句子成分高一基礎講義

1、句子成分大家的問題1.各成分定義，位置，如何區(qū)分，舉例。2.定語從句的諸多問題 句子的基本結構(五種)SV主語謂語(vi.)He arrived . 句子結構SVO主語謂語(vt.)賓語Linda understands French .SVOO主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語He told us the whole story . SLP主語連系動詞表語Toms father is a professor . SVC主語謂語主補He died a poor man . SVOC主語謂語賓語賓補He found George intelligent . 一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構成句子的各個

2、部分叫做句子成分。句子的主要成分句子的次要成分主語謂語表語賓語定語狀語補足語同位語（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。注意:但在there be結構、疑問句（當主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：找找主語，看看是什么詞充當?shù)模?. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.名詞country music 做主語2. We often speak English i

3、n class.代詞we 做主語3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.數(shù)詞one-third 做主語4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.不定式to swim做主語5. Smoking does harm to the health.動名詞smoking 做主語6.The rich should help the poor.名詞化的形容詞the rich做主語7.When we are going to have an English test has not been dec

4、ided.主語從句When we are going to have an English test 做主語8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：1.He practices running every morning.practice 做謂語 2、復合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：1.You may keep the book

5、 for two weeks. may keep 做謂語2.He has caught a bad cold. has caught 做謂語（2）由系動詞加表語構成。如：We are students.are students 做謂語（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。找找表語，看看是什么詞充當?shù)睦纾?.Our teacher of English is an American.名詞Am

6、erican做表語2.Is it yours?代詞yours做表語3.The weather has turned cold.形容詞cold做表語4.The speech is exciting.分詞exciting做表語5.Three times seven is twenty one?數(shù)詞twenty one做表語6.His job is to teach English.不定式to teach English做表語7.His hobby（愛好）is playing football.動名詞playing football做表語8.The machine must be out of or

7、der.介詞短語out of order做表語9.Time is up. 副詞up做表語10.The class is over.副詞over 做表語11.The truth is that he has never been abroad.表語從句做表語（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：1.They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.名詞exhibition做賓語2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.代詞me做賓語3.How m

8、any dictionaries do you have? I have five.數(shù)詞five做賓語4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.名詞化形容詞the old 做賓語5. He pretended not to see me.不定式短語not to see me做賓語6.I enjoy listening to popular music.動名詞短語listening to popular music做賓語7. I think（that）he is fit for his office.賓語從句（that）he is

9、fit for his office做賓語賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）例如：Lend me your dictionary, please（2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補）例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：1.His father named him Dongming.名詞Dongming做賓補2.They paint

10、ed their boat white.形容詞white做賓補3.Let the fresh air in.副詞in做賓補4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.不定式短語to lend his money to you 做賓補5.We saw her entering the room.現(xiàn)在分詞entering the room做賓補6.We found everything in the lab in good order.介詞短語in good order做賓補7.We will soon make our city what yo

11、ur city is now.從句what your city is now做賓補（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.形容詞beautiful做定語2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.分詞developing, developed 做定語3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.名詞women 做定語4.His rapid progress in Eng

12、lish made us surprised.代詞his 做定語5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.不定式短語to enter the classroom做定語6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.動名詞teaching做定語7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.介詞短語about how to learn English做定語（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動

13、作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：1.Light travels most quickly.副詞及副詞性詞組most quickly做狀語2.He has lived in the city for ten years.介詞短語for ten years做狀語 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.不定式短語to have passed the national college entrance examination做狀語4. He is in the room maki

14、ng a model plane.分詞短語making a model plane5.Wait a minute.名詞a minute做狀語6.Once you begin, you must continue.狀語從句Once you begin做狀語狀語種類如下：1.How about meeting again at six?at six時間狀語2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.because of the rain原因狀語3.I shall go there if it doesnt rai

15、n.if it doesnt rain條件狀語4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.on the third floor地點狀語5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.with great care方式狀語6.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.with a dictionary in her hand伴隨狀語7.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.In order to catch up with the others目的狀語8.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.that he fell asleep immediately結果狀語9.She works very hard though