. Rank usefulnessof resource