考研英語閱讀25個模版

1、最新下載(NewD.cii)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo)SAMPLE 1經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)類題目序號題型歸類第1題中心主旨題型第2題反推題型第3題關(guān)鍵詞語題型第4題反論題型第5題關(guān)鍵詞語題型Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the

2、 principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awar

3、ded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contract

4、s to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses

5、for the early 1980*s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, sinc

6、e most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippl

7、ing fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be 最新下載(NewD)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息 frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both th

8、e morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint venture

9、s; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in l

10、egitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concer

11、ns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.The primary purpose of the text is topresent a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.describe a

12、 situation and its potential pose a temporary solution to a problem.analyze a frequent source of disagreement.The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it toexperience frustration but not serious financ

13、ial harm.face potentially crippling fixed expenses.have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.increase its spending with minority subcontractors.It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agenci

14、es” (line 9, paragraph 1) are最新下載(NewD)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息 A more popular with large corporations.more concrete.less controversial.less expensive to enforce.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the authors assertion that, in the 1970s, corporate response to federal requirements (

15、line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial?Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with mi

16、nority-owned businesses.DI The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?Annoyed by the prolife

17、ration of “front“ organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970s, their aversion to government paperwork made them relucta

18、nt to pursue many government contracts.The significant response of corporations in the 1970s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980.Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970s made substantial res

19、ponse impossible.答案與考點(diǎn)解析.【答案】B【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道中心主旨題。破解本題的關(guān)鍵在于考生是否完全最新下載(NewD)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息 理解本文第一段首句的內(nèi)容，尤其是第一句中破折號后面的內(nèi)容。破折號 后面的內(nèi)容和選項B中的“its potential drawbacks”是相互吻合的。望考生注 意培養(yǎng)捕捉全文中心主旨句的能力。.答案A【莖點(diǎn)解析】這是一道邏輯思維上的反推題，也可以說是逆向思維題。本 題反推即逆向思維的信息依據(jù)在第三段的最后一句。該句在談?wù)撔〉钠髽I(yè), 大概內(nèi)容是“一個小企業(yè)的投資要馬上在定貨中反映出效果，否則其 士氣和

20、財政前景都將深受影響”。根據(jù)小的企業(yè)的狀況，我們可以推導(dǎo)出大 的企業(yè)所面臨的處境。希望考生加強(qiáng)逆向思維即反推的解題能力。.【答案】B【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道關(guān)鍵詞語的理解題目，其答案信息來源在第一段 的尾句，原文當(dāng)中的“specific”- -詞是本題的答案所在。考生要加強(qiáng)對原文 中重點(diǎn)形容詞和副詞的理解。.【答案】D【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道反論題。這種題的關(guān)鍵在于利用原文的信息否定原 文所要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。原文講“少數(shù)民族企業(yè)簽訂的合同金額由1972年的 7700萬美元升至1977年的11億美元”。原文所要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是合同金額的 增長。選項D正是利用原文的信息否定了原文所要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。選項D所 表達(dá)的

21、信息是變化增長數(shù)字背后的不變。這種題屬于較難的題型，希望考 生加以重視。.【答案】C【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道關(guān)鍵詞語理解題。本題的答案信息在第二段的尾句, 句中“l(fā)etup”一詞決定了本題的正確答案是C,因?yàn)樵撛~的含義是“停頓， 減弱二考生在備考過程中要盡力擴(kuò)大自己的詞匯量。參考譯文最近幾年美國少數(shù)民族所有的企業(yè)可以說是空前的機(jī)會和重大風(fēng)險并存。 人權(quán)活動家早就指出過：黑人，拉美裔美國人，以及其他少數(shù)民族難以在生意 場中立足的主要原因是他們?nèi)鄙倌艿玫接幸?guī)模的訂貨或與大公司分合同的機(jī) 會?，F(xiàn)在議會以一致意見通過法律，要求企業(yè)獲得價值50萬美元以上的聯(lián)邦 最新下載(NewD)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料

22、下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息 合同后耍盡最大可能來尋找少數(shù)民族合作者，并且需將他們在此點(diǎn)上的成效如 何在政府中存檔立案。實(shí)際上，些聯(lián)邦和地方機(jī)構(gòu)走得更遠(yuǎn)，它們甚至規(guī)定 了公共合同有多少比例要分給少數(shù)民族公司。企業(yè)對此的反應(yīng)是強(qiáng)烈的。從1977年統(tǒng)計的數(shù)據(jù)看，與少數(shù)民族企業(yè)簽訂 的合同金額由1972年的7700萬美元升至1977年的11億美元。預(yù)計此金額要 在80年代前期達(dá)到每年30億美元以上，在下一個10年中看來也不會停止。盡管這對少數(shù)民族企業(yè)來說前途光明，這種增加的財源也給它們帶來了危 險。首先，少數(shù)民族企業(yè)冒著過快膨脹和財政上力不從心的危險，因?yàn)樗鼈兇?部分是小企業(yè)，和大企業(yè)不同之外在于它們?yōu)?/p>

23、履行合同常需要在廠房、人員、 設(shè)備(以及諸如此類)等上做一大筆投資。如果其后由于某種原因其合同量減 少，它們將會遇到潛在的財政危機(jī)。對于被要求做正式評估和投標(biāo)的小企業(yè)來 說，市場供求情況有可能令人非常沮喪。評估和投標(biāo)都消耗時間、資源，而且 一個小企業(yè)的投資要馬上在定貨中反映出效果，否則其士氣和財政前景都將深 受影響。第二個危險是有些白人企業(yè)想通過和少數(shù)民族企業(yè)合資也能享受更好的待 遇。當(dāng)然，在許多時候，合資是有正當(dāng)理由的；顯然，白人和少數(shù)民族企業(yè)可 以聯(lián)合起來做成任何一方都無法單獨(dú)完成的事業(yè)。但是人權(quán)組織和少數(shù)民族企 業(yè)主已經(jīng)向議會報怨：少數(shù)民族企業(yè)常在合資中成為白人操縱者的前臺傀儡， 而不是

24、平等的合作伙伴。第三，已獲得一個大客戶的生意的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)常會有陷入依賴性的危險。 即使在最好的環(huán)境下，來自更大、更完備的對手的競爭常使一個小企業(yè)很難擴(kuò) 展自己的客戶；當(dāng)這樣的企業(yè)已擁有來自一個客戶的近乎穩(wěn)定的定貨時，它們 確實(shí)需要和眼前的勝利所滋生出的自滿做斗爭。SAMPLE 2生物學(xué)類題目序號題型歸類第1題審題定位題型第2題句間關(guān)系題型第3題審題定位題型第4題歸納推導(dǎo)題型第5題段落結(jié)構(gòu)題型The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for

25、 more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which 最新下載(NewD)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息 weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were reptiles or birds are among the que

26、stions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated

27、fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been

28、 employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animals body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is

29、 not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales t

30、ypically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate agains

31、t loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airb

32、orne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs9 hind feet resembled a bats and could serve as h

33、ooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too str

34、ong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that theenormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to b

35、ats.fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.pterosaurs were reptiles.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves asrevolutionary.unlikely.unassailable.DI probable.According to the text, the sk

36、eleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by thesize of its wingspan.presence of hollow spaces in its bones.Cl anatomic origin of its wing strut.presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most Hkely ag

37、ree with which of the following statements?An animaFs brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.An animaFs appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance

38、 dramatically over a period of time.The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?最新下載(NewD.cii)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息 A New evidenc

39、e is introduced to support a traditional point of view.Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study

40、are projected.答案與考點(diǎn)解析.【答案】D【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位題型。該題的答案信息在第二段的第一句， 根據(jù)本句的內(nèi)容即可得出本題的正確答案是Do考生要加強(qiáng)對題干的理解 和認(rèn)識，并且要善于找到原文和題干相吻合之處，否則就會失去解題思路。.【答案】B【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道句間關(guān)系題型。本題的答案信息在尾段的第一、 二句和尾段的倒數(shù)第 、二句。從尾段的第二句Each hypothesis has its difEculties”(每種假設(shè)都有缺陷)可以判斷：作者認(rèn)為“從浪尖上伴輕風(fēng)飛起” 是不可能的?？忌訌?qiáng)對句子之間語意關(guān)系的理解。. 【答案】C【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道審題定位

41、題。其答案信息在第三段。題干中間翼 龍和鳥類骨骼方面的“不同二原文第三段中涉及兩者相同與不同。第三段 的尾句暗示本題的正確答案是Co考生在解題時應(yīng)加強(qiáng)審題定位的能力。.【答案】B【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。本題的正確答案在第四段的第一、二、 三句。這三句話的內(nèi)容暗示本題的正確答案是B,即動物的外型通常受環(huán) 境要求和生理能力的影響。考生在解題時應(yīng)注意提高對原文信息的歸納推 導(dǎo)能力。.【答案】B【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道段落結(jié)構(gòu)識別題。尾段的第一句對所談現(xiàn)象提出 了三種解釋，然后針對每一種解釋進(jìn)行科學(xué)上的否定。可見本題的正確答 案是B。考生在復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對段落結(jié)構(gòu)的識別能力。參考譯文第一批會飛的

42、脊椎動物翼龍的化石，已經(jīng)讓古生物學(xué)家感興趣達(dá)兩個 多世紀(jì)了。這種有時和大型滑翔機(jī)一樣重，而且翅膀展開達(dá)8-12米寬的龐然 大物是如何克服飛行時的重力，以及這種生物到底是屬于鳥類還是爬行動物， 對科學(xué)家們來講仍舊是個謎?？赡?，最少引起爭論的意見就是翼龍是爬行動物。它們的頭蓋骨、骨盆以 及后腿都是爬行動物類型。對它們翅膀的解剖學(xué)研究證明它們尚未進(jìn)化為鳥。 翼龍每個前肢的大大延長的第四指支撐一個翅膀狀的薄膜，其它指頭小，而且 是典型的爬行動物式，有尖爪。而鳥類的第二指進(jìn)化成為翅膀的主要支架，翅 膀也主要是羽毛構(gòu)成的。當(dāng)翼龍四肢爬行時，其它指可以用來抓取。而當(dāng)它行 走或不動時，第四指，連同翅膀，只能向

43、上伸展，在身體兩側(cè)呈倒轉(zhuǎn)的V字型。翼龍和鳥類以及蝙蝠在總體結(jié)構(gòu)及比例上很相似。這并不奇怪，因?yàn)槿魏?飛翔脊椎動物都要受空氣動力的約束。翼龍和鳥都有中空的骨頭，這是為了節(jié) 省重量。不過在鳥類中，這種骨頭受內(nèi)部支柱影響，重量大大增加。盡管爬行動物通常全身鱗片，翼龍卻可能擁有毛發(fā)。赫胥黎對此解釋說， 飛翔脊椎動物肯定已經(jīng)是熱血動物，因?yàn)轱w翔要求一個高新陳代謝率，后者要 求個較高的體溫。赫氏設(shè)想一層毛發(fā)覆蓋物可以隔絕身體熱量的損失，從而 使身體在減輕飛行重量方面更為有效。最近一些有又長又密且厚的毛發(fā)的翼龍 化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)，終于明白無誤地證明赫氏的觀點(diǎn)是對的。解釋翼龍怎樣起飛的努力產(chǎn)生以下設(shè)想：它們從懸崖上

44、起跳，或從樹上起 跳或者甚至從浪尖上伴輕風(fēng)飛起。每種假設(shè)都有缺陷。第一種錯誤地設(shè)想翼龍 的后爪象蝙蝠一樣，鉤子似的掛著為飛行做準(zhǔn)備。第二種看來也不可能，因?yàn)?大型翼龍不可能降在樹上而不傷害它們的翅膀。第三種假設(shè)必須要有高浪來形 成上升氣流才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而，能產(chǎn)生此種大浪的風(fēng)可能對翼龍來說過于猛烈， 以至于它一旦升空，就無法控制自己。SAMPLE 3歷史學(xué)題目序號題型歸類第1題中心主旨題型第2題細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型第3題段落間關(guān)系題型第4題審題定位題型第5題段落間關(guān)系與指代詞題型Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine E

45、mpire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its rem

46、aining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, howe

47、ver, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.lb consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advanc

48、es as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparen

49、t sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory a

50、nd had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did

51、apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid C

52、aliphate had been permanently altered in the empires favor. The最新下載(NewD)中國最大、最專業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)資料下載站 轉(zhuǎn)載請保留本信息 beginning of the empires economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and wr

53、iters appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium

54、. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.Which of the following best states the central idea of the text?The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural r

55、evival was reversed.The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens.After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultur

56、al expansion that lasted until 1453.The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress.It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sust

57、ained significant territorial lossesin 600.during the seventh century.a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost.soon after the revival of Byzantine learning.In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections amon

58、g economic, military, and cultural development in order tosuggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model.set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium.cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantiu

59、m.suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists.Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?The Byzantine military revival of the 860s led to economic and cultural advances.The Byzan

60、tine cultural revival lasted until 1453.The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900s.The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.According to the author, “The common explanation” (line 1, paragraph 3) of connections between economic, military, and cultural devel