淺析中美慈善文化差異On Differences and Causes between Chinese and American Charity culture

1、畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計 (論 文) 設(shè)計（論文）題目：On Differences and Causes between Chinese and American Charity Culture 淺析中美慈善文化差異及成因 學(xué) 院 名 稱： XXXX 專 業(yè)： XXXX 班 級： XXXX 姓 名： XXX 學(xué) 號 XXX 指 導(dǎo) 教 師： XXX 職 稱 XXX 定稿日期：2011年 05 月 05日ABSTRACTCharity has been a hit in China. As an essential constituent in social benefits, charity func

2、tions as “the third distribution” where the effects of charity culture are long-lasting and extensive. Therefore, more and more scholars tend to focus on the differences and causes of charity culture between America and China ,as American charity is the most advanced which provides the solid foundat

3、ion for social security. However, Chinese charity culture is far from adapting to the needs of developing socialist culture despite of its improvement in face of natural disasters, aided by the charity entrepreneurs recently. The huge gap between American and Chinese charity culture is rooted in dif

4、ferent charity culture. Thus the research on the differences and causes on this issue contributes to drawing reasonable intelligence and getting beneficial inspiration to boost increasing Chinese charity.This thesis makes a comparative study from the respect of the definition, differences ,historica

5、l development and causes, focusing on the summarizing the forms and characteristic of charity culture in major generations from a macro diachronic perspective, thus presenting the supplementary correlation between charity culture and philanthropy.摘 要在中國，慈善已然成為社會的焦點。慈善事業(yè)是社會保障的重要組成部分，其基礎(chǔ)作用被形象地稱為“第三次分配

6、”，而慈善文化對慈善事業(yè)的影響深遠而廣泛。近年，越來越多學(xué)者將目光投向中美慈善事業(yè)的差異：在美國，慈善事業(yè)已經(jīng)十分發(fā)達，為社會保障提供了一定的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，而中國的慈善文化遠遠不能適應(yīng)我國社會主義文化發(fā)展的需要。雖中國慈善事業(yè)近幾年遇自然災(zāi)害之際及慈善企業(yè)家?guī)酉掠幸欢òl(fā)展，但中美慈善事業(yè)的差距仍非常大，其根源在于中美不同的慈善文化環(huán)境。無疑，有關(guān)中美慈善文化差異及成因的研究有助于我們從中汲取合理的思想資源，獲取有益的啟示，促進正在成長中的我國慈善事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。本文主要從慈善文化定義，差異，歷史發(fā)展和成因方面對中美慈善文化進行比較研究，尤其是從宏觀歷時性的視角，梳理中美主要時期的慈善文化形態(tài)，并總

7、結(jié)其各自發(fā)展特點，以期更全面的展示慈善文化與慈善事業(yè)相輔相成的關(guān)系。KEY WORDS: charity culture, America and Chinese, differences, causes關(guān)鍵詞： 慈善文化, 中美, 差異, 成因Contents TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199410#_Toc292199410 Introduction1 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199411#_Toc2921

8、99411 1. Charity Culture2 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199412#_Toc292199412 1.1 Definitions of Charity Culture.2 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199415#_Toc292199415 1.2 The Value of Charity Culture.3 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199419#

9、_Toc292199419 2. The Differences of Charity Culture6 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199421#_Toc292199421 2.1 From the Aspect of Culture.6 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199422#_Toc292199422 2.2 From the Aspect of History.6 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要

10、.doc l _Toc292199423#_Toc292199423 2.3 From the Aspect of Behavioral Motive and Public Response.7 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199424#_Toc292199424 2.4 From the Aspect of Behavioral Practices and Patterns8 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199425#_Toc292199425

11、2.5 From the Aspect of Entity of Activity.8 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199426#_Toc292199426 3. The Development of Charity Culture9 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199427#_Toc292199427 3.1 The Development of American Charity Culture.9 HYPERLINK file:/H:these

12、sTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199428#_Toc292199428 3.1.1 Charity in America9 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199429#_Toc292199429 3.1.2 Characteristics of American Charity Culture9 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199430#_Toc292199430 3.1.3 Modernization of America

13、n Charity Culture-wealth view10 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199431#_Toc292199431 3.2 The Development of Chinese Charity Culture.11 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199432#_Toc292199432 3.2.1 Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Charity Culture11 HYPERLINK file:

14、/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199433#_Toc292199433 3.2.2 Characteristics of Modern Chinese Charity Culture11 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199434#_Toc292199434 3.2.3 Contemporary Chinese Charity Culture14 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199435#_Toc292199

15、435 4. Causes of the Charity Cultural Differences15 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199437#_Toc292199437 4.1 Differences on Thoughts Origins.16 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199438#_Toc292199438 4.1.1 Thoughts Origins of Chinese Charity Culture- Confucian Bene

16、volence15 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199439#_Toc292199439 4.1.2 Thoughts Origins of American Charity Culture- Christian “Philanthropy”15 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199440#_Toc292199440 4.2 Differences on Background17 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和

17、摘要.doc l _Toc292199441#_Toc292199441 4.2.1 Background of Chinese Charity Culture16 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199442#_Toc292199442 4.2.2 Background of American Charity Culture17 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199443#_Toc292199443 4.3 Differences on Behavio

18、ral Patterns19 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199444#_Toc292199444 4.3.1 American Behavioral Patterns18 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199445#_Toc292199445 4.3.2 Chinese Behavioral Patterns18 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199446#_Toc292199

19、446 Conclusion19 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199447#_Toc292199447 Reference20 HYPERLINK file:/H:thesesTHESES定稿目錄和摘要.doc l _Toc292199448#_Toc292199448 Acknowledgement21IntroductionCharity has been a hit topic in China. As an essential constituent of social benefits, charity fun

20、ctions as “the third way of distribution” with its long-lasting and extensive effects. Nowadays, more and more scholars tend to focus on the differences and causes of charity culture between America and China. American charity is the most advanced one and its charity culture serves as a a solid foun

21、dation of social security. Whereas, Chinese charity culture is far from adapting to the needs of developing socialist culture despite of its improvement in face of natural disasters, which has encouraged many charity activities. However, the huge gap between American and Chinese charity is rooted in

22、 the difference of charity culture. Therefore, the relative research on the differences and causes of charity culture contributes to inspiring people to boost Chinese charity.The paper is divided into four chapters:Chaper1 focuses on the definition and value of charity culture, making a comparison o

23、f definition between American and Chinese. Chapter2 touches upon the differences from the aspects of history, behavioral motive, behavioral practices and patterns and entity of activity with an effort to lay the groundwork for further study.Chapter3 illustrates the development of charity culture in

24、America and China respectively and their characteristics in different periods. This chapter takes an attempt to make a diachronic research of charity development from a macro perspective. Particularly, the influence of Andrew Carnegies wealth view on American modern charity culture is explained. Cha

25、pter4 analyzes the causes of these differences from three aspects, namely, thoughts origins, background and behavioral patterns. 1. Charity Culture1.1 Definitions of Charity Culture1 Definition of Charity Culture in Broad Sense The definition of culture is complicated with nearly more than 250 versi

26、ons. Overall, it consists of broad culture and narrow culture and I would like to discuss it in the former sense of which one idea is “culture is humane oriented”. In this perspective, culture is viewed as natural extension of ideology and behavioral pattern at a specific time among geographical pop

27、ulations, representing a specific value system acquired and obeyed by humane beings. Whats more, as broad culture includes four aspects: ideological, institutional, material and behavioral ones, culture is a system of principles to explain and understand humane behaviors. Under different natural env

28、ironments, it has evolved into Oriental culture and Western culture and with different aspects of human life, into fashion culture and catering culture, etc. In the same way, charity culture was developed to handle social relationships.As a subsystem of broad culture and essential component of socia

29、l culture, charity culture adheres to cultures general characteristics while maintaining its own ones. Thus, “charity culture can be described as the sum of all the ideology, institution of law, institutional framework and behavioral activities that supports the development of philanthropy. “(孔潤年,20

30、04). In particular, it includes four main aspects as follows below:Firstly, from the ideological sense, it means the value orientation, aesthetic interests and thinking methods from humane social and cognitive activities. The core of charity culture is also related with peoples attitudes towards wea

31、lth gained, the degrees to how they concern the vulnerable groups in their societies and comments and acceptance on charity behaviors in the whole society. Secondly, from the institutional sense, it refers to all the social norms and institutions. The importance of charity to civic moral constructio

32、n has been explicitly illustrated in the “Civic Moral Construction Outline” released by the CPC Central committees (2001,9) which aims at leading people to deal with the relationship between individual and society, first rich and all rich ,economic benefits and social ones, etc.; advocating respecti

33、ng, understanding and concerning others to promote the socialism humanitarianism. Furthermore, the content of charity culture has been preliminarily sketched in some laws and regulations, such as Donation Law, “l(fā)aw of Red Cross Society”, etc.Thirdly, from the material sense, it includes all the mate

34、rial progress made by means of philanthropy. Fourthly, from the behavioral sense, it refers to the peoples customs formed in communication as well as the behavioral patterns in the form of charity custom, rules or etiquette. Charity culture is the coherence of practice which in turn help guide and a

35、ffect the latter. In one word, the four aspects are complementary to each other with the common pursuit and version of a better life where social morals and responsibilities are highly valued, more wealth is given back to society in the principle of equity and harmony.1 Differences of Definitions of

36、 Sino-US Charity Culture Theres a big difference in the definition of charity culture, as can be vividly seen in the explanations of the dictionary and encyclopedia.Chinese definition of charity comes directly from the ancient connotation, in which 慈（ci）”means the love from the older generation to g

37、eneration while “善(shan)” means the fraternity and interaction between people. “The Chinese Dictionary “ says: charity(慈善) means kindness, benevolence and compassion. However, in America, two words “charity” and “philanthropy” working together to form the concrete definition. “The Merriam-Webster” d

38、efines “charity” as benevolent goodwill or love of humanity or generosity and helpfulness especially toward the needy or suffering; also: aid given to those in need; an institution engaged in relief of the poor. “Philanthropy” means HYPERLINK :/ merriam-webster /dictionary/goodwill goodwill to fello

39、w members of the human race; especially active effort to promote human welfare. Whats more, to the philanthropy, “Encyclopedia of China” explains: social undertakings of giving financial or goods assistance or other practical aids in view of compassion or religious faithwith full-tasting religion an

40、d superstition, aiming at gaining rewards for doing good; philanthropy is always seen as a kind of almsgivingonly serves as a provisional and negative relief much controversies on social effects.” However, “the Encyclopedia Americana” explains that its one of the most long-standing social convention

41、 for the purpose of promoting human welfare through monetary donations and other services. Here, we can see theres so big a appraisal difference on the definition of charity culture and Chinese one plays down the charitable behaviors. Whats delighted is that with the remarkable changes in China, “慈善

42、” is redefined by many scholars as the unity of both goodwill benevolence and beneficent behaviors.1.2 The Value of Charity Culture 1The Value of Research on Charity CultureCharity culture has been a hit in China recent years. However, it is inherently an important part of Chinese traditional moral

43、culture. The popularity of the topic mainly results in three reasons: Firstly, its “the third way” to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. China witnessed remarkable changes after the opening and reform and gradually transformed into a world power. As we marvel at the major achievements, we

44、 face the rising up problem like polarization and income distribution gap. The Gini coefficient of China is upon 0. 4 recent years that rose from 0.16 in 1978 to 0.458 in 2010. To remove the potential threat caused by the widening gap, on one hand, the income distribution system has been reformed fr

45、om Common Prosperity to Paying More Attention to Fairness. As a result, the Party and government as well as the public pay more attention to the issue of social equity. On the other hand, the public are more and more concerned with “the third distribution” of social fortune. First distribute and sec

46、ond distribute deal with the relation between efficiency and fair. But second distribute focuses on the latter by different means like taxes to ensure a scientific social security system so as to guarantee the Vulnerable groups with affluent living conditions. Secondly, recently, some rich philanthr

47、opists in developed countries trigger the strongest vibrations among Chinese. Rockefeller, the oil tycoon, retired at 57, and devoted his rest life to philanthropy. Carnegie donated $ 5.6 million to education in the beginning of his fund, when the total the cost of education by the American Federati

48、on was only $5 million. In 2006. Legendary investor Warren Buffett, decided to donate 85%of his fortune to 5 funds, accounting to $37.5 billion and again in July,2010, valuing 1.93 billion .Following Buffett, in 2008, Bill Gates announced to donate 98% of all his assets to the Bill & Melinda Gates F

49、oundation. Now, more than 50 billionaires has responded to their “Giveaway” in America, whereas, in their tribute dinners in China this year, few Chinese tycoons showed the intention. Only, Chen Guangbiao, Chairman of Jiangsu Huangpu Recycle Resources Use Co., Ltd. , decided to give away his fortune

50、, which raised a mighty uproar up and down in China. Chens lofty tone actions also lead to much critic and misunderstanding.Thirdly, the backwardness of Chinese philanthropy nowadays requires deep reflection. Private philanthropy plays an important role to justify income distribution and improve soc

51、ial welfare in foreign countries, some of which are international charities. Among the three concerns, charity culture is considered to be the fundamental reason, hence, here comes the research on the charity culture.1.2.2 Charity Culture and Charity Modern philanthropy consists of five elements: th

52、e nation and government that sets the law; the charitable organizations that inspire the public to provide service and donations; the donators (individual or enterprise) that donate fund, goods, knowledge and time; the beneficiaries which are often the Vulnerable groups and public services; mass com

53、munication that spread the information and ideas to educate, promote and supervise as well. The five elements join together to form the basis of charity culture with the aim of fair, justice and equality. ( 王麗芳，2007)Charity culture and charity are auxiliary to each other, while reconstructing the fo

54、rmer is essential to develop charity. Id like to interpret it from the view of cultural anthropology. Geertz, a well-known scholar in this field, explained the control of human behavior in a very interesting concept - culture. He explained in the book The Interpretation of Cultures that “all our tho

55、ughts, value, actions, even emotions are the products of culture.” Therefore, charity culture is the basis and internal motive of charity, while the latter serves as a carrier of communication and a body of formation. (林徐樂，2009)1 Charity Culture and Harmonious Culture of SocialismCharity culture pla

56、ys an important role in building a harmonious society. First, its an essential component of an advanced socialist culture that represents the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of Chinese people. Second, its an embodiment of healthy view of wealth. It is proposed that the rich should

57、 use the wealth in a more responsible and sympathetic way to help the poor and the society. Third, its an active force in boosting social harmony, if well-understood and critically accepted and promoted.With the points mentioned above, the study on charity culture does contribute to boosting charity

58、 activities and social harmony in the whole.2. The Differences between Chineseand American Charity CultureIn general, Chinese charity culture tends to be more conservative, political and education-oriented than the open, democratic and instinctive one in American. Here Id like to explain from 5 aspe

59、cts.2.1 From the Aspect of CultureAs charity is formed on cultural base, behind the differences of charity conditions are the differences in culture base and it results in varied development paths and degree.Chinese charity culture roots in Confucius Culture, an Ethical Culture. One of the differenc

60、es lies in the expression by conception without system rule to constrain peoples behaviors. Hence, under the official rank-standard society, they have developed a strong sense of dependence on the government while charity was promoted and conducted by few moral supporters. Historically, kinds of cha