外刊閱讀英語學(xué)習(xí)方法及知識點總結(jié)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔傾情為你奉上專心專注專業(yè)專心專注專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔傾情為你奉上專心專注專業(yè)如何通過閱讀外刊積累英文寫作句型？原創(chuàng)：魏劍峰國內(nèi)不少英語作文輔導(dǎo)書和培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)往往會讓考生背誦各種“高分句型”和寫作模板，但往往事倍功半，很多考生用了這些句型后非但不能加分，還有被扣分的危險。因為這些句型和模板很多都被用濫，考官對此早已免疫。而且考生在使用句型時生搬硬套，并沒有真正理解它們的含義以及使用語境。對于英文寫作來說，掌握一定數(shù)量的句型和模板是非常有益的，但并不意味著我們需要去使用現(xiàn)成的，已經(jīng)被無數(shù)考生使用過的表達(dá)。更好的方法是自己在閱讀中總結(jié)句型，構(gòu)建屬于自己的語料庫。外刊就是

2、一種非常合適的材料，因為外刊有不少文章屬于議論文，這與考場英語作文的要求是相契合的。我會在接下來的系列文章中從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人、衛(wèi)報、每日郵報等知名刊物中選取分析適合應(yīng)用在議論文中的句型。我會盡量說明選取這些句型的邏輯，這樣各位平時在閱讀中也可以自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)和積累它們。 1.If not more soIf not more so是地道英文中很常見的一個表達(dá)，但很少在中國學(xué)生的習(xí)作中看到?？赡艿囊粋€原因是if not more so在中文里面很難找到一個對等的概念，而對于母語中沒有的概念，我們會傾向于不去使用它。if在這里通常用來指與句子主要部分的陳述稍微不同（used when you are add

3、ing that something may be even more, less, better, worse etc than you have just said）。if not more so意思很微妙，它的大概含義是“即使不是更”。例如The Economist文章里面有這樣的句子：The next phase of the computing revolution is the “internet of things” (IoT), in which all manner of everyday objects, from light bulbs to cars, incorpor

4、ate computers connected permanently to the internet. Most of these gizmos are as insecure as any other computer,if not more so.上面這段話的意思是：目前很多日常設(shè)備都開始接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)（即所謂的“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”），但這些設(shè)備像普通的電腦一樣不夠安全，很容易遭到攻擊。Most of these gizmos are as insecure as any other computer, if not more so. 可以理解為“這些設(shè)備中的大部分即使沒有更易遭受攻擊，也和其他電腦一

5、樣不夠安全”。朗文英英詞典里面也有類似的例句：Her needs are just as important as yours, if not more so.這句話的意思是“縱然她的需求不更重要，但至少和你的一樣重要”。除了if not more so這個句型之外，if not還可以接形容詞構(gòu)成其他搭配，例如if not impossible/great/forgivable，舉個例子：The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out.這里if not impo

6、ssible相當(dāng)于although it was not impossible，句子可以理解為“雪有兩英尺厚，要把汽車?yán)鰜砗芾щy，盡管不是不可能?！边@一句型可以用在考場作文中用于對觀點進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)或補(bǔ)充。比如有這樣一道作文題目：Individuals can do nothing to protect the environment; only governments and large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree or disagree?我們可以在開頭段寫：People have different

7、views about whether individuals can contribute significantly to environmental protection. Although governments and large companies are crucial in addressing conservation issues, the role played by individuals is just as important,if not more so.2.The argument thatrests chiefly on the fact that在解釋一個論

8、點時我們通常會用到這樣的句型：the reason whyis，除此之外還可以有下面的寫法：Mr RittersargumentthatAmazon and Zalando can comfortably co-existrests chiefly onthe fact thatAmazon is pursuing the more price-conscious shopper, whereas Zalando is after a higher-value, more brand-conscious segment.從這里可以提取出一個句型：the argument thatrests c

9、hiefly on the fact that，該句型可以用在議論文的段落開頭，用來對分論點進(jìn)行解釋。舉個例子，有這樣的作文題目：Some people believe that all high school graduates should be given the opportunity to go to college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree?我們可以提出一個論點，普及高等教育對一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)有利，并且進(jìn)行展開：The argument thathigher education should be m

10、ade universally availablerests chiefly on the fact thatdoing so is in societys best economic interests. Research shows that increased investment in tertiary education has a positive effect on a countrys gross domestic product. In the long term, a society with a greater number of highly-educated citi

11、zens is more likely to develop the creative technologies and business solutions needed to stimulate economic growth.3.attest在舉例論證時最常見的一個說法是for example/for instance，但我們也可以換一種表達(dá)方式，比如：Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity,asthe long list of his opponentsattests. Media reports in August about move

12、s to oust him came to nothing.在上面的句子中as引導(dǎo)的是一個非限制性定語從句，它所指代的先行詞是前面整個主句Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity，此時as在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖莂ttest的賓語。Attest的含義是“證明，作為的證據(jù)”。我們也可以將句子改寫成：a) As the long list of his opponents attests, Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity.b) The long list of his opponents attests

13、that Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity.asattest這一句型有時候可以用來替換for example/for instance，例如：Air pollution can have a negative impact on peoples health. For example, people living in areas with poor air quality are prone to respiratory disease.我們可以將其改寫為：a) Air pollution can have a negative impa

14、ct on peoples health, as the rise in respiratory disease in areas with poor air quality attests.b) Air pollution can have a negative impact on peoples health, as is attested by the rise in respiratory disease in areas with poor air quality.4.easier said than done除了句型之外，外刊中也有不少可以直接使用的“模板”，我們在閱讀的時候要保持

15、敏感，及時將它們記錄下來。舉個例子：Instilling these techniques is easier said than done. With teaching as with other complex skills, the route to mastery is not abstruse theory but intense, guided practice grounded in subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical methods.這一段話本來是寫如何培養(yǎng)教師的教學(xué)技能，但它同樣可以套用在其他技能的培養(yǎng)上，比如學(xué)英語/編程等：Be

16、ing fluent in English / a good programmer is easier said than done. With learning/coding as with other complex skills, the route to mastery is not abstruse theory but intense, guided practice grounded in subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical methods.平時遇到這樣的例子可以多積累，多背誦，寫作時才能做到厚積薄發(fā)。如何通過閱讀外刊積累英文寫作句型

17、？（2） 1.雷聲大雨點小在問題解決類題材中我們有時候會說“對于某事件的解決方案只有空談，很少有實際行動”，看看The Economist是如何表達(dá)這一層意思的：The second entity is government. There is much talk about lifelong learning, though few countries are doing much about it. The Nordics fall into this less populated camp.There is much talk about lifelong learning, thoug

18、h few countries are doing much about it. 意思是“目前關(guān)于終身學(xué)習(xí)有很多討論，但很少有國家對此有所行動”。其中talk是不可數(shù)名詞，所以前面要用much修飾。第二句 The Nordics fall into this less populated camp. 意思是“北歐國家屬于這一人數(shù)較少的陣營”，作者通過第一句的鋪墊，在第二句中能夠突出北歐國家的執(zhí)行力。對此我們可以總結(jié)出一個句式：There is much talk aboutthough feware doing much about itfall into this less populate

19、d camp. 例如：(1) There is much talk about poverty reduction around the globe, though few countries are doing much about it. China falls into this less populated camp, where more than 500 million people were lifted out of poverty in the past 30 years, a remarkable achievement in human history.(2) There

20、 is much talk about innovation among tech firm bosses, though few are doing much about it. Elon Musk falls into this less populated camp. By launching a series of programs such as Tesla electric cars and Space X rockets, he demonstrates how innovative thinking and bold risk-taking can thrive in toda

21、ys world.2.發(fā)展類句型在發(fā)展類話題中有時候需要對事物的趨勢進(jìn)行總結(jié)，這個時候我們可以使用下面這個句型：The story of how London expanded so swiftly at the turn of the 20th century is one of financial ingenuity, bold risk-taking and low skulduggery.句子中one of something是地道英文中一個很常見的用法，但很少見到國內(nèi)學(xué)生使用。one在這里用于指代前面的story，即 The story of how London expanded

22、so swiftly at the turn of the 20th century is a story of financial ingenuity 使用one是為了避免用詞重復(fù)?？铝炙乖~典中也有類似的例子：Skulduggery是一個外刊中比較常見的詞，含義是“欺騙行為，詭計”。The story ofis one of 也是一個可以用來總結(jié)事物趨勢的句型，例如：(1)The story ofhow China achieved its economic miracle at the turn of the 21st centuryis one offinancial ingenuity

23、, bold risk-taking and low skulduggery.(2)The story ofhow smartphones have penetrated every aspect of our lifeis one oftechnological innovation and market competition.3.今昔對比在科技和發(fā)展類題材中經(jīng)常會涉及到對某一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比，例如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出現(xiàn)之前的生活與現(xiàn)在的生活的對比，過去的自然環(huán)境與現(xiàn)在的自然環(huán)境的對比，過去的家庭與現(xiàn)在的家庭的對比等等。對于這類內(nèi)容，可以參考下面的一個句式：Gone are the dark days w

24、here one had to stay in a lousy job just to get good health insurance. Novel employment arrangements are on the rise and here to stay, indicating a robust and flexible labour market that can do without the outdated and paternalistic employment model, rife with inefficiency and exploitation, in excha

25、nge for increased self-worth and opportunity.Gone are the dark days where是倒裝句，還原后相當(dāng)于 the dark days whereare gone，Gone are the days后面用where或者when都可以，但從語料庫的統(tǒng)計來看用when會更為常見。段落中第二句長句寫得很漂亮，幾個從句句式變換多樣，值得背誦學(xué)習(xí)。句子中出現(xiàn)的here to stay是一個短語，含義是“被普遍接受”：從這段話中我們可以提取出的句式為：Gone are the days when/whereare on the rise and

26、 here to stay 例如：Gone are the days whenpeople had to write letters to their friends and wait for weeks for a reply. Instant messaging servicesare on the rise and here to stay, making it possible for us to communicate with others anytime, anywhere.4.舉例與結(jié)論議論文寫作經(jīng)常需要舉例子，并通過例子推導(dǎo)出結(jié)論。下面這一個句型可以用于做結(jié)論推導(dǎo)：The s

27、tory of Margaret Thatchers fall from power sounds a long way from Tony Blairs brilliant career; butit does not take too great a leap of the imaginationto see how the same fate could overtake him with similarly disastrous consequences for Labour.上面這段話的大意是：撒切爾夫人失勢的故事對于布萊爾目前輝煌的政治生涯來說可能有些遙遠(yuǎn)，但我們并不難想象同樣的命

28、運會發(fā)生在他身上，對工黨帶來同樣災(zāi)難性的后果。其中 a leap of the imagination是一個固定表達(dá)，它的含義是“想象跳躍”：it does not take a leap of the imagination to 是一個常用句型，它的意思類似于it is not difficult to find 該句型可以用于對上文提到的事實、假設(shè)、例子等進(jìn)行推論，引出下文。例如：(1) Driverless car technology is advancing at breakneck speed, andit does not take a leap of the imaginat

29、ionto see how it will change cities and public transportation systems.(2) Considering the effects of global warming on polar ice caps over the past century,it does not take a leap of the imaginationto picture how the Arctic landscape will be like in the next few decades.5.教育類句型模板下面這個句子出自The Economis

30、t一篇關(guān)于科技與大學(xué)教育的文章：University education is designed to act as a slipway, launching students into the wider world in the expectation that the currents will guide them into a job.這個句子寫得很形象，將大學(xué)教育比作船的下水滑道，學(xué)生可以經(jīng)此進(jìn)入廣闊海洋，并由洋流引領(lǐng)他們到達(dá)職場。這個句子同時也是一個很好的教育類話題模板：is designed to act as a slipway, launchinginto the wide

31、r world in the expectation that the currents will guideinto/towards etc比如關(guān)于家庭教育我們可以說：Family education can act as a slipway, launching children into the wider world in the expectation that the currents will guide them towards independence and maturity.總結(jié)：這期一共介紹了五個句型：(1) There is much talk aboutthough

32、 feware doing much about itfall into this less populated camp.(2) The story ofis one of(3) Gone are the days when/whereare on the rise and here to stay(4) it does not take a leap of the imagination to(5) is designed to act as a slipway, launchinginto the wider world in the expectation that the curre

33、nts will guideinto/towards etc感興趣的同學(xué)可以對這些短語句型做造句練習(xí)，以進(jìn)一步加深印象。如何通過閱讀外刊積累英文寫作句型？（3）經(jīng)常讀外刊和原版書的同學(xué)可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些看起來很簡單，但自己就是寫不出來的表達(dá)，舉個例子：我們被禁止使用母語，違者將被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。這句話用英語怎么說？你可能會寫：We were not allowed to use our native language. If we did, we could be put into prison.外刊是這樣寫的：We were forbidden to use our native languageon

34、 pain ofimprisonment.這里on pain of something就屬于這種“雖然看起來很簡單但怎么也想不到”的短語，它的意思是“如違反則以處罰”。本期要介紹的幾個短語和句型很大一部分也屬于這類表達(dá)，各位同學(xué)平時的閱讀的時候也要注意積累。1.導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果要表達(dá)“導(dǎo)致了的結(jié)果”，通?？梢杂?something leads to something 或者 something results in something，但還可以有別的說法：Unless more immigrants are allowed in, or a larger proportion of the work

35、ing-age population joins the labour force, or people retire later, or their productivity accelerates, the ageing population willtranslate intopermanently slower potential growth.上面這一段討論的是人口老齡化對于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的負(fù)面影響，the ageing population will translate into permanently slower potential growth 即“老齡化人口會使經(jīng)濟(jì)增長長期減緩”

36、，這里translate屬于一詞多義，translate into的意思是“導(dǎo)致，造成”：議論文寫作中涉及到原因-結(jié)果類的論述都可以用上該短語，例如：(1) The reason why so many students are seeking a postgraduate education is that holding an advanced degree cantranslate intoa higher salary or a senior position.(2) Many internet companies require their staff to work overtim

37、e, but as it turns out, longer working hours do not alwaystranslate intohigher productivity.2.如何舉例常見的舉例表達(dá)有for example/for instance等，除此之外，還可以學(xué)習(xí)一個新的用法：For the majority who must consume entertainment remotely, most of the battles are still about screens,be theythe size of a smartphone or half a wall, a

38、nd about minutes of attention within particular apps.上面這段話來自經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人對于現(xiàn)代娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)的報道，其中出現(xiàn)了一個值得注意的句子：be they the size of a smartphone or half a wall，這里be they屬于虛擬語氣，相當(dāng)于whether they be the size of a smartphone or half a wall（不管它們的大小跟手機(jī)屏幕一樣大還是跟半面墻一樣大），其中they指代前面提到的screensbe it (they) / whether it (they) be是一種很古

39、典的用法，它們可以用來對一些可能的情況進(jìn)行列舉。新概念英語4課文中也出現(xiàn)了類似的例子：After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else,whether it beplant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided.Whether it be plant or animal 其中it指代的是前面的something elseWhether it bebird, fish or beast, the

40、porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.這里it則指代的是后面的anything that is alive在寫作中可以用be it (they) / whether it (they) be來舉例，例如：Due to the generation gap, young adults are often at odds with older generati

41、ons over everyday matters,whether they be / be theyhairstyles or taste in music.3.一個句式下面這個句式可以用于強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的用處、優(yōu)點等等：Globally just 55.3% of women of working age are employed or looking for a jobless than in 1990. But the usefulness to society of early development goes far beyond giving parents a place to pa

42、rk a kid.go beyond是一個地道英文中很常見的短語，它的意思是“不僅僅”從上面的段落中我們可以提取出一個句式：the usefulness to society ofgoes far beyond 通過該句式可以來強(qiáng)調(diào)某事物的用處不僅僅局限于，還包括，例如：The usefulness to society ofpromoting higher educationgoes far beyondenabling young people to find a good job. It also includes sociocultural benefits. The widespre

43、ad availability of tertiary education can enrich a countrys sciences and arts, through the cultivation of more researchers and scholars in every field.4.與接觸怎樣表達(dá)“孩子們應(yīng)該接觸更多古典音樂”？我曾經(jīng)見到有人寫成：Children should get in touch with more classical music.這種寫法看起來似乎沒問題，但英美人士讀起來可能會覺得莫名其妙，因為get in touch with用錯了，get i

44、n touch with的意思是“通過電話或信件與某人取得聯(lián)系”(communicate with someone by letter or telephone)，不能用來指“與某事物接觸”。那么這句話怎么說才地道呢？看看經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人的寫法：Some fret that too many students are stillexposed tolacklustre teaching.be exposed to something是一個很好用的表達(dá)，它的含義是“體驗，接觸”(to make it possible for someone to experience new ideas, ways o

45、f life etc)因此，“孩子們應(yīng)該接觸更多古典音樂”可以寫成：Children shouldbe exposed tomore classical music.5.效果適得其反怎樣表達(dá)“做效果適得其反”？可以參考下面的一個外刊句子：But when passengers are paying a premium to get to their destination quickly, a refuelling stop coulddefeat the purpose, if it results in a flight time that is only slightly lower t

46、han on a conventional aircraft.這段話的背景是航空公司推出了超音速飛機(jī)以讓乘客能更快到達(dá)目的地，但這種飛機(jī)在長途飛行過程中需要停下來加油，這與原來節(jié)省時間的目的相違背。其中defeat the purpose是一個短語，它的含義是“使失敗”。A defeats the purpose of B是一個寫作常用句式，它可以用來表達(dá)這樣的意思：本來希望通過A能夠達(dá)到目的B，但實際上A起到的效果適得其反，無法達(dá)到B。舉個例子，很多人希望通過買一部好手機(jī)或好電腦來學(xué)英語，但最后英語沒學(xué)到，反而打游戲水平提升了，這種情況就屬于defeat the purpose:Some s

47、tudents use smartphones in the hope of improving their English, but they end up playing mobile games all day, whichdefeats the purpose oflearning.總結(jié)：這期一共介紹了五個表達(dá)：(1) translate into(2)be it (they) / whether it (they) be(3)the usefulness to society ofgoes far beyond(4)be exposed to(5)defeat the purpose

48、 of如何通過閱讀外刊積累英文寫作句型？（4）1.一個用于舉例的短語在上一期我們提到了一個用于舉例的短語be it (they) / whether it (they) be，今天繼續(xù)補(bǔ)充一個常見舉例表達(dá)：Conflict has come to the doors of millions living in densely populated areas around the globein the form ofgang violence, terror attacks, and military strikes. Civilians are killed, historic centre

49、s are lost, and infrastructure is destroyed.上面第一句話的意思是“沖突已經(jīng)影響到全球數(shù)以百萬計生活在人口稠密地區(qū)的居民，這些沖突表現(xiàn)形式為暴力事件、恐怖襲擊以及軍事打擊”，其中in the form of含義是“以形式存在”，短語的常見搭配形式是 A in the form of B，其中A一般為抽象名詞，B為具體事物，可以使用該短語來對抽象概念進(jìn)行舉例說明。舉個例子，“他們獲得了減稅優(yōu)惠”用英文可以說：They received a benefitin the form ofa tax reduction.其中benefit是抽象名詞，a tax

50、reduction則是具體的事物。又比如，“來支援的是兩名警察”用英文可以說：Help arrivedin the form oftwo police officers.其中help是抽象概念，two police officers則是兩個具體的名詞。在議論文寫作中可以使用該短語進(jìn)行舉例說明，例如：Detailed reporting on crime helps citizens to safeguard themselves against potential threats by making them well-informed about events that happen aro

51、und them. If residents can learn from the media that there are dangerous criminals at large in their neighborhood, then they will take necessary precautions to protect themselves, mainlyin the form ofinstalling surveillance cameras and iron gates.2.一個強(qiáng)調(diào)句式如何說：這場危機(jī)使得交通問題更加引人注目？我們可以參考經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人的寫法：Faced with

52、 a crisis, the government rushed through long-overdue laws to allow a streamlined form of bankruptcy protection similar to Americas Chapter 11. That will allow Parmalats new managers some breathing space while they try to salvage something from the wreckage. Helpfully, it also brings Italy more into

53、 line with other parts of Europe. Yet that merelythrows into reliefbroader Italian and European problems raised by the scandal.上面選段中最后一句Yet that merely throws into relief broader Italian and European problems raised by the scandal. 也可以寫成Yet that merely throws broader Italian and European problems ra

54、ised by the scandal into relief. 但為了避免頭重腳輕的問題，作者采用了第一種寫法。其中 throw / bring something into relief 是一個固定搭配，含義是“（使某事物）更加引人注目，（使某問題）更加突出”。因此，“這場危機(jī)使得交通問題更加引人注目”使用該句型可以寫成：Traffic problems have beenthrown into sharp reliefby the crisis.考場作文可以使用該句型來強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境/交通/健康等問題，比如：(1) Global warming effects have beenthrown

55、into sharp reliefby melting ice caps in the Arctic.(2) The increase in lung diseases among urban dwellersthrows into reliefair pollution caused by too many private cars.3.如何闡述中間立場在對有爭議性的觀點進(jìn)行說明時我們可能會采取中間立場：既不能過于也不能過于對于這種情況可以參考下面的句型：Just as it would be a mistake to underestimate the new Brazil, so it

56、would be to gloss over its weaknesses.這句話后半句省略了a mistake，補(bǔ)充完整后應(yīng)該是：Just as it would be a mistake to underestimate the new Brazil, so it would be a mistake to gloss over its weaknesses.這個句子假設(shè)了兩種極端的情況：underestimate the new Brazil（低估新巴西），gloss over its weaknesses（掩飾新巴西的弱點），并說明這兩種極端情況都是錯誤的，由此來引出中間立場。由此我們

57、可以提取出一個句型Just as it would beso it would be 用于說明中間情況，例如：Just as it would beunwise to promote economic growth at the expense of the environment,so it would beequally imprudent to preserve the environment to the exclusion of economic growth. The best approach, therefore, is to have an environmentally s

58、ustainable economy.4.表達(dá)一種兼容情況下面這個短語同樣可以用來引出中間立場：More recently, several developing countries have shown that low income and comprehensive health care arenot mutually exclusive.其中A and B are not mutually exclusive是一個固定搭配，含義是“A和B之間并不互斥”：可以用該短語來說明兩個看起來互不相容的事物實際上可以共存，由此可以引出一種新的方案，比如：Economic development

59、and environmental protection are not mutually exclusive, as is shown by the case of the United States, where the service sector forms the backbone of the economy and growth is achieved in an environmentally friendly way.5.雙重好處如何表達(dá)“某事物具有雙重好處”？你可能會想到：Something has two advantages. 這里提供一個新的表達(dá)：Gruma is t

60、he worlds biggest maker of tortillas, with more than 100 plants in 20 countries. Free trade has beena double blessingfor such companies.blessing在這里的意思是“好處，益處”（something that is good or helpful），something is a double blessing for somebody 即“某事對某人而言具有雙重好處”。在列舉說明事物的好處時可以用上該句型，比如：Having part-time jobs c